The thesis is made of two chapters. The first one exploits an historical natural experiment set during Italy's Fascism to assess cultural persistence vs. dynamics in a paradigmatically critical area, Southern Italy, whose current economic backwardness is often associated to a low social capital endowment, in turn commonly ascribed to cultural and institutional heritage. In the experiment, an exogenous shift of a border into a territory entirely internal to that heritage provides us with an highlighting instrument able to identify weight of history and variation in culture in the 20th century in this doubly depressed region. A discontinuity exercise at the new border shows that, starting from previous homogeneity, there is evidence of relatively recent adverse cultural dynamics in Southern Italian territories. A comparison with an analogous exercise on the old, upper border tends to rule out classical institutional or contagion channels as individual and administrative behaviours used to be not better (mostly, worse) northwards. Their deterioration below the new border emerged endogenously in the period following the creation of Regions, contradicting previous legacy and giving rise to a relative reversal of cultural fortunes. The second chapter provides new evidence on the effectiveness of hiring subsidies that target the long-term unemployed, analysing a generous policy that was in force until the end of 2014 in Italy. Unlike others of its kind, this policy was particularly ambitious as it encouraged only permanent employment, which at the time still benefited from strong employment protection legislation. To achieve identification, we use a triple difference estimator, where we exploit three sources of variation: (i) the subsidy was only for the long-term unemployed and not for the short-term unemployed; (ii) it was significantly more generous in the South; (iii) it was in place until 2014. We find that the relative probability of eligible individuals in the southern regions of finding a permanent job dropped after the program terminated. This effect does not seem to be driven by substitutions over time, across contracts or among jobseekers. A cost-benefit analysis shows that the policy was globally in surplus.
Les démocraties représentatives sont, de nos jours, confrontées à des transformations majeures apportées par les procès de globalisation, l'affirmation de nouvelles technologies de communication et par la diffusion d'un discrédit croissant du personnel politique. Ces transformations semblent affecter les mécanismes centraux de la démocratie représentative. Dès lors, on peut légitimement se demander si elles parviendront à y faire face. Mais il faut observer que les institutions représentatives ont montré jusqu'ici une remarquable résilience, soit une grande capacité d'adaptation aux changements. Conséquente à quatre facteurs cruciaux, qui concernent l'idée de représentation, l'élection, l'indétermination partielle et l'incomplétude du dispositif représentatif. Les institutions représentatives ne relèvent pas de la géométrie politique ; elles procèdent plutôt d'une raison prudentielle : c'est là une autre source de leur adaptabilité et, du coup, de leur longévité.
We study the evolution of union density in 14 European countries over the postwar period in light of theoretical rationales for union membership. Unions offer not only wage bargaining strength, but also protection against uninsurable labour market risks, and similar protection may also be offered by labour market institutions. Empirically, such institutions as job security legislation and wage indexation do appear to crowd out unions. Conversely, institutional features that make it easier for unions to function (such as workplace representation and centralized wage bargaining) are empirically associated with higher unionization.
Economic processes, consisting of interactions between human beings, exploit the social capital of persons endowed with specific culture and identities. The role of institutions and policy makers is to build positive social capital and exploit it to reach their objectives. However, social capital is elusive and has several dimensions by which to interpret its multifaceted functions in economics and society. We cannot forget, furthermore, that social capital sometimes is undesirable for society, for instance when used for unethical uses. Even so, it is widely accepted that social capital has stable and positive effects.
