Intellectual Property
In: International & comparative law quarterly: ICLQ, Band 39, Heft 3, S. 695
ISSN: 0020-5893
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In: International & comparative law quarterly: ICLQ, Band 39, Heft 3, S. 695
ISSN: 0020-5893
In: International & comparative law quarterly: ICLQ, Band 43, Heft 1, S. 212
ISSN: 0020-5893
In: International & comparative law quarterly: ICLQ, Band 41, Heft 1, S. 200
ISSN: 0020-5893
In: The courier: the magazine of Africa, Caribbean, Pacific & European Union Cooperation and Relations, Heft 201, S. 22-41
ISSN: 1784-682X, 1606-2000, 1784-6803
World Affairs Online
In: Third world quarterly, Band 34, Heft 3, S. 500-533
ISSN: 0143-6597
World Affairs Online
In: Philosophy & public affairs, Band 18, Heft 1, S. 31-52
ISSN: 0048-3915
Justifications for copyrights, patents, & trade secrets are examined. The arguments that natural property results from the fruits of intellectual labor, & that such rights are deserved as a reward for this labor are found to be inadequate, as are arguments based on sovereignty, security, & privacy. The strongest argument for intellectual property -- that it provides the best possible mechanism for insuring the availability & widespread dissemination of intellectual works & their resulting products -- depends on unresolved empirical questions & thus is inconclusive. Intellectual property institutions are not as easily justified as is thought. AA
In: Australian journal of political science: journal of the Australasian Political Studies Association, Band 36, Heft 2, S. 394
ISSN: 1036-1146
In: Ethics & international affairs, Band 21, Heft 3, S. 337-357
ISSN: 0892-6794
In perpetuating and exacerbating restricted access to essential medicines, current trade-related intellectual property rules on medicines may violate core human rights to health and medicines. In this light, there should be serious questions about their necessity, and their justification should be critically assessed from the perspective of human rights standards. These standards require that international trade rules on medicines be justified to the fullest extent possible, and permitted only to the extent to which they can be justified. In this article I explore the impact of trade rules on medicines access, and the growing force of the human right to health. I argue that the limited justification for strong patents in poor countries suggests the need for significant reform of trade-related intellectual property rights. I argue further that human rights standards may offer both normative and practical tools for achieving this reform and challenging trade rules on medicines at various levels. Adapted from the source document.
In: International legal materials: current documents, Band 28, Heft 6, S. 1477
ISSN: 0020-7829
In: Cato policy report: publ. bimonthly by the Cato Institute, Band 24, Heft 1, S. 8-9
ISSN: 0743-605X
In: IDS bulletin, Band 21, Heft Jan 90
ISSN: 0265-5012, 0308-5872
In: Regulation: the Cato review of business and government, Band 30, Heft 3, S. 36-42
ISSN: 0147-0590
Considers whether the traditional rights accorded tangible property apply also to intellectual property, asserting that philosophical, legal, economic, & political bases for protecting these kinds of property differ significantly enough that equating the two forms of property is problematic. References. Adapted from the source document.
In: Political geography, Band 12, Heft 3, S. 247-262
ISSN: 0962-6298
THE URUGUAY ROUND OF GATT, FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS, AND TRADE DISPUTES HAVE EXPOSED VARIOUS NON-TARIFF TRADE RESTRICTIONS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO BECOME MORE IMPORTANT INFLUENCES ON COMMODITY FLOWS AND THE DIFFERENTIATION OF RURAL SPACE. GLOBALIZATION OF LEGISLATION AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND INTELLECTUAL PRPOERTY IS ALSO OCCURRING OUTSIDE GATT. TWO MAIN PROCESSES ARE APPARENT. FIRST, UNDER FREE TRADE AGREEMENT NATIONS ARE QUESTIONING THE COMMERCIAL LEGISLATION GOVERNING PRODUCTION OF THEIR PARTNERS. SECONDLY, FOR SPECIFIC COMMODITIES, GROUPS OF PRODUCERS AND COUNTRIES ARE BRINGING LITIGATION AGAINST OTHER TRADING PARTNERS OVER THE USE OF PLACE-NAMES BY SUCCESSFULLY CLAIMING THAT THEY ARE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. THE PAPER USES THE INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF THE EC RULES FOR THE NAMING AND LABELLING OF WINES TO EXPLORE THE WIDER PROCESSES. AGGRESSIVE LITIGATION BY FRENCH COMPANIES AND GROUPS OF PRODUCERS IS GRADUALLY ELIMINATING THE USE OF FRENCH AND EC NAMES BY OTHER COUNTRIES. CONTEMPORANEOUSLY, OTHER NATIONS ARE ADOPTING APPELLATION SYSTEMS THAT IMITATE THE EC IN ORDER TO BE ASSURED OF ACCESS TO THE EC MARKETS AFTER 1992. BOTH PROCESSES ARE PART OF THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION UNDER CAPITALISM BUT THEIR EFFECTS MAY BE CONTRADICTORY. INCREASED SIMILARITY IN THE COMMERCIAL LEGISLATION OF COUNTRIES WILL ENHANCE THE ADVANTAGE OF THE MOST COMPETITIVE REGIONS AND NATIONS LEADING TO GREATER REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN RURAL PRODUCTION. A GLOBALIZATION OF PRINCIPLES FOR THE NPY: 1993
In: New political economy, Band 11, Heft 3, S. 435-446
ISSN: 1356-3467
In: Policy sciences: integrating knowledge and practice to advance human dignity ; the journal of the Society of Policy Scientists, Band 33, Heft 3-4, S. 387-398
ISSN: 0032-2687
The traditional Onge people of the Indian Nicobar & Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal possess important indigenous knowledge & thus are attracting the intense interest of northern multinational corporations & associated wealth elites. Indigenous knowledge spans medicine, biology, & ecology & holds great wealth-maximizing potential. There is a strong public purpose interest in greater community access to indigenous knowledge-derived products, especially pharmaceuticals. The public purpose goals are best achieved by policies which preserve Onge social organization, & which protect the group's rights by insuring that key decisions about the disposition of its indigenous knowledge are left in its control. A critical factor in policy design is the Onge reservoir of social capital including customary law features. 15 References. Adapted from the source document.