Suchergebnisse

The idea of harmonizing economic growth with the laws of development of society and the environment is expressed in the concept of sustainable development. In the frame of sustainable development an exceptional importance is attached to studying material flows, therefore management of waste flows must not contradict the principles of sustainable development. In agreement with M. Jacobs, it is possible to affirm that waste management in the context of sustainable development means using materials in closed cycles. Investigating socio-economic efficiency of municipal waste management means studying the organizational waste management process and factors disclosing characteristic features of this process, making deep comparative socio-economic analysis of waste management options and studying waste managements acts both on national and local level in order to reveal the ways of increasing socio-economic efficiency in municipal waste management. This study is induced by the necessity of changing the traditional waste management of depositing it in landfills, by recycling using not only national and international funds, but by mobilizing resources of local waste management systems as well. It is natural, that the policy of waste management, in which neither the scale of economic damage nor future waste management expenditure were evaluated, was orientated towards disposal of waste in refuse dumps. This means transferring problems to future generations, and this cardinally contradicts the concept of sustainable development. Therefore the question arises, what waste management systems should be considered to be efficient from the socio-economic viewpoint. Researches made in EU countries show that these are systems resources of which are directed to waste recycling and continuous its development. In Lithuania, the importance of waste management is emphasized in national strategy of environmental protection and waste recycling promotion has become the most significant waste management task in recent years, therefore attention is given to socio-economic waste management results. For establishing regional waste management systems, to cover the expenses of collecting, sorting out and transporting secondary materials, two main sources of funds are foreseen, that is, general tariff (or local levy) and funds from "Program of product and packaging waste management". Fixing general tariff depending on treatment expenses for separate waste flows or setting two-tariff charge on sorted and mixed waste is assigned to most urgent means, not only stimulating collection of secondary material but supporting financially the development of this process as well. However, when increasing general tariff all variables should be evaluated, i. e., tendencies in changes of amount and composition of the waste, distribution of wasteholders, number of waste operators on the market, their internal resources available and efficiency of their usage, etc. Otherwise, increase of tariff may be based neither in a social nor in an economic aspect. In the research, waste management priorities in the context of a sustainable development are revealed (based on socio-economic aspects) and internal reserves of municipal waste management systems due to which socio-economical waste management efficiency can be increased are identified. Research problem. Socio-economic and environmental aspects of waste management as well as the role of waste materials in the system of sustainable development have been more or less investigated in works of foreign scientists, the problems of municipal waste management have been analyzed in publications of international organizations as well as in works by foreign authors. In these studies, most attention is concentrated on the process "exploitation of natural resources – economic growth – waste formation" analysis and feasibility studies for modifying it in order to achieve sustainable development aims. Publications of international organizations contain abundant technical and statistical information on waste formation and management, nevertheless, economic studies are scarce, superficial and usually based on the experience of a separate country. They are important from a practical point of view and are of rather educational than scientific character. Among Lithuanian scientists theoretical aspects of sustainable development most widely have been investigated by R. Čiegis, feasibility researches of sustainable development are being carried out in separate sectors of economy – issues of sustainable transport development are being investigated by G. Paliulis, G. Ignatavičius, V. Oškinis, issues of sustainable development in energetics are studies by V. Jankauskas, D. Štreimikienė, I. Konstantavičiūtė, feasibility studies in sustainable development of industry are researched by J. Staniškis, V. Arbačiauskas, V. Pivoras, sustainable development of tourism is investigated by A. Rondomanskaitė, R. Hopenienė, A. Kamičaitė. And other scientists. Scientists give more and more consideration to studies of relationship between sustainable development and public interests, issues of regional and local sustainability and problems of evaluating sustainable development. Scientific studies on socio-economical aspects of municipal waste management are scanty. Works by A. Spruogis and B. Jaskelevičius, J. Čepinskis, A. Jankauskas, M. Ubartas, A. Lebedis, J. Danys, B. Zigmontienė, S. Vasarevičius and sociological researches carried out by the scientists of Kaunas University and the author of this thesis in cooperation with the scientists of Šiauliai University should be mentioned. So far, little attention has been given to research in efficiency of municipal waste management systems and analysis of the problems of managing and financing these systems. Scientific works on assessment of government policy in the field of waste management are scarce and there are few expert analysis about the effectiveness of regulations and economic instruments applied and their influence on the development of waste treatment methods. Not much research has been carried out in the works by Lithuanian authors on the issue of municipal waste management in the context of sustainable development. The review of research and studies in socio-economic problems of municipal waste management in the context of a sustainable development shows their fragmentariness. Modeling an efficient in socio-economic aspect municipal waste management system in the context of sustainable development requires purposeful theoretical studies and empiric research. The subject of the scientific research is socio-economic aspects of municipal waste management system.

The relevance of the research. The emergence of temporary employment as an atypical form of work organization has become a relevant topic in the research of human resource management processes. Researchers analyze temporary employment not only as an atypical form of work organization, but also note that its practical use in labour market is characterized by flexibility while integrating workers into labour market and improving the productivity of the companies. The problem of the research. There is the lack of research and findings in scientific literature on temporary employment companies, empowering to reveal the flexibility of temporary employment management, its improvement and factors affecting it. There is little discussion among researchers about temporary employment as a flexible form of work organization, the tripartite relationship between a temporary employee, a temporary employment company and a user of temporary work. Specific and narrow issues are most often analysed. The description of the problem in this article can be summarized by the following problematic question: What are the factors that influence the management of a temporary employment company? Object of the research: factors that influence the management of a temporary employment company. Aim of the research: to disclose the factors determining the management of the activities of a temporary employment company. Research methods: Focus group, analysis of scientific literature, systematization, generalization and comparison, analysis of the contents of legal acts, statistics and other documents, methods of deduction and theoretical modelling, analysis, comparison and generalization of scientific statements and empirical research findings based on them, presentation of interpretations. Temporary employment is one of the forms of precarious employment and non-standard employment relationships. Unconventional employment patterns, in particular short-term and temporary work, have spread in many countries over the last few decades, but there is no universally accepted definition of temporary employment in scientific literature, as each country sets up their own specific regulation of employment. Temporary workers are usually considered to be workers who have concluded employment contracts for a specific period or for specific jobs, or those who have seasonal, casual or occasional work. It is widely recognized that temporary work improves the flexibility of labour market, has a positive economic impact, reduces unemployment and rapidly addresses temporary human resource shortages in companies. The form of temporary employment is convenient for disabled people, people with children and students for flexible integration into labour market, as it allows to take into consideration the mutual interests of the company and the temporary worker. Temporary employment services are provided by companies and agencies officially registered for these activities, which include the following functions: search and selection of employees, employee work accounting, employment contracts, etc. In Lithuania, the activities of temporary employment companies are regulated by the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania, and the criteria evaluation system of temporary employment companies is used to evaluate the activities of temporary employment companies. Every year, a temporary employment company has to submit a notice to the State Labour Inspectorate that it meets the established criteria. This article analyses a temporary employment company, coded as X at the request of its employees in order to maintain confidentiality. Information about the activities of this company in 2019 was provided by five company employees. The company has been providing temporary employment