Socio-economic transformation as profound and thorough reform of the system and institutions promotes corruption practices and can be the mean to fight against one, too. Two kinds of understanding of corruption may be indicated: narrow (pathologic and functional interpretation) and wider underlined the neo-institutional argumentation, pointing out to systemic and structural causes of corruption. A theoretical and practical problem remains, whether corruption are of systemic nature (fundamental institution), or are secondary (consequence institutuion). The analysis of corruption, may be done by means of the new institutionalism and consequence theories: transaction costs, theory of property rights, theory of clubs, principal-agent theory, theory of asymmetry information, capture theories, rent seeking theory, theory of games and theory of public choice. The dynamics of the polish economy and wide researches of corruption (the differences between perceiving and experiencing) indicates that the corruption factors which paralyse the economic development have not dominated the economic system in Poland as yet, and that system maintains its autonomy. Still, typical corruption-clientelistic societies are contemporary not common, in Poland too. The above problems do not change the fact that corruption are a major problem and in the long run would causes loss of competitiveness polish economy on the global market. ; Społeczno-ekonomiczna transformacja jako głęboka reforma systemu i instytucji przyczynia się do korupcyjnych praktyk, ale może być też narzędziem w walce z tym zjawiskiem. Występują dwa rozumienia korupcji: węższe (patologiczna i funkcjonalna interpretacja) i szersze podkreślające argumentację neoinstytucjonalną (systemowe i strukturalne źródła korupcji). Teoretycznym i praktycznym problemem pozostaje więc, czy korupcja ma naturę systemową (fundamentalna instytucja), czy drugorzędną (instytucja pochodna). Narzędziem badań może być nowy instytucjonalizm i zawierające się w nim teorie: kosztów transakcyjnych, praw własności, klubów, pryncypała-agenta, asymetrii informacji, .zawłaszczenia, pogoni za rentą, teorii gier i teorii wyboru publicznego. Dynamika polskiej gospodarki i szerokie badania korupcji (różnice między jej postrzeganiem a doświadczeniem) wskazują, że korupcyjne czynniki, które ograniczają wzrost ekonomiczny nie zdominowały jeszcze polskiej gospodarki i zachowuje ona swoją autonomię. Typowe społeczeństwa klientelistyczno-korupcyjne nie są obecnie zjawiskiem powszechnym, także w Polsce. Nie zmienia to jednak tego, że korupcja pozostaje głównym społecznym problemem i dłuższym horyzoncie czasowym może powodować utratę konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki na globalnym rynku.
Socio-economic transformation as profound and thorough reform of the system and institutions promotes corruption practices and can be the mean to fight against one, too. Two kinds of understanding of corruption may be indicated: narrow (pathologic and functional interpretation) and wider underlined the neo-institutional argumentation, pointing out to systemic and structural causes of corruption. A theoretical and practical problem remains, whether corruption are of systemic nature (fundamental institution), or are secondary (consequence institutuion). The analysis of corruption, may be done by means of the new institutionalism and consequence theories: transaction costs, theory of property rights, theory of clubs, principal-agent theory, theory of asymmetry information, capture theories, rent seeking theory, theory of games and theory of public choice. The dynamics of the polish economy and wide researches of corruption (the differences between perceiving and experiencing) indicates that the corruption factors which paralyse the economic development have not dominated the economic system in Poland as yet, and that system maintains its autonomy. Still, typical corruption-clientelistic societies are contemporary not common, in Poland too. The above problems do not change the fact that corruption are a major problem and in the long run would causes loss of competitiveness polish economy on the global market. ; Społeczno-ekonomiczna transformacja jako głęboka reforma systemu i instytucji przyczynia się do korupcyjnych praktyk, ale może być też narzędziem w walce z tym zjawiskiem. Występują dwa rozumienia korupcji: węższe (patologiczna i funkcjonalna interpretacja) i szersze podkreślające argumentację neoinstytucjonalną (systemowe i strukturalne źródła korupcji). Teoretycznym i praktycznym problemem pozostaje więc, czy korupcja ma naturę systemową (fundamentalna instytucja), czy drugorzędną (instytucja pochodna). Narzędziem badań może być nowy instytucjonalizm i zawierające się w nim teorie: kosztów transakcyjnych, praw własności, klubów, pryncypała-agenta, asymetrii informacji, .zawłaszczenia, pogoni za rentą, teorii gier i teorii wyboru publicznego. Dynamika polskiej gospodarki i szerokie badania korupcji (różnice między jej postrzeganiem a doświadczeniem) wskazują, że korupcyjne czynniki, które ograniczają wzrost ekonomiczny nie zdominowały jeszcze polskiej gospodarki i zachowuje ona swoją autonomię. Typowe społeczeństwa klientelistyczno-korupcyjne nie są obecnie zjawiskiem powszechnym, także w Polsce. Nie zmienia to jednak tego, że korupcja pozostaje głównym społecznym problemem i dłuższym horyzoncie czasowym może powodować utratę konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki na globalnym rynku.
