Suchergebnisse

Further on, the article deals with the interrelation between individual and general attributes of interest in law. The author claims that the category of public interest means not only quantity, but also quality. Therefore, a subject of public interest is not the only element that describes the category under investigation. Interests of individuals, the whole society and the state must be in accord with each other. In a democratic state, a compromise should be found between the interests of all subjects, because an individual, the society and the state are values for each other, their interests depend on and influence the development of every subject. A violation of the interests of one subject automatically causes a violation of the interests of another subject; in this situation neither a consecutive development of all earlier mentioned subjects is possible nor a common welfare can be achieved. The fourth chapter of the article deals with the object of public interest. By analyzing the introductory part of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania, the author states that objects of public interest are goods and values that are embedded in norms and principles of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. The author stresses that the main and the greatest value and, therefore, the main object of public interest is the human and his rights.

Further on, the article deals with the interrelation between individual and general attributes of interest in law. The author claims that the category of public interest means not only quantity, but also quality. Therefore, a subject of public interest is not the only element that describes the category under investigation. Interests of individuals, the whole society and the state must be in accord with each other. In a democratic state, a compromise should be found between the interests of all subjects, because an individual, the society and the state are values for each other, their interests depend on and influence the development of every subject. A violation of the interests of one subject automatically causes a violation of the interests of another subject; in this situation neither a consecutive development of all earlier mentioned subjects is possible nor a common welfare can be achieved. The fourth chapter of the article deals with the object of public interest. By analyzing the introductory part of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania, the author states that objects of public interest are goods and values that are embedded in norms and principles of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. The author stresses that the main and the greatest value and, therefore, the main object of public interest is the human and his rights.

European Union laws frequently replace, change, or complement national laws. This has prompted domestic interest groups to promote their cases more readily before EU institutions, naturally, also 'taking' the attention of social science with them. However, while the analysis of EU level interest groups receives a fair amount of attention, there is a surprising lack of studies on national interest groups. The objective of this article is to analyze the present status of scientific literature on the Lithuanian business interest associations and prove that it is still of crucial importance to analyze the Lithuanian business interest associations on the national level. Moreover, the article presents partial findings received from the Lithuanian business interst associations' survey which was carried out in the period 2007–2009 by the author of the present article and during which 112 Lithuanian business interest associations were investigated. The conclusions presented in the final part of the article suggest new insights and aspects for further research into business interest associations on the national level.

European Union laws frequently replace, change, or complement national laws. This has prompted domestic interest groups to promote their cases more readily before EU institutions, naturally, also 'taking' the attention of social science with them. However, while the analysis of EU level interest groups receives a fair amount of attention, there is a surprising lack of studies on national interest groups. The objective of this article is to analyze the present status of scientific literature on the Lithuanian business interest associations and prove that it is still of crucial importance to analyze the Lithuanian business interest associations on the national level. Moreover, the article presents partial findings received from the Lithuanian business interst associations' survey which was carried out in the period 2007–2009 by the author of the present article and during which 112 Lithuanian business interest associations were investigated. The conclusions presented in the final part of the article suggest new insights and aspects for further research into business interest associations on the national level.

A variety of factors influence the degree to which national interest groups decide to transfer their competencies from national political arenas to the European Union level. Aiming to explain these differences the article proposes and tests several hypotheses, relating to groups' organizational properties as well as their relationship with national authorities and opposing interest organizations. The empirical analysis is based on original survey of Lithuanian interest groups operating at a national level, carried out in 2016. The data reveals that organization's decision to allocate more time to supranational level is very much based on its perceived relative power in the national interest group system. Europeanisation of Lithuanian interest groups is also highly dependent on its financial resources, policy field in which the group operates as well as membership in international or EU level organizations. Whereas group type and group's domestic embeddedness, that is its relationships with national authorities, has no effect on Europeanising.