services in Northern Lithuania since 2012. The annual average number of temporary employees is about 70. The customers of the company – the users of temporary employment – are companies operating in manufacturing sector. The company establishes a tripartite employment relationship between a temporary employment user, a temporary employee and a temporary employment company, it employs a temporary employee and then sends an employee to work for a temporary employment beneficiary. The demand for services provided by Company X is determined by internal factors of collaboration with customers. Customers strive to minimize time and other resources and receive quality service. Manufacturing companies apply to Company X due to temporary increase in the scope of work, seasonality, sickness or holidays of employees. Company X expeditiously seeks the necessary employees for temporary employment in its existing database of job candidates or in labour market and then performs the necessary recruitment procedures. The company's activities are strongly influenced by external factors: legislative system, economic and demographic situation of the country, unemployment rate, the education level of employed employees and qualification improvement system of the country. A probabilistic analysis of opportunities of Company X and their impact on its business has disclosed that there is a high probability that a company can attract more customers in the course of different events and that this would have a significant impact on the company's business. The establishment of new divisions in other Lithuanian cities would also have a significant impact on this business, however, such establishment is unlikely. A probability analysis of threats and their impact on its business of Company X suggests that automation of workplaces for the company would be the factor that has the greatest negative impact on the company's business, as it would reduce the need for temporary workers. New competitors, as a medium impact factor, have negative impact, however, due to the fact that the terms and conditions for engaging in these activities for temporary employment companies are high, the likelihood of this threat is low. The highest probability of threats is related to temporary workers, their experience, their qualifications and competencies, low motivation to work, low wages and the impact of emigration. There are five temporary employment companies operating in Šiauliai city and region. The analysis of the competitive environment of Company X revealed that the price of the service is the most important factor for success of five companies in Šiauliai city and region, as the importance of this factor was evaluated by high scores of 2-3,5 by competitors. This is followed by the available base of temporary staff, the image of the company in society and among customers. The timing of service orders is significantly more important to Company X than to other four companies, and conversely, the cost of temporary employment service is much more important to other four companies. In terms of competitiveness, Company X is the second of five companies. As the gap in the estimates of competitiveness is not large, it can be stated that all five temporary employment service companies operating in Šiauliai city and region are similarly competitive.

The relevance of the research. The emergence of temporary employment as an atypical form of work organization has become a relevant topic in the research of human resource management processes. Researchers analyze temporary employment not only as an atypical form of work organization, but also note that its practical use in labour market is characterized by flexibility while integrating workers into labour market and improving the productivity of the companies. The problem of the research. There is the lack of research and findings in scientific literature on temporary employment companies, empowering to reveal the flexibility of temporary employment management, its improvement and factors affecting it. There is little discussion among researchers about temporary employment as a flexible form of work organization, the tripartite relationship between a temporary employee, a temporary employment company and a user of temporary work. Specific and narrow issues are most often analysed. The description of the problem in this article can be summarized by the following problematic question: What are the factors that influence the management of a temporary employment company? Object of the research: factors that influence the management of a temporary employment company. Aim of the research: to disclose the factors determining the management of the activities of a temporary employment company. Research methods: Focus group, analysis of scientific literature, systematization, generalization and comparison, analysis of the contents of legal acts, statistics and other documents, methods of deduction and theoretical modelling, analysis, comparison and generalization of scientific statements and empirical research findings based on them, presentation of interpretations. Temporary employment is one of the forms of precarious employment and non-standard employment relationships. Unconventional employment patterns, in particular short-term and temporary work, have spread in many countries over the last few decades, but there is no universally accepted definition of temporary employment in scientific literature, as each country sets up their own specific regulation of employment. Temporary workers are usually considered to be workers who have concluded employment contracts for a specific period or for specific jobs, or those who have seasonal, casual or occasional work. It is widely recognized that temporary work improves the flexibility of labour market, has a positive economic impact, reduces unemployment and rapidly addresses temporary human resource shortages in companies. The form of temporary employment is convenient for disabled people, people with children and students for flexible integration into labour market, as it allows to take into consideration the mutual interests of the company and the temporary worker. Temporary employment services are provided by companies and agencies officially registered for these activities, which include the following functions: search and selection of employees, employee work accounting, employment contracts, etc. In Lithuania, the activities of temporary employment companies are regulated by the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania, and the criteria evaluation system of temporary employment companies is used to evaluate the activities of temporary employment companies. Every year, a temporary employment company has to submit a notice to the State Labour Inspectorate that it meets the established criteria. This article analyses a temporary employment company, coded as X at the request of its employees in order to maintain confidentiality. Information about the activities of this company in 2019 was provided by five company employees. The company has been providing temporary employment services in Northern Lithuania since 2012. The annual average number of temporary employees is about 70. The customers of the company – the users of temporary employment – are companies operating in manufacturing sector. The company establishes a tripartite employment relationship between a temporary employment user, a temporary employee and a temporary employment company, it employs a temporary employee and then sends an employee to work for a temporary employment beneficiary. The demand for services provided by Company X is determined by internal factors of collaboration with customers. Customers strive to minimize time and other resources and receive quality service. Manufacturing companies apply to Company X due to temporary increase in the scope of work, seasonality, sickness or holidays of employees. Company X expeditiously seeks the necessary employees for temporary employment in its existing database of job candidates or in labour market and then performs the necessary recruitment procedures. The company's activities are strongly influenced by external factors: legislative system, economic and demographic situation of the country, unemployment rate, the education level of employed employees and qualification improvement system of the country. A probabilistic analysis of opportunities of Company X and their impact on its business has disclosed that there is a high probability that a company can attract more customers in the course of different events and that this would have a significant impact on the company's business. The establishment of new divisions in other Lithuanian cities would also have a significant impact on this business, however, such establishment is unlikely. A probability analysis of threats and their impact on its business of Company X suggests that automation of workplaces for the company would be the factor that has the greatest negative impact on the company's business, as it would reduce the need for temporary workers. New competitors, as a medium impact factor, have negative impact, however, due to the fact that the terms and conditions for engaging in these activities for temporary employment companies are high, the likelihood of this threat is low. The highest probability of threats is related to temporary workers, their experience, their qualifications and competencies, low motivation to work, low wages and the impact of emigration. There are five temporary employment companies operating in Šiauliai city and region. The analysis of the competitive environment of Company X revealed that the price of the service is the most important factor for success of five companies in Šiauliai city and region, as the importance of this factor was evaluated by high scores of 2-3,5 by competitors. This is followed by the available base of temporary staff, the image of the company in society and among customers. The timing of service orders is significantly more important to Company X than to other four companies, and conversely, the cost of temporary employment service is much more important to other four companies. In terms of competitiveness, Company X is the second of five companies. As the gap in the estimates of competitiveness is not large, it can be stated that all five temporary employment service companies operating in Šiauliai city and region are similarly competitive.