Dottorato di ricerca in Economia e Territorio ; Obiettivo del presente lavoro è analizzare l'evoluzione recente del contesto in cui operano i consorzi garanzia fidi ("confidi") in Italia. A tale scopo vengono effettuate delle stime econometriche delle voci di bilancio relative ad un campione di confidi, per indagare sui principali fattori che determinano l'accesso ai sussidi pubblici erogati a questi intermediari per lo svolgimento delle loro attività. Allo stesso modo si indaga sui fattori che determinano l'importo dei sussidi in questione. Le recenti innovazioni di carattere legislativo in merito a queste cooperative ed il nuovo ruolo dello Stato nel garantire i prestiti alle imprese stanno infatti ridefinendo l'operatività dei consorzi garanzia fidi ed il sostegno alla loro attività da parte degli enti pubblici. In particolare tali mutamenti hanno distolto significativamente i fondi pubblici tradizionalmente destinati ai consorzi garanzia fidi, minando la loro possibilità di coprire le insolvenze relative a parte dei finanziamenti che avevano garantito. Lo studio si articola in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo è dedicato alla presentazione della funzione svolta dai confidi ed alla descrizione del mercato in cui operano. Viene inoltre descritta la principale letteratura di riferimento sul ruolo svolto dalle garanzie sul mercato del credito ed il valore che esse possono avere per la banca e per l'impresa garantita. Inoltre, viene presentato un confronto tra il mercato della garanzia italiano con alcune realtà estere ed il ruolo dello Stato italiano nel mercato della garanzia. Nel secondo capitolo vengono analizzate le fonti di copertura all'interno dei bilanci per i rischi in carico ai confidi, per passare poi ad esaminare alcuni loro indicatori di solvibilità ed infine a descrivere il fenomeno della contribuzione pubblica a sostegno della loro attività. Nell'ultimo capitolo viene effettuata un'analisi econometrica dei confidi attivi nell'anno 2013: partendo dal contributo di Vacca, Mistrulli (2011) riguardo l'incentivazione alle aggregazioni tra confidi tramite la destinazione dei contributi pubblici, si cerca di individuare le determinanti dell'accesso e dell'importo dei sussidi ai confidi. I risultati dell'analisi evidenziano che nel 2013 i confidi di maggiore dimensione sono quelli che hanno beneficiato maggiormente dei sussidi. Gli altri confidi si trovano davanti alle scelte di evolvere dimensionalmente per continuare ad operare con il supporto pubblico o di sostenersi autonomamente con i proventi derivanti dall'emissione della garanzie, pena l'uscita dal mercato. ; The purpose of the present work is to carry out an analysis of the current operational context of the Mutual Guarantee Institutions (MGI) in Italy. In this regard, econometric evaluations are performed upon balance sheet items belonging to a number of MGIs, in order to understand the main requirements for them to be granted access to public subsidies for carrying out their activities. Similarly, factors determining the amount of such subsidies are investigated as well. As a matter of fact, the recent legal innovations related to these consortia and the new role played by the State in granting loans to companies are redefining the operational capabilities of MGIs and the support they receive by public bodies. Specifically, such changes have brought about a significant reduction in the public funding traditionally available to MGIs, thus undermining their ability to fulfill the insolvencies related to portions of the loans upon which they had earlier placed their guarantee. This work is structured into three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to presenting the function played by MGIs and to detailing the market scenario within which they operate. Besides, a description of the core reference literature related to the role played by guarantees in the credit market and the value they may possess for banks and guaranteed companies alike is also discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between the Italian guarantee market and similar foreign scenarios is presented, and the role played by the Italian State within such market is detailed. In the second chapter, methods for MGIs to counter the risks associated with the guarantees they provide to companies are analyzed, taking into account a subset of their solvency indicators and describing the public funding actions for supporting their activities. In the last chapter, an econometric evaluation is carried out upon the fully-operational MGIs in 2013: starting from Vacca, Mistrulli (2011)'s contribution regarding MGIs aggregations via public funding, issues for accessing such funding by MGIs and their corresponding amounts are discussed. Results of the evaluations underline that the largest MGIs in 2013 are those that have greatly benefited from public funding. The remaining MGIs, in order to stay in business, face the critical challenge of either increasing their size so as to keep working with the State's support or choosing self-sustainment with the returns from the guarantee provisions.
