Suchergebnisse

After the restoration of independence, Lithuania faced a rather difficult task: in a period of several years it had to catch up with the democratically, economically and socially developed countries of the western world that had succeeded to achieve their present level over many decades. The ambition to produce fast results preconditioned different problems in a number of political spheres. The creation of the regional policy was not an exception either. Despite the fact that quite a speedy improvement of the regions shows a positive progress in this sphere, problems could not be avoided in the process of formation and implementation of the regional policy. Hesitation in solving these problems may bring the situation under threat. The article analyses factors that have contributed to the problems in the sphere of regional policy, and stresses the significance of regionalism on the regional development. ; Po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo Lietuvai teko gana sunki užduotis – per keliolika metų pasivyti demokratiškai, ekonomiškai bei socialiai išsivysčiusias Vakarų pasaulio valstybes, kurios dabartinį lygį pasiekė per daugelį dešimtmečių. Todėl noras pasiekti greitų rezultatų lėmė įvairiausių problemų daugelyje politikos sričių atsiradimą. Regioninės politikos kūrimas taip pat nebuvo išimtis, nors gana spartus regionų būklės gerėjimas rodo teigiamą postūmį šioje srityje, tačiau formuojant bei įgyvendinant regioninę politiką nebuvo išvengta problemų, kurios, laiku nesprendžiamos, gali sukelti pavojingų grėsmių. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami veiksniai, turėję įtakos problemų atsiradimui regioninės politikos srityje, bei pabrėžiama regionalizacijos reikšmė regioninei plėtrai.

Theoretical and practical aspects of inter-organizational interaction are developed in a dissertation. The first chapter of the thesis analyses the theoretical background of the inter-organizational interaction in a thorough and integrated way. There is an overview of Lithuanian scholars' contribution in analysis of different problems related to partnerships and collaboration, the analysis of the inter-organizational interaction concept contents, the analysis of the inter-organizational interaction models, definition of the collaboration determinants, the purification of inter-organizational interaction forms, the description of the joint activities aspects among the main Local Government authorities and other organizations. The second part analyses the practical aspects of the Local Government inter-organizational interaction. The first stage of research aimed at highlighting the peculiarities of organization and management of inter-organizational interaction in the municipalities and at defining the main problems. For this purpose, the examples of inter-organizational interaction of Local Government and other public, private and non-government sector organizations were analysed. In the second stage of research, the inter-organizational interaction is analysed on the micro level. The main objective of the research was to define the features of the meetings of inter-organizational interaction subjects and to highlight the most typical meeting organization and management problems. In order to understand how the contents of different interaction forms is understood the third stage of research contained research based on questionnaires, which were completed by the Local Government representatives, who are experienced in the practical aspects of inter-organizational interaction. The final part of the thesis features conclusions and extensive recommendations for raising the effectiveness and efficiency of the inter-organizational interaction of Local Government in Lithuania.

Theoretical and practical aspects of inter-organizational interaction are developed in a dissertation. The first chapter of the thesis analyses the theoretical background of the inter-organizational interaction in a thorough and integrated way. There is an overview of Lithuanian scholars' contribution in analysis of different problems related to partnerships and collaboration, the analysis of the inter-organizational interaction concept contents, the analysis of the inter-organizational interaction models, definition of the collaboration determinants, the purification of inter-organizational interaction forms, the description of the joint activities aspects among the main Local Government authorities and other organizations. The second part analyses the practical aspects of the Local Government inter-organizational interaction. The first stage of research aimed at highlighting the peculiarities of organization and management of inter-organizational interaction in the municipalities and at defining the main problems. For this purpose, the examples of inter-organizational interaction of Local Government and other public, private and non-government sector organizations were analysed. In the second stage of research, the inter-organizational interaction is analysed on the micro level. The main objective of the research was to define the features of the meetings of inter-organizational interaction subjects and to highlight the most typical meeting organization and management problems. In order to understand how the contents of different interaction forms is understood the third stage of research contained research based on questionnaires, which were completed by the Local Government representatives, who are experienced in the practical aspects of inter-organizational interaction. The final part of the thesis features conclusions and extensive recommendations for raising the effectiveness and efficiency of the inter-organizational interaction of Local Government in Lithuania.