In recent years, philosophy of history has somewhat outgrown the two fields of interests often prescribed to that branch of philosophy: historiosophy and historics. Ordinarily, this outgrowth is inspired by efforts to reflect new forms of historiography (such as microhistory or history of daily life). However, such a move is also employed in attempting to explain non-professional, pre-theoretical or even pre-thematic relation to historical past. A daily historical consciousness – a notion that has became possible only in the latest philosophy of history – is investigated here as a phenomenon of tradition. As is the case with all concepts, sense of the concept of tradition is flexible, given its history, development and future tendencies. In view of the usage of the word "tradition" in contemporary practical and theoretical contexts, it is clear that this concept enjoys few open means of further development. It can be radicalized, i.e., made into a fetish or almost into a slogan; on the contrary, it can be demonized. It can also be seen as the name of a phenomenon experienced in all lives, irrespective of the time and culture in which they are lived. Of course, levels and intensities of these experiences are different. In all senses, the term tradition denotes a human way to understand a social dimension of time, and to act in that time. From the philosophical point of view, tradition is an aspect of the intersubjectivity of consciousness, and as such possesses its own dynamics. Philosophical observations of the phenomenon of tradition are possible in several branches of philosophy: philosophy of history, social philosophy, philosophy of culture, and ethics. Social philosophy and sociology seem to be the scientific areas, in which the term "tradition" is used more often than anywhere else. It is exactly in these contexts that the typical use of this term is established: tradition is understood as the background of various processes of modernity. The opposition between tradition and modernity fully correlates with the more abstract opposition between statics and dynamics. This situation is a result of the long development of several notions, which is observed in the first part of the dissertation. At the moment, it is necessary to emphasize that the concept of tradition does not belong solely to social philosophy. The phenomenon of tradition can hardly be researched by means of one branch or even one discipline. Phenomenology and narratology may be called interdisciplinary methods for investigating questions about the human mind. Both of these methodological orientations reach the same topic of tradition from quite different perspectives. Phenomenologists analyze the dynamics of tradition as a subject conterminous to such topics as intersubjective time experiences, an order of life-world, and formations and reformations of communities. Narratology deals with the topic of tradition as following from discussions about dynamics of narrative, narration as a social act, and the specifics of a narrative (traditional) type of knowledge. Phenomenological and narratological perspectives sustain one another in observations of such problems as the experience of historical time, collective memory, the formation of narrative identity, etc. Tradition as a time experience can therefore be observed most consistently in the intersection of these two perspectives From the start, one relationship between narrative theory and philosophy of history is very evident: historical research results most commonly in narrative texts. But this evidence can sometimes be misleading; it would be wrong to judge that narratology can be useful for the philosophy of history solely as a basis of textological analysis. The concept of narrative refers to a broader notional field than a mere written articulation of some speeches. In the widest sense, narrative means a peculiar structure of understanding of processes, and (at the same time) a structure of processual understanding of reality. In short, narratological analysis is the most evident alternative for a theory of knowledge based on a concept of representation. Narrative theory quarrels with a static theory of narration and reception of narratives. It disagrees primarily with such a view of narration, which presents this act as the creation of representations of reality, as well as with such a view of the reception of a narrative, which explains the understanding of narratives as a recreation of some representatives of reality. Resisting a simplification of the dynamics of narrative structure, the narrative theory offers some possibilities for the discussion of the temporality of sense-building, in which three modes of a time experience can be linked together: flow (change), permanence, and repetition. Such understanding of a temporality has much in common with phenomenological explanations of the reception of an ideal sense (as in theory of E. Husserl), or with a theory of the reception of an artwork (given, for example, by R. Ingarden), or with a phenomenological investigation of a sociality of the mind (as in A. Schutz). The narrative way of sense building, in which static and dynamic states of mind are equally relevant and interconnected, is a product of community; conversely, a community is always a product of such means of narrative activity. So narrative is a mode of cognition and communication, rather than an order of fixated compositions of written or spoken texts. Narrative, as an intersubjective way to give sense to a life-world, may serve as a model for investigations of the dynamics of tradition. Strictly speaking, when we look at the process of narrative as an interconnection of senses, and when we see this process in the largest scale, we can call it a tradition. The intersection of narrative theory and the theory of intersubjectivity are therefore especially suitable to reflect some questions about tradition as an experience of time. Initially, it would be a question about pre-theoretical forms and orders in relation to the historical (public and personal) past. The following research areass are related to the topic: tradition as a source of identity, the role of tradition in various social confrontations, the relation between tradition(s) and community, conscious formations and transformations of traditions and communities, political and social manipulations on the topic of tradition, and logics of renovation or rejection of traditions. This dissertation is not able to embrace all of the above-mentioned questions. Philosophical observations of that phenomenon have their methodic borders. Accordingly, the dissertation is directed to give the most abstract ground for the conceptualization of tradition.

In recent years, philosophy of history has somewhat outgrown the two fields of interests often prescribed to that branch of philosophy: historiosophy and historics. Ordinarily, this outgrowth is inspired by efforts to reflect new forms of historiography (such as microhistory or history of daily life). However, such a move is also employed in attempting to explain non-professional, pre-theoretical or even pre-thematic relation to historical past. A daily historical consciousness – a notion that has became possible only in the latest philosophy of history – is investigated here as a phenomenon of tradition. As is the case with all concepts, sense of the concept of tradition is flexible, given its history, development and future tendencies. In view of the usage of the word "tradition" in contemporary practical and theoretical contexts, it is clear that this concept enjoys few open means of further development. It can be radicalized, i.e., made into a fetish or almost into a slogan; on the contrary, it can be demonized. It can also be seen as the name of a phenomenon experienced in all lives, irrespective of the time and culture in which they are lived. Of course, levels and intensities of these experiences are different. In all senses, the term tradition denotes a human way to understand a social dimension of time, and to act in that time. From the philosophical point of view, tradition is an aspect of the intersubjectivity of consciousness, and as such possesses its own dynamics. Philosophical observations of the phenomenon of tradition are possible in several branches of philosophy: philosophy of history, social philosophy, philosophy of culture, and ethics. Social philosophy and sociology seem to be the scientific areas, in which the term "tradition" is used more often than anywhere else. It is exactly in these contexts that the typical use of this term is established: tradition is understood as the background of various processes of modernity. The opposition between tradition and modernity fully correlates with the more abstract opposition between statics and dynamics. This situation is a result of the long development of several notions, which is observed in the first part of the dissertation. At the moment, it is necessary to emphasize that the concept of tradition does not belong solely to social philosophy. The phenomenon of tradition can hardly be researched by means of one branch or even one discipline. Phenomenology and narratology may be called interdisciplinary methods for investigating questions about the human mind. Both of these methodological orientations reach the same topic of tradition from quite different perspectives. Phenomenologists analyze the dynamics of tradition as a subject conterminous to such topics as intersubjective time experiences, an order of life-world, and formations and reformations of communities. Narratology deals with the topic of tradition as following from discussions about dynamics of narrative, narration as a social act, and the specifics of a narrative (traditional) type of knowledge. Phenomenological and narratological perspectives sustain one another in observations of such problems as the experience of historical time, collective memory, the formation of narrative identity, etc. Tradition as a time experience can therefore be observed most consistently in the intersection