This paper analyses the Beveridge Curve across twelve European countries from 1985 to 2013. We employ some novel measures of employment protection legislation and unemployment benefits, and assess the role of globalisation. Structural relationships seem to be stable throughout the 2008-2013 period, suggesting that the Great Recession mainly implied moves along the Curve, while stronger globalisation shifts the Curve outwards. Among institutional variables we find a significant role for the tax wedge, active labour-market policies, union density and employment protection legislation. Unemployment benefits also matter. The unemployment-vacancies trade-off is improved by a higher net retention rate and more strictness in the benefit provision protocol. Both effects can be rationalised in terms of higher search efficiency. ; Questo lavoro analizza la Curva di Beveridge in dodici paesi europei dal 1985 al 2013, avvalendosi di alcuni nuovi indicatori di legislazione per la protezione dell'impiego e sussidi di disoccupazione, e valutando il ruolo della globalizzazione. Le relazioni stimate risultano stabili all'inclusione del periodo 2008-2013, il che suggerisce che la Grande Recessione abbia principalmente implicato movimenti lungo la Curva. Una più elevata globalizzazione sposta invece la Curva verso l'esterno. Tra le variabili istituzionali si trova un ruolo significativo per il cuneo fiscale, le politiche attive del mercato del lavoro, il tasso di sindacalizzazione e la legislazione per la protezione dell'impiego. I sussidi di disoccupazione hanno pure un ruolo importante. Il trade-off disoccupazione - posti vacanti è migliorato da un net retention ratio più alto e da maggiore severità nel protocollo di somministrazione dei sussidi. Entrambi questi effetti possono essere spiegati in termini di una maggiore efficienza nella ricerca del lavoro.
The author of the article poses a few questions and proposes some answers concerning cultural applicability of the partnership and dialogue institutions. The core of the mentioned problem revolves around the ability of cultural adaptation of the formal EU norms. The theory and method used in the analysis is aim-functional which is oriented on the research into concrete cultural enclosing of formal institutions. The empirical thread of the argument is the Polish case of partnership and dialogue institutions in the European structural and investment funds. The text presents an attempt to supplement a discussion about the direction and shape of the public policy with significant threads which are often being pushed to the margin of analytical attention and public practice. On one hand, the goal, method and style of narration refers to the patterns of the participatory models of public policy known from the publications of Western authors. On the other, to the Polish empirical analyses and theoretical generalizations. The main thesis is simple as repercussion of day and night, but still seems not well understood: the predominance of cultural institutions over formal ones. It brings result in requirement of modifying the mutual relations towards more partnership and deliberative. ; W artykule pada wiele pytań oraz pojawiają się próby odpowiedzi w sprawie kulturowej zdolności adaptacyjnej instytucji partnerstwa i dialogu, a zwłaszcza formalnych zaleceń Unii Europejskiej. W warstwie teoretyczno-metodycznej tekstu przeważa podejście celowościowo-funkcjonalne, zorientowane na analizę instytucji formalnych w ich kulturowym otoczeniu. Wątek empiryczny stanowi problematyka partnerstwa i dialogu w europejskich funduszach strukturalnych i inwestycyjnych. Tekst jest próbą uzupełnienia dyskusji nt. kierunku i kształtu polityki publicznej o kluczowe, a spychane niekiedy na margines, wątki dotyczące praktyki. Cel, metoda i styl narracji nawiązują z jednej strony do partycypacyjnych wzorców polityki publicznej, znanych z publikacji autorów zachodnich, a z drugiej do krajowych analiz empirycznych i uogólnień teoretycznych. Wiodąca teza to prymat instytucji kulturowych nad instytucjami formalnymi i wynikająca z niego potrzeba przekształcania ich wzajemnych relacji w sposób partnerski i deliberacyjny.
