Suchergebnisse

We study the evolution of union density in 14 European countries over the postwar period in light of theoretical rationales for union membership. Unions offer not only wage bargaining strength, but also protection against uninsurable labour market risks, and similar protection may also be offered by labour market institutions. Empirically, such institutions as job security legislation and wage indexation do appear to crowd out unions. Conversely, institutional features that make it easier for unions to function (such as workplace representation and centralized wage bargaining) are empirically associated with higher unionization.

Nella seconda metà del secolo XIII la cultura politica dei governi popolari si esprime in modo articolato e consapevole attraverso molteplici scelte: l'istituzione di organismi collegiali ristretti, la valorizzazione delle forme associative di quartiere o di rione, la "domanda" rivolta al ceto notarile di elaborare forme documentarie adeguate a un assetto istituzionale complesso qual era quello del comune duecentesco. ; In the second half of the 13th century the political culture of popular governments expressed themselves in a complex and aware way, by making manifold choices: the foundation of limited collegial groups, the valorisation of different partnerships of districts, the 'request' made to notaries to produce documentary models fit to the complex institutional framework, as that of the 12th-century township.