of these two perspectives From the start, one relationship between narrative theory and philosophy of history is very evident: historical research results most commonly in narrative texts. But this evidence can sometimes be misleading; it would be wrong to judge that narratology can be useful for the philosophy of history solely as a basis of textological analysis. The concept of narrative refers to a broader notional field than a mere written articulation of some speeches. In the widest sense, narrative means a peculiar structure of understanding of processes, and (at the same time) a structure of processual understanding of reality. In short, narratological analysis is the most evident alternative for a theory of knowledge based on a concept of representation. Narrative theory quarrels with a static theory of narration and reception of narratives. It disagrees primarily with such a view of narration, which presents this act as the creation of representations of reality, as well as with such a view of the reception of a narrative, which explains the understanding of narratives as a recreation of some representatives of reality. Resisting a simplification of the dynamics of narrative structure, the narrative theory offers some possibilities for the discussion of the temporality of sense-building, in which three modes of a time experience can be linked together: flow (change), permanence, and repetition. Such understanding of a temporality has much in common with phenomenological explanations of the reception of an ideal sense (as in theory of E. Husserl), or with a theory of the reception of an artwork (given, for example, by R. Ingarden), or with a phenomenological investigation of a sociality of the mind (as in A. Schutz). The narrative way of sense building, in which static and dynamic states of mind are equally relevant and interconnected, is a product of community; conversely, a community is always a product of such means of narrative activity. So narrative is a mode of cognition and communication, rather than an order of fixated compositions of written or spoken texts. Narrative, as an intersubjective way to give sense to a life-world, may serve as a model for investigations of the dynamics of tradition. Strictly speaking, when we look at the process of narrative as an interconnection of senses, and when we see this process in the largest scale, we can call it a tradition. The intersection of narrative theory and the theory of intersubjectivity are therefore especially suitable to reflect some questions about tradition as an experience of time. Initially, it would be a question about pre-theoretical forms and orders in relation to the historical (public and personal) past. The following research areass are related to the topic: tradition as a source of identity, the role of tradition in various social confrontations, the relation between tradition(s) and community, conscious formations and transformations of traditions and communities, political and social manipulations on the topic of tradition, and logics of renovation or rejection of traditions. This dissertation is not able to embrace all of the above-mentioned questions. Philosophical observations of that phenomenon have their methodic borders. Accordingly, the dissertation is directed to give the most abstract ground for the conceptualization of tradition.

In recent years, philosophy of history has somewhat outgrown the two fields of interests often prescribed to that branch of philosophy: historiosophy and historics. Ordinarily, this outgrowth is inspired by efforts to reflect new forms of historiography (such as microhistory or history of daily life). However, such a move is also employed in attempting to explain non-professional, pre-theoretical or even pre-thematic relation to historical past. A daily historical consciousness – a notion that has became possible only in the latest philosophy of history – is investigated here as a phenomenon of tradition. As is the case with all concepts, sense of the concept of tradition is flexible, given its history, development and future tendencies. In view of the usage of the word "tradition" in contemporary practical and theoretical contexts, it is clear that this concept enjoys few open means of further development. It can be radicalized, i.e., made into a fetish or almost into a slogan; on the contrary, it can be demonized. It can also be seen as the name of a phenomenon experienced in all lives, irrespective of the time and culture in which they are lived. Of course, levels and intensities of these experiences are different. In all senses, the term tradition denotes a human way to understand a social dimension of time, and to act in that time. From the philosophical point of view, tradition is an aspect of the intersubjectivity of consciousness, and as such possesses its own dynamics. Philosophical observations of the phenomenon of tradition are possible in several branches of philosophy: philosophy of history, social philosophy, philosophy of culture, and ethics. Social philosophy and sociology seem to be the scientific areas, in which the term "tradition" is used more often than anywhere else. It is exactly in these contexts that the typical use of this term is established: tradition is understood as the background of various processes of modernity. The opposition between tradition and modernity fully correlates with the more abstract opposition between statics and dynamics. This situation is a result of the long development of several notions, which is observed in the first part of the dissertation. At the moment, it is necessary to emphasize that the concept of tradition does not belong solely to social philosophy. The phenomenon of tradition can hardly be researched by means of one branch or even one discipline. Phenomenology and narratology may be called interdisciplinary methods for investigating questions about the human mind. Both of these methodological orientations reach the same topic of tradition from quite different perspectives. Phenomenologists analyze the dynamics of tradition as a subject conterminous to such topics as intersubjective time experiences, an order of life-world, and formations and reformations of communities. Narratology deals with the topic of tradition as following from discussions about dynamics of narrative, narration as a social act, and the specifics of a narrative (traditional) type of knowledge. Phenomenological and narratological perspectives sustain one another in observations of such problems as the experience of historical time, collective memory, the formation of narrative identity, etc. Tradition as a time experience can therefore be observed most consistently in the intersection of these two perspectives From the start, one relationship between narrative theory and philosophy of history is very evident: historical research results most commonly in narrative texts. But this evidence can sometimes be misleading; it would be wrong to judge that narratology can be useful for the philosophy of history solely as a basis of textological analysis. The concept of narrative refers to a broader notional field than a mere written articulation of some speeches. In the widest sense, narrative means a peculiar structure of understanding of processes, and (at the same time) a structure of processual understanding of reality. In short, narratological analysis is the most evident alternative for a theory of knowledge based on a concept of representation. Narrative theory quarrels with a static theory of narration and reception of narratives. It disagrees primarily with such a view of narration, which presents this act as the creation of representations of reality, as well as with such a view of the reception of a narrative, which explains the understanding of narratives as a recreation of some representatives of reality. Resisting a simplification of the dynamics of narrative structure, the narrative theory offers some possibilities for the discussion of the temporality of sense-building, in which three modes of a time experience can be linked together: flow (change), permanence, and repetition. Such understanding of a temporality has much in common with phenomenological explanations of the reception of an ideal sense (as in theory of E. Husserl), or with a theory of the reception of an artwork (given, for example, by R. Ingarden), or with a phenomenological investigation of a sociality of the mind (as in A. Schutz). The narrative way of sense building, in which static and dynamic states of mind are equally relevant and interconnected, is a product of community; conversely, a community is always a product of such means of narrative activity. So narrative is a mode of cognition and communication, rather than an order of fixated compositions of written or spoken texts. Narrative, as an intersubjective way to give sense to a life-world, may serve as a model for investigations of the dynamics of tradition. Strictly speaking, when we look at the process of narrative as an interconnection of senses, and when we see this process in the largest scale, we can call it a tradition. The intersection of narrative theory and the theory of intersubjectivity are therefore especially suitable to reflect some questions about tradition as an experience of time. Initially, it would be a question about pre-theoretical forms and orders in relation to the historical (public and personal) past. The following research areass are related to the topic: tradition as a source of identity, the role of tradition in various social confrontations, the relation between tradition(s) and community, conscious formations and transformations of traditions and communities, political and social manipulations on the topic of tradition, and logics of renovation or rejection of traditions. This dissertation is not able to embrace all of the above-mentioned questions. Philosophical observations of that phenomenon have their methodic borders. Accordingly, the dissertation is directed to give the most abstract ground for the conceptualization of tradition.