Zmiana instytucjonalna jest nieodłącznym procesem wpisującym się w rozwój społeczeństwa i gospodarki. Najistotniejszym procesem w ramach transformacji instytucji wydaje się dopasowywanie (się) instytucji formalnych i nieformalnych. Jest to niezbędne, aby system instytucjonalny działał sprawnie, aby generował odpowiednie bodźce na rzecz aktywności gospodarczej (niski koszt transakcyjny, przewidywalność, zaufanie). Efektem takich dostosowań jest ład instytucjonalny, który jest warunkiem trwałości rozwoju gospodarczego. Cechą instytucji jest długookresowe trwanie, choć jednocześnie odbywa się ich nieprzerwana ewolucja. Powstaje pytanie, w jaki sposób kształtuje się ład instytucjonalny, jaką rolę odgrywają w nim instytucje nieformalne. Za cel artykułu przyjęto określenie roli instytucji nieformalnych w kreowaniu ładu instytucjonalnego. Można wysunąć przypuszczenie, że instytucje nieformalne wraz z upływem czasu stają się trwałą podstawą ładu instytucjonalnego. W artykule wskazano również przejawy niesprawności systemu instytucji w Polsce, w tym instytucji nieformalnych. ; Institutional change is an integral process in the development of the society and economy. The seemingly most significant process in the transformation of institutions is the adjustment (also, mutual adjustment) of formal and informal institutions. This is critical to the proper functioning of the institutional system, so that it generates sufficient stimuli for economic activity (low transaction costs, predictability, trust). The result of such adjustments is institutional order which is a prerequisite of sustainable economic growth. One of the features of imitations is their longevity, even though they are constantly evolving. The question arises about how institutional order is formed and what the role of informal institution in this process is. The aim of the article is to determine the role of informal institutions in the formation of institutional order. It is possible that, given time, informal institutions become a solid foundation of institutional order. 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Samoregulująca się gospodarka z perspektywy Waltera Euckena i Karla Polanyi'ego, [w:] Ład gospodarczy a współczesna ekonomia, red. P. Pysz, A. Grabska, M. Moszyński, PWN, Warszawa, s. 40. ; 405 ; 55 ; 69
FRANÇAIS: L'objet de cette étude est d'examiner comment la "féodalité" et la seigneurie dans la Calabre méridionale normande ont aidé à reconstruire l'état de paix et quelle est l'originalité de la transition entre l'état de guerre et la nouvelle construction politique des Normands. Robert Guiscard, avec son frère le Grand Comte Roger, a conquis la Calabre: le centre et le nord ont été incorporés au duché de Pouille gouverné par Guiscard, tandis que le sud a été joint à la Sicile (qui n'a été définitivement conquise que dans les dernières années du XIe siècle) et donné à Roger Ier. Dans le sud de la Calabre, la situation était étroitement contrôlée par le Grand Comte, puissant aristocrate qui a bâti les fondations du futur "État normand", fondé par son fils Roger II. / ENGLISH: The objective of this study is to examine whether "feudalism" and lordship in southern Norman Calabria was important to reinstate peace and what were its original characters in the transition from the state of war and the new political construction of the Normans. Robert Guiscard with his brother the Great Count Roger, conquered Calabria: the centre and the north were incorporated in the duchy of Puglia and governed by Guiscard, whereas the south was united to Sicily (as definitively conquered in the last years of the 11th century) and donated to Roger I. Southern Calabria, was under the grip of the Grand Count who built the "Norman State" which would be the model of Norman Monarchy as later accomplished by his son Roger II. / ITALIANO: Gli obiettivi di questo studio sono di esaminare se la "feudalità" e la signoria nella Calabria meridionale normanna abbiano contribuito a ricostruire lo Stato di pace e scoprire quale sia stata l'originalità del passaggio dallo Stato di guerra alla nuova costruzione politica dei Normanni in questa "subregione". Roberto il Guiscardo, con suo fratello Ruggero il Gran Conte, conquistò la Calabria: il centro-nord fu incorporato nel ducato di Puglia, governato dal primo; il sud, unito alla contea di Sicilia (isola che fu definitivamente conquistata negli ultimi anni dell'XI secolo), venne concesso invece a Ruggero il Gran Conte. Verrà approfondita la storia della Calabria meridionale, la cui distribuzione del potere rimase strettamente controllata da Ruggero I, potente aristocratico che costruì le basi del futuro "Stato Normanno", fondato da suo figlio Ruggero II. / GERMAN: Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung ist die friedensstiftende Wirkung des Lehnswesens und der Lehnsherrschaft im südlichen normannischen Kalabrien und die Frage nach der Ursprünglichkeit dieses Umbaus zwischen Kriegszustand und Aufbau einer neuen politischen Entität durch die Normannen. Robert Guiscard hatte zusammen mit seinem Bruder, dem Grafen Roger, Kalabrien erobert: Das Zentrum und der Norden wurden in das von Guiscard regierte Herzogtum Apulien eingebunden, während der Süden mit Sizilien (das endgültig in den letzten Jahren des 11. Jahrhunderts erobert wurde) vereint und Roger übergeben wurde. Im Süden Kalabriens, war die Situation unter der straffen Kontrolle des magnus comes, ein starker Herrscher, der für den zukünftigen "normannischen Staat", den sein Sohn Roger II. formen sollte, die Grundlagen schuf.