Adapted from the source document.

Authoritarianism as a form of political regime became a widespread phenomenon in the inter-war Europe. It was also a part of Lithuanian and Polish history. The coup d'etat in Poland on May 12, 1926 claimed many more victims than the analogous event in Lit- huania. The 1926 coups in the two neighbouring countries put an end to the era of parlia- mentarianism, which had had its legal basis on the permanent constitutions (passed on March 17, 1921 in Poland and August 1, 1922 in Lithuania). The position of a Chief of State was established in Poland on November 14, 1918. It was legally consolidated by the Small Constitution of February 20, 1919. Both Jozef Pilsudski and Antanas Smetona had accumulated enough political experience to rule their respective countries after the coup. However, as politicians they were of different caliber. The authoritarian regime in Poland had its name – sanation. This term was supposed to mean the purification or a return to po- litical health. The main support of authoritarian regimes in both countries were the armed forces. This was more perceptible in Poland, especially after the death of Jozef Pilsudski. If Poland during the period of authoritarian rule retained the multi-party system, albeit re- stricted, then in Lithuania after the February 1, 1936 the one-party rule was established. The Polish parliament functioned without cessation all the way from 1926 to 1939, while in Lithuania the Seimas was absent from 1927 to 1936. In the Polish historiography the period of sanation is clearly divided into two periods: 1) the Pilsudski Era, which lasted from the May 1926 coup until the marshal's death on May 12, 1935; 2) the period of "the colonels' rule", which lasted from the May 12, 1935 to the Nazi occupation of Poland in September 1939. However, in Lithuania the whole period of authoritarian rule was presided by the sa- me personality – Antanas Smetona. Due to this reason it is difficult to discern any essential changes in the country's political system.

Authoritarianism as a form of political regime became a widespread phenomenon in the inter-war Europe. It was also a part of Lithuanian and Polish history. The coup d'etat in Poland on May 12, 1926 claimed many more victims than the analogous event in Lit- huania. The 1926 coups in the two neighbouring countries put an end to the era of parlia- mentarianism, which had had its legal basis on the permanent constitutions (passed on March 17, 1921 in Poland and August 1, 1922 in Lithuania). The position of a Chief of State was established in Poland on November 14, 1918. It was legally consolidated by the Small Constitution of February 20, 1919. Both Jozef Pilsudski and Antanas Smetona had accumulated enough political experience to rule their respective countries after the coup. However, as politicians they were of different caliber. The authoritarian regime in Poland had its name – sanation. This term was supposed to mean the purification or a return to po- litical health. The main support of authoritarian regimes in both countries were the armed forces. This was more perceptible in Poland, especially after the death of Jozef Pilsudski. If Poland during the period of authoritarian rule retained the multi-party system, albeit re- stricted, then in Lithuania after the February 1, 1936 the one-party rule was established. The Polish parliament functioned without cessation all the way from 1926 to 1939, while in Lithuania the Seimas was absent from 1927 to 1936. In the Polish historiography the period of sanation is clearly divided into two periods: 1) the Pilsudski Era, which lasted from the May 1926 coup until the marshal's death on May 12, 1935; 2) the period of "the colonels' rule", which lasted from the May 12, 1935 to the Nazi occupation of Poland in September 1939. However, in Lithuania the whole period of authoritarian rule was presided by the sa- me personality – Antanas Smetona. Due to this reason it is difficult to discern any essential changes in the country's political system.