A variety of factors influence the degree to which national interest groups decide to transfer their competencies from national political arenas to the European Union level. Aiming to explain these differences the article proposes and tests several hypotheses, relating to groups' organizational properties as well as their relationship with national authorities and opposing interest organizations. The empirical analysis is based on original survey of Lithuanian interest groups operating at a national level, carried out in 2016. The data reveals that organization's decision to allocate more time to supranational level is very much based on its perceived relative power in the national interest group system. Europeanisation of Lithuanian interest groups is also highly dependent on its financial resources, policy field in which the group operates as well as membership in international or EU level organizations. Whereas group type and group's domestic embeddedness, that is its relationships with national authorities, has no effect on Europeanising.

A variety of factors influence the degree to which national interest groups decide to transfer their competencies from national political arenas to the European Union level. Aiming to explain these differences the article proposes and tests several hypotheses, relating to groups' organizational properties as well as their relationship with national authorities and opposing interest organizations. The empirical analysis is based on original survey of Lithuanian interest groups operating at a national level, carried out in 2016. The data reveals that organization's decision to allocate more time to supranational level is very much based on its perceived relative power in the national interest group system. Europeanisation of Lithuanian interest groups is also highly dependent on its financial resources, policy field in which the group operates as well as membership in international or EU level organizations. Whereas group type and group's domestic embeddedness, that is its relationships with national authorities, has no effect on Europeanising.

A variety of factors influence the degree to which national interest groups decide to transfer their competencies from national political arenas to the European Union level. Aiming to explain these differences the article proposes and tests several hypotheses, relating to groups' organizational properties as well as their relationship with national authorities and opposing interest organizations. The empirical analysis is based on original survey of Lithuanian interest groups operating at a national level, carried out in 2016. The data reveals that organization's decision to allocate more time to supranational level is very much based on its perceived relative power in the national interest group system. Europeanisation of Lithuanian interest groups is also highly dependent on its financial resources, policy field in which the group operates as well as membership in international or EU level organizations. Whereas group type and group's domestic embeddedness, that is its relationships with national authorities, has no effect on Europeanising.

Ongoing economic globalization processes of the late decades and the increasing integration of markets and societies have changed the world and the traditional intercourse among states. The importance of economic interests of countries is constantly rising. Academic literature often mentions and existing tension (competition) between politics and economics. That is why there is a question,- are these interests compatible or competing in Lithuania? The object of this study: Lithuanian economic interest representation and the interaction among economic and political interests of the state. Purpose: to find out how important are economic interests in the contemporary Lithuanian foreign policy; in what way and how much can they influence it. In order to implement the main purpose of this study these objectives are being met: To review the interpretation of the relation between economics and politics in the internationa relations discipline; To analyze which [and in what extent] economic interests are being mentioned in the most important foreign policy documents and what is their significance in those documents; To explore the institutionalization of economic interest representation; To identify the weaknesses of economic interest representation in foreign countries; To study the interaction between economic and political interests according to the most important Lithuanian foreign policy regional courses - Europe, CIS, Asia and America; To propose recommendations for the improvement of Lithuanian economic (diplomacy) foreign policy. Lithuanian economic interests in this study are considered as the promotion of common economic relations (foreign trade) and of the export of nations products and services; attracting of foreign direct investment, protection and representation of the interests of the national economy subjects. After implementing the objectives of this study the following conclusions were derived: • The ongoing globalization processes transform the foreign policies of many countries. Representation of economic interests is becomming one of its essential elements. • Since the regaining of independency economic and foreign policy were considered as two different areas. Membership in the EU has highlighted the importance of economic interest representation and the necessity to integrate them into the common foreign policy. • Lithuanian institutions, responsible for shaping and implementing foreign policy, consider economic interests in different ways; • Lithuania has adopted the competetive model of economic diplomacy; • Lithuanian economic diplomacy has the following weaknesses: - Lack of coordination among the most important institutions which shape and implement economic diplomacy; - The absence of a unified Lithuanian economic diplomacy strategy; - No "country marketing" (image strategy, country branding) has been created yet; - The lack of "aggression" in Lithuanian diplomats who coordinate economic affairs; - Failing communication among businessmen and diplomats; In order to improve the representation of Lithuanian economic interests and their protection in foreign countries the following measures ought to be implemented: • Protect the national interests in the EU more actively; • Reduce the tensions between politics and economics in the cases of Russia and Belarus; • Significantly strengthen the diplomatic-economic representation in Asian countries; • Use good political relations and the transatlantic partnership in achieving economic aims in America;. • Improve the coordination of actions among the institutions which implement economic diplomacy; • Regulate and separate the functions of the institutions implementing economic diplomacy more clearly; • Create a unified strategy for the representation of Lithuanian economic interests. • Pay more attention to economic diplomacy as a discipline in universities.