An important element shaping the political system of Switzerland was adopting the Federal Constitution in 1848. The current Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation was adopted in 1999. The current political system of this country can be referred to as directorial; however, because this specific system manifests itself mainly through the significant role of the cantons, it is also referred to as a "parliamentary-cantonal" system. The paper was divided into six parts: historical and institutional determinants, socio-political divisions, assumptions and functioning of Swiss federalism, party system and "magic formula", main political institutions, and instruments and procedures. In the article, both institutional and legal methods were applied. An important element of the system is the large degree of independence and self-reliance of the cantons and the communes. What determines the shape of the political parties and the socio-political division of Switzerland is the multiculturalism of the country. The fundamental democratic instruments in the country comprise referenda, popular initiatives, and popular assemblies. ; Uchwalenie Konstytucji Federalnej w 1848 roku było istotne dla kształtowania systemu politycznego Szwajcarii. Współczesne brzmienie Konstytucji Federalnej Konfederacji Szwajcarskiej uchwalono w 1999 roku. Obecnie system tego kraju można określić mianem parlamentarno komitetowego (system konwentu). Ze względu jednak na jego specyfikę, objawiającą się w głównie w dużej roli kantonów, jest określany także jako parlamentarno-kantonalny. Artykuł podzielono na sześć części: uwarunkowania historyczne i instytucjonalne, podziały socjopolityczne, założenia i funkcjonowanie szwajcarskiego federalizmu, system partyjny i "formuła magiczna", główne instytucje ustrojowe oraz instrumenty i procedury. W badaniach zastosowano podejście instytucjonalno-prawne, analizę systemową oraz analizę historyczną. W toku badań wykazano, że istotnym elementem systemu jest duża niezależność i samodzielność kantonów, a także gmin. Czynnikiem determinującym kształt partii politycznych i podział socjopolityczny Szwajcarii jest przede wszystkim jej wielokulturowość. Zasadniczymi instrumentami demokratycznymi w tym państwie są: referendum, inicjatywa ludowa, zgromadzenie ludowe.
The tasks of the institutions of higher education, deriving for the transformation that took place in the Slovak Republic after 1989 are presented at the beginning of the paper. First of all, the conception of the higher education institutions development must be worked out - the main assumptions for such a concept have already been drafted. The attention was paid to difficulties related to the completion of the basic task; increase of the enrollment despite to the inadeuqate budgetary allocation for the institutions of higher education. The author suggests the directions for the identification of additional sources of funds. The rules guiding the distribution of funds to various institutions of higher education and the directions of the allocation system modification are drafted, as well as the new finance mechanisms to be applied to the research activities, i.e.: research grants and bidding procedures. The rules of the proposed participation of students and their families in the education costs coverage are analyzed and advantages as well as disadvantages of the every proposal are estimated. The introduction of the tuition fees will be accompanied by the new system of the material assistance to students, based on loans and individual grants. The expected structure of incomes of the institutions of higher education was calculated on this basis. Also, the prerequisites that must be met to assure the success of the proposed reform are discussed. ; Na wstępie autor precyzuje zadania stojące przed szkołami wyższymi, wynikające ze zmian, które zaszły w Republice Słowackiej po roku 1989. Za konieczne uznaje przede wszystkim wypracowanie koncepcji rozwoju szkolnictwa wyższego - nakreśla główne założenia tej koncepcji, zwracając uwagę na trudności realizacji postawionych zadań, m.in. wzrostu skolaryzacji na poziomie wyższym, z powodu niskich środków w budżecie państwa na ten rodzaj szkolnictwa. Autor sugeruje kierunki poszukiwania dodatkowych źródeł funduszy. Omawia także zasady dystrybucji środków na edukację między poszczególne uczelnie, kierunek zmian systemu alokacji tych środków oraz nowe mechanizmy finansowania badań —granty badawcze i system finansowania instytucjonalnego. Przedstawia również proponowane zasady udziału studentów i ich rodzin w pokrywaniu kosztów kształcenia (czesne), rozważając wady oraz zalety każdego z rozwiązań. Wprowadzeniu czesnego towarzyszyć będzie stworzenie nowego systemu pomocy materialnej dla studentów, polegającego na udzielaniu stypendiów i pożyczek. Na tej podstawie została określona przewidywana struktura przychodów uczelni. Przedstawiono też warunki, które trzeba spełnić, aby przeobrażenia te zostały zakończone powodzeniem.