In this paper aspects of inter-ethnic relations in Southeastern Lithuania are analyzed using the theoretical frame of multiculturalism. Southeastern Lithuania is the region alongside the Belarussian border. This region attracts the interest of researchers, journalists, and politicians because of its history, multi-ethnic population and some current issues related to minority language use and minority education. The author discusses how local inhabitants of the region experience its multi-ethnic and multi-lingual environment. Empirical data was collected in the framework of qualitative sociological research conducted between January 2013 – May 2014. The research was funded by a grant from the Research Council of Lithuania. All together the author conducted 47 semi-structured interviews in Šalčininkai, Švenčionys and Eišiškės, a few interviews were conducted in Pabradė. The population of all these towns is multi-ethnic and the major ethnic groups are Belarussians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas 2011). In accordance with the last Census in 2011, the major ethnic group in Šalčininkai, Eišiškės and Pabradė is Poles and in Švenčionys – Lithuanians (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas 2011). The interviews were conducted with Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians of different generations in the region.

In this paper aspects of inter-ethnic relations in Southeastern Lithuania are analyzed using the theoretical frame of multiculturalism. Southeastern Lithuania is the region alongside the Belarussian border. This region attracts the interest of researchers, journalists, and politicians because of its history, multi-ethnic population and some current issues related to minority language use and minority education. The author discusses how local inhabitants of the region experience its multi-ethnic and multi-lingual environment. Empirical data was collected in the framework of qualitative sociological research conducted between January 2013 – May 2014. The research was funded by a grant from the Research Council of Lithuania. All together the author conducted 47 semi-structured interviews in Šalčininkai, Švenčionys and Eišiškės, a few interviews were conducted in Pabradė. The population of all these towns is multi-ethnic and the major ethnic groups are Belarussians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas 2011). In accordance with the last Census in 2011, the major ethnic group in Šalčininkai, Eišiškės and Pabradė is Poles and in Švenčionys – Lithuanians (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas 2011). The interviews were conducted with Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians of different generations in the region.

In this paper aspects of inter-ethnic relations in Southeastern Lithuania are analyzed using the theoretical frame of multiculturalism. Southeastern Lithuania is the region alongside the Belarussian border. This region attracts the interest of researchers, journalists, and politicians because of its history, multi-ethnic population and some current issues related to minority language use and minority education. The author discusses how local inhabitants of the region experience its multi-ethnic and multi-lingual environment. Empirical data was collected in the framework of qualitative sociological research conducted between January 2013 – May 2014. The research was funded by a grant from the Research Council of Lithuania. All together the author conducted 47 semi-structured interviews in Šalčininkai, Švenčionys and Eišiškės, a few interviews were conducted in Pabradė. The population of all these towns is multi-ethnic and the major ethnic groups are Belarussians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas 2011). In accordance with the last Census in 2011, the major ethnic group in Šalčininkai, Eišiškės and Pabradė is Poles and in Švenčionys – Lithuanians (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas 2011). The interviews were conducted with Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians of different generations in the region.

In this paper aspects of inter-ethnic relations in Southeastern Lithuania are analyzed using the theoretical frame of multiculturalism. Southeastern Lithuania is the region alongside the Belarussian border. This region attracts the interest of researchers, journalists, and politicians because of its history, multi-ethnic population and some current issues related to minority language use and minority education. The author discusses how local inhabitants of the region experience its multi-ethnic and multi-lingual environment. Empirical data was collected in the framework of qualitative sociological research conducted between January 2013 – May 2014. The research was funded by a grant from the Research Council of Lithuania. All together the author conducted 47 semi-structured interviews in Šalčininkai, Švenčionys and Eišiškės, a few interviews were conducted in Pabradė. The population of all these towns is multi-ethnic and the major ethnic groups are Belarussians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas 2011). In accordance with the last Census in 2011, the major ethnic group in Šalčininkai, Eišiškės and Pabradė is Poles and in Švenčionys – Lithuanians (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas 2011). The interviews were conducted with Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians of different generations in the region.