Ongoing economic globalization processes of the late decades and the increasing integration of markets and societies have changed the world and the traditional intercourse among states. The importance of economic interests of countries is constantly rising. Academic literature often mentions and existing tension (competition) between politics and economics. That is why there is a question,- are these interests compatible or competing in Lithuania? The object of this study: Lithuanian economic interest representation and the interaction among economic and political interests of the state. Purpose: to find out how important are economic interests in the contemporary Lithuanian foreign policy; in what way and how much can they influence it. In order to implement the main purpose of this study these objectives are being met: To review the interpretation of the relation between economics and politics in the internationa relations discipline; To analyze which [and in what extent] economic interests are being mentioned in the most important foreign policy documents and what is their significance in those documents; To explore the institutionalization of economic interest representation; To identify the weaknesses of economic interest representation in foreign countries; To study the interaction between economic and political interests according to the most important Lithuanian foreign policy regional courses - Europe, CIS, Asia and America; To propose recommendations for the improvement of Lithuanian economic (diplomacy) foreign policy. Lithuanian economic interests in this study are considered as the promotion of common economic relations (foreign trade) and of the export of nations products and services; attracting of foreign direct investment, protection and representation of the interests of the national economy subjects. After implementing the objectives of this study the following conclusions were derived: • The ongoing globalization processes transform the foreign policies of many countries. Representation of economic interests is becomming one of its essential elements. • Since the regaining of independency economic and foreign policy were considered as two different areas. Membership in the EU has highlighted the importance of economic interest representation and the necessity to integrate them into the common foreign policy. • Lithuanian institutions, responsible for shaping and implementing foreign policy, consider economic interests in different ways; • Lithuania has adopted the competetive model of economic diplomacy; • Lithuanian economic diplomacy has the following weaknesses: - Lack of coordination among the most important institutions which shape and implement economic diplomacy; - The absence of a unified Lithuanian economic diplomacy strategy; - No "country marketing" (image strategy, country branding) has been created yet; - The lack of "aggression" in Lithuanian diplomats who coordinate economic affairs; - Failing communication among businessmen and diplomats; In order to improve the representation of Lithuanian economic interests and their protection in foreign countries the following measures ought to be implemented: • Protect the national interests in the EU more actively; • Reduce the tensions between politics and economics in the cases of Russia and Belarus; • Significantly strengthen the diplomatic-economic representation in Asian countries; • Use good political relations and the transatlantic partnership in achieving economic aims in America;. • Improve the coordination of actions among the institutions which implement economic diplomacy; • Regulate and separate the functions of the institutions implementing economic diplomacy more clearly; • Create a unified strategy for the representation of Lithuanian economic interests. • Pay more attention to economic diplomacy as a discipline in universities.