Cities are places where a renewed social activism is growing in unprecedented ways. Inside a wide spectrum of different urban collective movements, many practices are "informal" actions of re-appropriation: practices that challenge property and normative regimes in the attempt to recover a multiplicity of spaces that have been dismissed by modernity. These practices are islands of resistance but also incubators of new imageries: organizational experiments that are potentially able to build the city even out of an institutionally recognized framework; symbolic and material tactics of spatial sense-making; a net of molecular and minute writings that transgress the text of the planned city; the result of a capillary battle with power mechanisms. These forms of social mobilization can potentially increase the environmental and social quality of life in urbanized environments. But they need to be supported. In this perspective they represent a crucial challenge for institutions. What role could institutions play in this respect? What kind of tensions need to be explored between social practices and institutional powers? Can public policy promote urban inclusion by legitimizing these self-guiding society expressions?
Współczesne spojrzenie na procesy rozwoju terytorialnego coraz silniej eksponuje sprawność otoczenia instytucjonalnego dla prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej oraz organizowania życia społeczności miejskich i regionalnych. W perspektywie tej upatruje się podstaw procesów ekonomicznych zarówno w instytucjach formalnych (np. przejrzystość i efektywność prawa, sprawność działania przedsiębiorstw i organizacji sektora publicznego), jak i pozaformalnych (takich jak czynniki kulturowe, poziom zaufania społecznego, sposób zorganizowania społeczności i społeczeństw). Pozwala to dostrzec, że w warunkach rosnącej mobilności kapitału, ludności, towarów i informacji pewne czynniki odpowiedzialne za rozwój gospodarczy wciąż pozostają "zlokalizowane", choć ich charakter bywa trudno uchwytny. Zjawisko terytorialnego zróżnicowania instytucjonalnych czynników rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego skłania do sięgnięcia po dorobek intelektualny ekonomii instytucjonalnej, w której podejmowane są liczne próby wyjaśniania przyczyn tych rozbieżności. Celem publikacji jest wskazanie możliwości zastosowań ekonomii instytucjonalnej – jako dynamicznie rozwijającej się gałęzi nauk ekonomicznych – w analizowaniu procesów rozwoju terytorialnego, przede wszystkim w kontekście relacji między instytucjami, bliskością i obecnym rozumieniem pojęcia "przestrzeń". ; Contemporary analyses of territorial development processes expose more and more often the impact of institutional environment on the economies, as well as on local and regional communities. This perspective takes into consideration both formal and informal institutions. It claims that such factors, as: transparency and efficiency of laws and regulations, efficient functioning of enterprises and public sector organizations, but also culture and the level of trust in the society, affect essentially the level of development, not only in national but also local and regional economies. What is more, in the conditions of growing mobility of capital, people, goods and information, certain institutional factors responsible for economic development are still localized, although their nature is sometimes elusive. This book aims at identification of the possible applications of institutional economics, in the analysis of territorial development processes, especially in the context of the relations between institutions, proximity, and the contemporary current understanding of the concept of "space". The review and classification of various strands of institutional economics in terms of their helpfulness for the study of territorial development processes, highlights the role of institutions as more and more important factor of economic development. The reasoning of this monograph allowed to conclude high usefulness of various fields of institutional economics in the study of local and regional development processes, as well as the possibility of treating them as complementary research approaches. However, one of the important conditions for use of the achievements of institutional economics in the study of the processes of territorial development is a combination of data, theoretical base, as well as research methods and researchers. As far as the local and regional development policy is concerned, this work makes it possible to form a thesis that the effectiveness of this policy depends on the awareness of the complexity of the process of institutional transformation. Furthermore, the modern territorial development is the result of the hybridization of formal and informal institutions, resulting from the search for their optimal combination of different institutional layers in various spaces. Among the addressees of the book, we can mention the representatives of economic science, geography, management, and social scientists engaged in the exploration of institutional factors responsible for the socio- -economic development at local and regional level. It can be also interesting for the specialists of land-use planning, urban and regional economics, local government managers and employees, as well as workers of central government agencies responsible for regional planning, urban policy and spatial policy. ; Publikacja finansowana ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w ramach grantu "Współfinansowanie projektu międzynarodowego Funkcjonowanie lokalnych systemów produkcyjnych w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego (analiza porównawcza i benchmarking w wybranych krajach UE oraz krajach trzecich)". Nr umowy: 2529/7.PR/2012/2.