National drug control policies and strategies are heavily dependent on the international legal framework. International standards set by United Nations drug control conventions serve as basic principles for the development and shape of national drug control systems. International drug control system has its own, a very specific history and dynamics of development in which the United States definitely did play a very important role promoting prohibitionist approach based on the abstinence paradigm. According to this paradigm drug use is acceptable only for scientific and medical purposes. Unsurprisingly, recreational or experimental use of drugs is considered as unacceptable and inevitably leading to addiction. This hard-line approach dominated in public discourse during the 20th century and the drug use was seen either as a sin or as a disease. However, it seems that from the beginning of the 21th century, international drug control regime, ideologically based on the abstinence paradigm, is facing big challenges and it is not entirely clear what to expect in the future. Ironically, the United States is the most important player again, but this time in quite the opposite role. Moralising teetotaller Dr. Jeckyll suddenly turned in a pothead Mr. Hyde. So-called "cannabis capitalism" process in several states of USA, when the sale of recreational cannabis was fully legalised, raised serious questions about the perspectives of international drug control system, because such practice is obviously in breach of the international law. Also it is important to note other signs of moving towards the drug policy with a human face, especially raising the popularity of the harm reduction approach to the drug problem and process of "soft deception' related to that. The latter means that some countries are choosing more tolerant approach theoretically not infringing legal boundaries set by the conventions. Considering the context provided above, the main purpose of this study was to make the analysis of the peculiarities of global drug control system and their interrelation with the national drug control policy in the light of personal drug use. In order to fulfil this goal historical analysis of the development of United Nations global drug control system was made, peculiarities and characteristic features of the legal framework of this system as well as legal boundaries set for countries by the conventions were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the international legal framework regarding personal drug use, different national practises in this perspective as well as possible directions of the future development of global drug control system were discussed. Finally, Lithuanian drug control policy in the context of United Nations drug control regime was discussed. Main research methods were: logical-linguistic, systemic, comparative as well as analysis of documents and secondary data. Moreover, relevant scientific literature, national and international legal acts in the area of drug control were studied. The drug control and drug policy primarily were explored from criminological and sociology of law perspectives. In author's point of view these interdisciplinary social sciences enable to achieve deeper understanding of drug control phenomenon than it is possible to attain using only narrow legalistic analysis of laws and legal norms. According to the findings of the study the drug control policy (national, regional or global) is a complex phenomenon influenced by many cultural, social and other factors as well as different interest groups (physicians, law enforcement agencies, etc.) operating in the drug control field. It is important to stress, that usually legal control has a very limited (if has at all) influence to the prevalence of illicit drug use, which is mostly determined by the culture, social policy and social context. On the other hand, the drug control remedies are significant when dealing with the high-risk/problem drug use. The United Nations conventions set legal boundaries to the countries, but there is a certain room of interpretation. United Nations institutions (especially International Drug Control Board) support the narrow interpretation of the treaties and usually criticise countries (as sending "wrong signals") that are leaning towards less strict drug policies. Accordingly, various harm reduction practises are on the edge of violation of international law but this is a matter of interpretation. The United Nations conventions and European Union documents make a clear distinction between drug dealing and activities attributed to personal use. The drug dealing is always a matter of criminal law; accordingly criminal sanctions should be strict enough. As regards to the personal drug use countries have more flexibility and other measures (administrative sanctions, medical treatment, etc.) could be applied. On the other hand, legal market of substances controlled by the Schedule IV (e.g. cannabis) could not be created at the same time not infringing international law. In the 21th century a gradual weakening of international drug control regime could be observed. The main feature of this phenomenon is a soft deception, which is related to the increasing popularity of the harm reduction doctrine. It goes hand in hand with the decriminalisation and/or the depenalisation of activities related to personal drug use shifting from punitive approach to the more health oriented. The main challenge to the existing global drug control system is de jure legalisation of cannabis in several USA states. It is related to the process of cannabis use "normalisation"; then such practice is not regarded as a pathological behaviour anymore. It is important to stress that this approach contradicts the abstinence paradigm, which is an ideological core of the United Nations conventions. It creates a high tension and the future of international drug control system in existing framework becomes uncertain. In order to maintain the stability of the system in particular and the trust in international law in general, the revision of UN drug control conventions seems to be inevitable. Lithuanian drug control policy is oriented to the strict control measures and prevention. As regards to the personal drug use till 2017 the drug gaining and possession were partially decriminalised because such activities were subject of either criminal or administrative liability. From 2017 onwards such activities are subject of criminal law only without any explanation of this change of law. Therefore, the Lithuanian drug control policy is moving to the opposite direction than in the Western world, i.e. to more strict measures regarding personal use of drugs. In this context, it is important to stress, that criminal law is considered as ultima ratio measure which has multiple side effects, thus criminalisation of certain activity or introduction of criminal sanctions must be strongly grounded. Preferably, not only by arguments, but also by hard empirical data supporting those arguments. It could be concluded, that decriminalisation in the sphere of personal drug use has legal and pragmatic assumptions. Such policy does not violate legal boundaries set by the United Nations conventions and reflects the newest tendencies of how modern drug control policy should look like. Last but not least, it is important to stress, that effective drug control policy should be evidence based. That means that drug policy changes should be supported by science innovations, empirical data, cost-benefit analysis, etc.