A variety of factors influence the degree to which national interest groups decide to transfer their competencies from national political arenas to the European Union level. Aiming to explain these differences the article proposes and tests several hypotheses, relating to groups' organizational properties as well as their relationship with national authorities and opposing interest organizations. The empirical analysis is based on original survey of Lithuanian interest groups operating at a national level, carried out in 2016. The data reveals that organization's decision to allocate more time to supranational level is very much based on its perceived relative power in the national interest group system. Europeanisation of Lithuanian interest groups is also highly dependent on its financial resources, policy field in which the group operates as well as membership in international or EU level organizations. Whereas group type and group's domestic embeddedness, that is its relationships with national authorities, has no effect on Europeanising. ; Straipsnyje analizuojama, kurios Lietuvos interesų grupės ir kokiomis sąlygomis veikia Europos Sąjungos lygmeniu. Siekiant paaiškinti šiuos skirtumus, keliamos ir tikrinamos hipotezės, remiantis šių grupių organizaciniais veiksniais ir santykiais su nacionaline valdžia ir oponuojančiomis organizacijomis. Pateikiami ir analizuojami 2016 m. atliktos originalios Lietuvos nacionalinių interesų grupių apklausos duomenys. Tyrimo rezultatai suteikia naujos informacijos apie Lietuvos interesų grupių europeizaciją. Empirinių duomenų analizė rodo, kad lobistinių veikų vykdymą Europos Sąjungos lygmeniu lemia organizacijos santykinė galia nacionalinėje interesų grupių sistemoje. Europeizacijai stiprų poveikį daro ir viešosios politikos sritis, finansiniai ištekliai, narystė tarptautinio lygmens interesų organizacijose. Organizacijos tipas ir jos santykiai su nacionalinėmis valdžios institucijomis europeizacijai nėra svarbūs.

The object of this scientific article is protection of consumer rights and interests in contractual relationship between seller and consumer. The ever-expanding trade development, increasing abundance of goods and services stimulates consumption and this obviously leads to the growing number of consumer contracts. The growing number of consumer contracts determines the need to regulate contractual relations of consumers and sellers as much detail as possible. The purpose of detailed regulation is to prevent unfairness and ensure effective protection of the consumer as the weaker party. The work also draws attention to European Union law. The European Union law not only develops and ensures free movement of goods, services, capital and persons in a single market of European Union, but also seeks to discover a balance between the competitiveness of various companies in different Member States and a high level of consumer protection.

The object of this scientific article is protection of consumer rights and interests in contractual relationship between seller and consumer. The ever-expanding trade development, increasing abundance of goods and services stimulates consumption and this obviously leads to the growing number of consumer contracts. The growing number of consumer contracts determines the need to regulate contractual relations of consumers and sellers as much detail as possible. The purpose of detailed regulation is to prevent unfairness and ensure effective protection of the consumer as the weaker party. The work also draws attention to European Union law. The European Union law not only develops and ensures free movement of goods, services, capital and persons in a single market of European Union, but also seeks to discover a balance between the competitiveness of various companies in different Member States and a high level of consumer protection.

The object of this scientific article is protection of consumer rights and interests in contractual relationship between seller and consumer. The ever-expanding trade development, increasing abundance of goods and services stimulates consumption and this obviously leads to the growing number of consumer contracts. The growing number of consumer contracts determines the need to regulate contractual relations of consumers and sellers as much detail as possible. The purpose of detailed regulation is to prevent unfairness and ensure effective protection of the consumer as the weaker party. The work also draws attention to European Union law. The European Union law not only develops and ensures free movement of goods, services, capital and persons in a single market of European Union, but also seeks to discover a balance between the competitiveness of various companies in different Member States and a high level of consumer protection.

The object of this scientific article is protection of consumer rights and interests in contractual relationship between seller and consumer. The ever-expanding trade development, increasing abundance of goods and services stimulates consumption and this obviously leads to the growing number of consumer contracts. The growing number of consumer contracts determines the need to regulate contractual relations of consumers and sellers as much detail as possible. The purpose of detailed regulation is to prevent unfairness and ensure effective protection of the consumer as the weaker party. The work also draws attention to European Union law. The European Union law not only develops and ensures free movement of goods, services, capital and persons in a single market of European Union, but also seeks to discover a balance between the competitiveness of various companies in different Member States and a high level of consumer protection.