The inter-professional cooperation between pharmacists and physicians is becoming of crucial importance in ensuring safe and appropriate healthcare services. A solid amount of evidences suggests that this collaboration is beneficial for all participants and provide benefits for patient However, this collaboration is facing challenges and obstacles for applying it in wide practice. Nation and international surveys suggest that both physicians and pharmacists do not avail themselves of cooperation opportunities. The aim of the study was to evaluate pharmacists experience and attitude towards collaboration between physicians and pharmacy professionals working in community pharmacies. Methods: The qualitative method with mixed data collection strategy has been used. It has focused on collaboration between pharmacists (with work experience of 15 years and more) and physicians. The focus group discussion has been carried out with four pharmacy professionals constantly cooperating with physicians. The vignette survey was performed with 21 pharmacy professionals. The data collection was performed from December 2014 to September 2015. Results: Our findings suggest that pharmacists are involved in communication with physicians quite often. However, these interactions are sufficiently short and usually limited to a phone call dealing with a wrong prescription or medication dosage prescribed to the patient. It means that the collaboration is still not so efficient and effective teamwork. Physicians communicate with pharmacists for getting information regarding different aspects of medicines, i.e. dosage, international name, manufacturer, etc. It should be noted, that only a small number of pharmacists maintain regular contacts with physicians and regularly discuss developments, legislative changes, medicines and their benefits to the patient. The respondents believe, that effective cooperation between physicians and pharmacists is hampered by professional prejudices, lack of a common goal, underestimation of the pharmacist knowledge and skills, etc. Insights: In summary, the results suggest that current inter-professional collaboration between physicians and pharmacist is not based on the efficient and effective teamwork. However, the majority of interviewed pharmaceutical professionals identified the benefits of cooperation. Moreover, it was mentioned, that the given field requires changes, new approaches and initiatives in order to ensure an efficient and effective service delivery to patients.

The inter-professional cooperation between pharmacists and physicians is becoming of crucial importance in ensuring safe and appropriate healthcare services. A solid amount of evidences suggests that this collaboration is beneficial for all participants and provide benefits for patient However, this collaboration is facing challenges and obstacles for applying it in wide practice. Nation and international surveys suggest that both physicians and pharmacists do not avail themselves of cooperation opportunities. The aim of the study was to evaluate pharmacists experience and attitude towards collaboration between physicians and pharmacy professionals working in community pharmacies. Methods: The qualitative method with mixed data collection strategy has been used. It has focused on collaboration between pharmacists (with work experience of 15 years and more) and physicians. The focus group discussion has been carried out with four pharmacy professionals constantly cooperating with physicians. The vignette survey was performed with 21 pharmacy professionals. The data collection was performed from December 2014 to September 2015. Results: Our findings suggest that pharmacists are involved in communication with physicians quite often. However, these interactions are sufficiently short and usually limited to a phone call dealing with a wrong prescription or medication dosage prescribed to the patient. It means that the collaboration is still not so efficient and effective teamwork. Physicians communicate with pharmacists for getting information regarding different aspects of medicines, i.e. dosage, international name, manufacturer, etc. It should be noted, that only a small number of pharmacists maintain regular contacts with physicians and regularly discuss developments, legislative changes, medicines and their benefits to the patient. The respondents believe, that effective cooperation between physicians and pharmacists is hampered by professional prejudices, lack of a common goal, underestimation of the pharmacist knowledge and skills, etc. Insights: In summary, the results suggest that current inter-professional collaboration between physicians and pharmacist is not based on the efficient and effective teamwork. However, the majority of interviewed pharmaceutical professionals identified the benefits of cooperation. Moreover, it was mentioned, that the given field requires changes, new approaches and initiatives in order to ensure an efficient and effective service delivery to patients.