National drug control policies and strategies are heavily dependent on the international legal framework. International standards set by United Nations drug control conventions serve as basic principles for the development and shape of national drug control systems. International drug control system has its own, a very specific history and dynamics of development in which the United States definitely did play a very important role promoting prohibitionist approach based on the abstinence paradigm. According to this paradigm drug use is acceptable only for scientific and medical purposes. Unsurprisingly, recreational or experimental use of drugs is considered as unacceptable and inevitably leading to addiction. This hard-line approach dominated in public discourse during the 20th century and the drug use was seen either as a sin or as a disease. However, it seems that from the beginning of the 21th century, international drug control regime, ideologically based on the abstinence paradigm, is facing big challenges and it is not entirely clear what to expect in the future. Ironically, the United States is the most important player again, but this time in quite the opposite role. Moralising teetotaller Dr. Jeckyll suddenly turned in a pothead Mr. Hyde. So-called "cannabis capitalism" process in several states of USA, when the sale of recreational cannabis was fully legalised, raised serious questions about the perspectives of international drug control system, because such practice is obviously in breach of the international law. Also it is important to note other signs of moving towards the drug policy with a human face, especially raising the popularity of the harm reduction approach to the drug problem and process of "soft deception' related to that. The latter means that some countries are choosing more tolerant approach theoretically not infringing legal boundaries set by the conventions. Considering the context provided above, the main purpose of this study was to make the analysis of the peculiarities of global drug control system and their interrelation with the national drug control policy in the light of personal drug use. In order to fulfil this goal historical analysis of the development of United Nations global drug control system was made, peculiarities and characteristic features of the legal framework of this system as well as legal boundaries set for countries by the conventions were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the international legal framework regarding personal drug use, different national practises in this perspective as well as possible directions of the future development of global drug control system were discussed. Finally, Lithuanian drug control policy in the context of United Nations drug control regime was discussed. Main research methods were: logical-linguistic, systemic, comparative as well as analysis of documents and secondary data. Moreover, relevant scientific literature, national and international legal acts in the area of drug control were studied. The drug control and drug policy primarily were explored from criminological and sociology of law perspectives. In author's point of view these interdisciplinary social sciences enable to achieve deeper understanding of drug control phenomenon than it is possible to attain using only narrow legalistic analysis of laws and legal norms. According to the findings of the study the drug control policy (national, regional or global) is a complex phenomenon influenced by many cultural, social and other factors as well as different interest groups (physicians, law enforcement agencies, etc.) operating in the drug control field. It is important to stress, that usually legal control has a very limited (if has at all) influence to the prevalence of illicit drug use, which is mostly determined by the culture, social policy and social context. On the other hand, the drug control remedies are significant when dealing with the high-risk/problem drug use. The United Nations conventions set legal boundaries to the countries, but there is a certain room of interpretation. United Nations institutions (especially International Drug Control Board) support the narrow interpretation of the treaties and usually criticise countries (as sending "wrong signals") that are leaning towards less strict drug policies. Accordingly, various harm reduction practises are on the edge of violation of international law but this is a matter of interpretation. The United Nations conventions and European Union documents make a clear distinction between drug dealing and activities attributed to personal use. The drug dealing is always a matter of criminal law; accordingly criminal sanctions should be strict enough. As regards to the personal drug use countries have more flexibility and other measures (administrative sanctions, medical treatment, etc.) could be applied. On the other hand, legal market of substances controlled by the Schedule IV (e.g. cannabis) could not be created at the same time not infringing international law. In the 21th century a gradual weakening of international drug control regime could be observed. The main feature of this phenomenon is a soft deception, which is related to the increasing popularity of the harm reduction doctrine. It goes hand in hand with the decriminalisation and/or the depenalisation of activities related to personal drug use shifting from punitive approach to the more health oriented. The main challenge to the existing global drug control system is de jure legalisation of cannabis in several USA states. It is related to the process of cannabis use "normalisation"; then such practice is not regarded as a pathological behaviour anymore. It is important to stress that this approach contradicts the abstinence paradigm, which is an ideological core of the United Nations conventions. It creates a high tension and the future of international drug control system in existing framework becomes uncertain. In order to maintain the stability of the system in particular and the trust in international law in general, the revision of UN drug control conventions seems to be inevitable. Lithuanian drug control policy is oriented to the strict control measures and prevention. As regards to the personal drug use till 2017 the drug gaining and possession were partially decriminalised because such activities were subject of either criminal or administrative liability. From 2017 onwards such activities are subject of criminal law only without any explanation of this change of law. Therefore, the Lithuanian drug control policy is moving to the opposite direction than in the Western world, i.e. to more strict measures regarding personal use of drugs. In this context, it is important to stress, that criminal law is considered as ultima ratio measure which has multiple side effects, thus criminalisation of certain activity or introduction of criminal sanctions must be strongly grounded. Preferably, not only by arguments, but also by hard empirical data supporting those arguments. It could be concluded, that decriminalisation in the sphere of personal drug use has legal and pragmatic assumptions. Such policy does not violate legal boundaries set by the United Nations conventions and reflects the newest tendencies of how modern drug control policy should look like. Last but not least, it is important to stress, that effective drug control policy should be evidence based. That means that drug policy changes should be supported by science innovations, empirical data, cost-benefit analysis, etc.

REPO transaction is an agreement by which one party (the seller) undertakes to sell financial instruments or cash to the other party (the buyer), and the latter shall pay the purchase price, and thus it is agreed that the seller undertakes to repurchase from the buyer the same or equivalent financial instruments or the same amount of money for the repurchase price at the scheduled future date. This transaction determines relatively complex legal relations, and the investor 's risk to suffer monetary losses depends not only on the instability of the market price of the financial instruments, but also on genuine fulfillment of contractual obligations by the parties of the transaction. As in all contractual relations, in case of REPO transaction, there are situations where the parties violate the terms of the transaction and the disputes have to be solved in court. Although the Lithuanian case law is rather unified when solving disputes between the parties of the transaction where the investor does not comply with the obligation of the transaction to pay margin, sometimes non-compliance with this obligation is not the only reason for the resulting losses. The law, in cases where the investor violates the obligation to pay margin, grants the right to the financial intermediary to dispose of financial instruments, however giving the right, but not the obligation the law does not impose strict imperatives for the deadline of realization of financial instruments, for this reason in practice there are cases where the latter are in no hurry to implement their rights to realize the financial instruments, what increases the losses even more. In such cases the biggest problem is the legal qualification of the delay of financial intermediary to realize the financial instruments and the connection with the obligations applicable to the latter and influence of failure to comply with these obligations to the size of the loss. In such cases the question is whether if there is proof that the financial intermediary delayed realization of financial instruments, the losses of the REFO transactions still have to be covered by the investor who failed to fulfill their obligation to pay margin? Whether the losses shall be distributed in proportion to the two parties and whether such distribution of the losses for both parties is legally possible and reasonable in general? The aim of this thesis is to establish any contractual or statutory provisions that forbid the financial intermediary to delay realization of financial instruments, when the latter acquires such a right. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether the financial intermediary is responsible for the losses resulting from the delay in the realization of the financial instruments transferred to the intermediary during the REPO transaction where the investor does not pay margin (i.e. or one party, a financial intermediary, is responsible for the losses incurred because of his fault, as a result of the delay in realization of financial instruments transferred based on REPO transaction when such right incurred due to the fact that another party, investor, breaches his obligations (did not pay margin), and to determine the recovery mechanism of damages caused because of the fault of both parties that concluded transaction. In order to achieve these objectives, the paper has analyzed both the Lithuanian and the European Union law acts regulating investment services and protection of investors' rights, the thesis has also examined the Lithuanian case law and the various scientific sources. The hypothesis of the paper that a financial intermediary is responsible for the losses resulting from a delay in the realization of financial instruments transferred to him based on the REPO transaction where the investor does not pay the margin has been proven. The paper has found out that in cases where the investor does not pay the margin, the conditions under REPO transaction allow the financial intermediaries to realize the transferred financial instruments. In some cases REPO contracts shall provide the deadline of such right from the moment when the investor does not pay the margin, but this condition is not mandatory and is not always included in repurchase agreements. Actually, even in cases where such a term is provided for in the contract it does not require a financial intermediary to fulfill this right as soon as it occurs, the financial intermediary is free to determine how soon after the emergence of the right to realize the financial instruments he shall implement the latter. In cases where in the REPO transaction there is a dispute on realization of financial instruments in terms of timeliness of the financial intermediary in respect of realization of financial instruments, the provisions provided for in the Act of Markets of Financial Instruments in the Republic of Lithuania and in the Civil Code are applicable, such provisions establish the principles of care, diligence and fairness, and oblige the financial intermediary to operate for the best conditions and interests of the customer. Given the fact that this work has established that the obligations to the parties arising based on REPO transaction end only when both parties have fulfilled their obligations, the obligations arising based on the mentioned transaction, including the care, diligence and integrity requirements are to be applied even when the investor breaches his obligations, as in such case the obligations of the parties still can not be considered to be expired. Therefore, in cases where it is determined that the financial intermediary with the right to realize financial instruments, even in cases where this obligations occurred due to the fact that the investor has failed to fulfill his obligation according to REPO transaction to pay margin, delayed to implement it, such behavior is to be regarded as the breach of duty of care, diligence and fairness and the obligation to act for the best conditions for the customer. This thesis has also showed that during the settlement of disputes between an investor and a financial intermediary in court, in addition to special legal norms regulating the investment services, the contractual civil liability provisions are also applicable, which, in cases where both REPO counterparties violate the contractual obligations according to this transaction, allow the use of mixed fault institute, based on which when analyzing the causality of resulting losses and actions of each party two types of solutions are accepted: the debtor's liability is reduced in proportion to the creditor's fault, i.e. the court in determining the fault of each party for the occurred losses and reducing the borrower's responsibility by eliminating the creditor's liability or with the full exemption of the debtor's liability, having established that the damage was caused mainly due to the creditor's action. Thus, in cases where the investor violates the contractual obligation to pay margin and the financial intermediary delays to realize financial instruments, the influence of failure to comply with each of the obligations is assessed in respect of the losses, and when the influence is determined the losses are respectively distributed to both parties involved.

REPO transaction is an agreement by which one party (the seller) undertakes to sell financial instruments or cash to the other party (the buyer), and the latter shall pay the purchase price, and thus it is agreed that the seller undertakes to repurchase from the buyer the same or equivalent financial instruments or the same amount of money for the repurchase price at the scheduled future date. This transaction determines relatively complex legal relations, and the investor 's risk to suffer monetary losses depends not only on the instability of the market price of the financial instruments, but also on genuine fulfillment of contractual obligations by the parties of the transaction. As in all contractual relations, in case of REPO transaction, there are situations where the parties violate the terms of the transaction and the disputes have to be solved in court. Although the Lithuanian case law is rather unified when solving disputes between the parties of the transaction where the investor does not comply with the obligation of the transaction to pay margin, sometimes non-compliance with this obligation is not the only reason for the resulting losses. The law, in cases where the investor violates the obligation to pay margin, grants the right to the financial intermediary to dispose of financial instruments, however giving the right, but not the obligation the law does not impose strict imperatives for the deadline of realization of financial instruments, for this reason in practice there are cases where the latter are in no hurry to implement their rights to realize the financial instruments, what increases the losses even more. In such cases the biggest problem is the legal qualification of the delay of financial intermediary to realize the financial instruments and the connection with the obligations applicable to the latter and influence of failure to comply with these obligations to the size of the loss. In such cases the question is whether if there is proof that the financial intermediary delayed realization of financial instruments, the losses of the REFO transactions still have to be covered by the investor who failed to fulfill their obligation to pay margin? Whether the losses shall be distributed in proportion to the two parties and whether such distribution of the losses for both parties is legally possible and reasonable in general? The aim of this thesis is to establish any contractual or statutory provisions that forbid the financial intermediary to delay realization of financial instruments, when the latter acquires such a right. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether the financial intermediary is responsible for the losses resulting from the delay in the realization of the financial instruments transferred to the intermediary during the REPO transaction where the investor does not pay margin (i.e. or one party, a financial intermediary, is responsible for the losses incurred because of his fault, as a result of the delay in realization of financial instruments transferred based on REPO transaction when such right incurred due to the fact that another party, investor, breaches his obligations (did not pay margin), and to determine the recovery mechanism of damages caused because of the fault of both parties that concluded transaction. In order to achieve these objectives, the paper has analyzed both the Lithuanian and the European Union law acts regulating investment services and protection of investors' rights, the thesis has also examined the Lithuanian case law and the various scientific sources. The hypothesis of the paper that a financial intermediary is responsible for the losses resulting from a delay in the realization of financial instruments transferred to him based on the REPO transaction where the investor does not pay the margin has been proven. The paper has found out that in cases where the investor does not pay the margin, the conditions under REPO transaction allow the financial intermediaries to realize the transferred financial instruments. In some cases REPO contracts shall provide the deadline of such right from the moment when the investor does not pay the margin, but this condition is not mandatory and is not always included in repurchase agreements. Actually, even in cases where such a term is provided for in the contract it does not require a financial intermediary to fulfill this right as soon as it occurs, the financial intermediary is free to determine how soon after the emergence of the right to realize the financial instruments he shall implement the latter. In cases where in the REPO transaction there is a dispute on realization of financial instruments in terms of timeliness of the financial intermediary in respect of realization of financial instruments, the provisions provided for in the Act of Markets of Financial Instruments in the Republic of Lithuania and in the Civil Code are applicable, such provisions establish the principles of care, diligence and fairness, and oblige the financial intermediary to operate for the best conditions and interests of the customer. Given the fact that this work has established that the obligations to the parties arising based on REPO transaction end only when both parties have fulfilled their obligations, the obligations arising based on the mentioned transaction, including the care, diligence and integrity requirements are to be applied even when the investor breaches his obligations, as in such case the obligations of the parties still can not be considered to be expired. Therefore, in cases where it is determined that the financial intermediary with the right to realize financial instruments, even in cases where this obligations occurred due to the fact that the investor has failed to fulfill his obligation according to REPO transaction to pay margin, delayed to implement it, such behavior is to be regarded as the breach of duty of care, diligence and fairness and the obligation to act for the best conditions for the customer. This thesis has also showed that during the settlement of disputes between an investor and a financial intermediary in court, in addition to special legal norms regulating the investment services, the contractual civil liability provisions are also applicable, which, in cases where both REPO counterparties violate the contractual obligations according to this transaction, allow the use of mixed fault institute, based on which when analyzing the causality of resulting losses and actions of each party two types of solutions are accepted: the debtor's liability is reduced in proportion to the creditor's fault, i.e. the court in determining the fault of each party for the occurred losses and reducing the borrower's responsibility by eliminating the creditor's liability or with the full exemption of the debtor's liability, having established that the damage was caused mainly due to the creditor's action. Thus, in cases where the investor violates the contractual obligation to pay margin and the financial intermediary delays to realize financial instruments, the influence of failure to comply with each of the obligations is assessed in respect of the losses, and when the influence is determined the losses are respectively distributed to both parties involved.