The formation and implementation of youth policy is not only youth organizations, but also with youth working organizations, offering services for youth organizations prerogative. The conception of public youth centers and spaces is approved by the Director of the Department of Youth Affairs in 2010 on April 7 by the order No. 2V-38-(1.4), work with youth and more specifically one of its forms – open to work with young people - as a concrete tool to establish an integrated and inter agency cooperation in reaching youth policy development. Master's thesis analyzes the inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy in Lithuania. This work presents implementation of youth policy. It discusses the concept of inter-agency cooperation and the benefits, which are, provided in the implementation of youth policy, also factors influencing cooperation. Expert interviews conducted inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of the youth policy situation. The main aim is to reveal the essential aspects in Lithuania of inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of youth policy. To achieve the aim there is some task: to discuss inter-agency theoretical assumption; implementation of youth policy in Lithuania overview the importance of cooperation of inter-agency; to analyze inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The results of analysis showed that interagency cooperation of youth policy is still a very new subject in Lithuania and at present is going through a transition and cooperation in terms of content, it all rests on the human factor. The pessimism still exist in accessing the effectiveness of inter-agency cooperation. It is, emphasized that there is a structure in Lithuania created to work with young people, but there is lack of expertise and frequent desire to change something and apply innovation. Besides, persons, which work with youth policy are not interested in cooperating with each other.

The formation and implementation of youth policy is not only youth organizations, but also with youth working organizations, offering services for youth organizations prerogative. The conception of public youth centers and spaces is approved by the Director of the Department of Youth Affairs in 2010 on April 7 by the order No. 2V-38-(1.4), work with youth and more specifically one of its forms – open to work with young people - as a concrete tool to establish an integrated and inter agency cooperation in reaching youth policy development. Master's thesis analyzes the inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy in Lithuania. This work presents implementation of youth policy. It discusses the concept of inter-agency cooperation and the benefits, which are, provided in the implementation of youth policy, also factors influencing cooperation. Expert interviews conducted inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of the youth policy situation. The main aim is to reveal the essential aspects in Lithuania of inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of youth policy. To achieve the aim there is some task: to discuss inter-agency theoretical assumption; implementation of youth policy in Lithuania overview the importance of cooperation of inter-agency; to analyze inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The results of analysis showed that interagency cooperation of youth policy is still a very new subject in Lithuania and at present is going through a transition and cooperation in terms of content, it all rests on the human factor. The pessimism still exist in accessing the effectiveness of inter-agency cooperation. It is, emphasized that there is a structure in Lithuania created to work with young people, but there is lack of expertise and frequent desire to change something and apply innovation. Besides, persons, which work with youth policy are not interested in cooperating with each other.

The formation and implementation of youth policy is not only youth organizations, but also with youth working organizations, offering services for youth organizations prerogative. The conception of public youth centers and spaces is approved by the Director of the Department of Youth Affairs in 2010 on April 7 by the order No. 2V-38-(1.4), work with youth and more specifically one of its forms – open to work with young people - as a concrete tool to establish an integrated and inter agency cooperation in reaching youth policy development. Master's thesis analyzes the inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy in Lithuania. This work presents implementation of youth policy. It discusses the concept of inter-agency cooperation and the benefits, which are, provided in the implementation of youth policy, also factors influencing cooperation. Expert interviews conducted inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of the youth policy situation. The main aim is to reveal the essential aspects in Lithuania of inter-agency cooperation in the implementation of youth policy. To achieve the aim there is some task: to discuss inter-agency theoretical assumption; implementation of youth policy in Lithuania overview the importance of cooperation of inter-agency; to analyze inter-agency cooperation implementation of youth policy, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The results of analysis showed that interagency cooperation of youth policy is still a very new subject in Lithuania and at present is going through a transition and cooperation in terms of content, it all rests on the human factor. The pessimism still exist in accessing the effectiveness of inter-agency cooperation. It is, emphasized that there is a structure in Lithuania created to work with young people, but there is lack of expertise and frequent desire to change something and apply innovation. Besides, persons, which work with youth policy are not interested in cooperating with each other.