REPO transaction is an agreement by which one party (the seller) undertakes to sell financial instruments or cash to the other party (the buyer), and the latter shall pay the purchase price, and thus it is agreed that the seller undertakes to repurchase from the buyer the same or equivalent financial instruments or the same amount of money for the repurchase price at the scheduled future date. This transaction determines relatively complex legal relations, and the investor 's risk to suffer monetary losses depends not only on the instability of the market price of the financial instruments, but also on genuine fulfillment of contractual obligations by the parties of the transaction. As in all contractual relations, in case of REPO transaction, there are situations where the parties violate the terms of the transaction and the disputes have to be solved in court. Although the Lithuanian case law is rather unified when solving disputes between the parties of the transaction where the investor does not comply with the obligation of the transaction to pay margin, sometimes non-compliance with this obligation is not the only reason for the resulting losses. The law, in cases where the investor violates the obligation to pay margin, grants the right to the financial intermediary to dispose of financial instruments, however giving the right, but not the obligation the law does not impose strict imperatives for the deadline of realization of financial instruments, for this reason in practice there are cases where the latter are in no hurry to implement their rights to realize the financial instruments, what increases the losses even more. In such cases the biggest problem is the legal qualification of the delay of financial intermediary to realize the financial instruments and the connection with the obligations applicable to the latter and influence of failure to comply with these obligations to the size of the loss. In such cases the question is whether if there is proof that the financial intermediary delayed realization of financial instruments, the losses of the REFO transactions still have to be covered by the investor who failed to fulfill their obligation to pay margin? Whether the losses shall be distributed in proportion to the two parties and whether such distribution of the losses for both parties is legally possible and reasonable in general? The aim of this thesis is to establish any contractual or statutory provisions that forbid the financial intermediary to delay realization of financial instruments, when the latter acquires such a right. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether the financial intermediary is responsible for the losses resulting from the delay in the realization of the financial instruments transferred to the intermediary during the REPO transaction where the investor does not pay margin (i.e. or one party, a financial intermediary, is responsible for the losses incurred because of his fault, as a result of the delay in realization of financial instruments transferred based on REPO transaction when such right incurred due to the fact that another party, investor, breaches his obligations (did not pay margin), and to determine the recovery mechanism of damages caused because of the fault of both parties that concluded transaction. In order to achieve these objectives, the paper has analyzed both the Lithuanian and the European Union law acts regulating investment services and protection of investors' rights, the thesis has also examined the Lithuanian case law and the various scientific sources. The hypothesis of the paper that a financial intermediary is responsible for the losses resulting from a delay in the realization of financial instruments transferred to him based on the REPO transaction where the investor does not pay the margin has been proven. The paper has found out that in cases where the investor does not pay the margin, the conditions under REPO transaction allow the financial intermediaries to realize the transferred financial instruments. In some cases REPO contracts shall provide the deadline of such right from the moment when the investor does not pay the margin, but this condition is not mandatory and is not always included in repurchase agreements. Actually, even in cases where such a term is provided for in the contract it does not require a financial intermediary to fulfill this right as soon as it occurs, the financial intermediary is free to determine how soon after the emergence of the right to realize the financial instruments he shall implement the latter. In cases where in the REPO transaction there is a dispute on realization of financial instruments in terms of timeliness of the financial intermediary in respect of realization of financial instruments, the provisions provided for in the Act of Markets of Financial Instruments in the Republic of Lithuania and in the Civil Code are applicable, such provisions establish the principles of care, diligence and fairness, and oblige the financial intermediary to operate for the best conditions and interests of the customer. Given the fact that this work has established that the obligations to the parties arising based on REPO transaction end only when both parties have fulfilled their obligations, the obligations arising based on the mentioned transaction, including the care, diligence and integrity requirements are to be applied even when the investor breaches his obligations, as in such case the obligations of the parties still can not be considered to be expired. Therefore, in cases where it is determined that the financial intermediary with the right to realize financial instruments, even in cases where this obligations occurred due to the fact that the investor has failed to fulfill his obligation according to REPO transaction to pay margin, delayed to implement it, such behavior is to be regarded as the breach of duty of care, diligence and fairness and the obligation to act for the best conditions for the customer. This thesis has also showed that during the settlement of disputes between an investor and a financial intermediary in court, in addition to special legal norms regulating the investment services, the contractual civil liability provisions are also applicable, which, in cases where both REPO counterparties violate the contractual obligations according to this transaction, allow the use of mixed fault institute, based on which when analyzing the causality of resulting losses and actions of each party two types of solutions are accepted: the debtor's liability is reduced in proportion to the creditor's fault, i.e. the court in determining the fault of each party for the occurred losses and reducing the borrower's responsibility by eliminating the creditor's liability or with the full exemption of the debtor's liability, having established that the damage was caused mainly due to the creditor's action. Thus, in cases where the investor violates the contractual obligation to pay margin and the financial intermediary delays to realize financial instruments, the influence of failure to comply with each of the obligations is assessed in respect of the losses, and when the influence is determined the losses are respectively distributed to both parties involved.

In Lithuania like in the majority of other countries around the globe the need of investments and their improvement regarding public infrastructure and public services is growing at a fast pace. Limitations of the public sector concerning the possibilities to fund these objectives promote the search for new tools and opportunities to achieve these purposes. The co-operation of the public and private sectors is defined as any kind of agreement that involves both sectors, which allows private organizations to function within the field that previously was only governed by the public sector. In the international practice one of the co-operation types is the partnership of private and public sector (PPS) that creates opportunities to attract private funds in order to meet the needs of the public sector. Broadly this partnership can be defined as a co-operation of both public and private sectors in order to accomplish various projects involving infrastructure or public services. Thus, the co-operation between these two sectors is inevitable. As an alternative to traditional ways of supplementing public services, the partnership of public and private sector encompasses a wide spectrum of various forms and mechanisms. It could vary from agreements made by county with a private communal office in order to create a system for trash extermination to an establishment of a joint company, which would govern the building and exploitation of a new atomic power plant. These contracts are usually distinguished by establishing a clear partnership type regarding PPS terms; thus, it could be an agreement implemented on a contractual basis or an agreement based on an institutional basis. The European Commission distinguish two types of co-operation of the public and private sector: (1) institutional – when a company of mixed funds is required to be established in order to accomplish a goal; (2) contractual – when a certain goal is achieved by constructing agreements (consensuses, contracts based on a public purchases, joint practises, and other various agreements that are determined by the law). It has to be noted that certain concepts such as consensus, PPS projects, long-term lease, public purchases and others because they denote different ways of partnership of government and public sectors; in other words these concepts could be ineligible. Even though the contracts of purchases and consensuses are regulated by different laws, they in their essence involve similar legal correlations, which have similar aims of regulation. Consensus a try way agreement between the granting instruction, the provider of the service, and the customer. A public purchase is a two way agreement between a service provider and the organization that buys the service, which in consequence pays for the bought service and takes the economic risk of the purchase. The correlation of a consensus and a public purchase are different in the way and process of creating a contract. In case of a consensus provider of the service receives a right to use the service it provides as part of the payment. The concessionaire recognizes the risks of the purchase while the pay is usually arranged by the services user. Although, there is no singular definition of consensus there are certain attributes that allows to distinguish it from other partnerships or public and private sectors; these attributes involves such signs as a long time-span of arranging the contract, a clear allocation of possible liabilities to all the parties, a clear allocation of possible risk, while the majority of these risks are moved upon the private buyer, financial commitments. A major matter for the public sector regarding the co-operation of private and public sector is a selection of private party in a fair competition manner. Before making any kind of partnership contract it is essential to establish an effective and clear competition within the contestant participants within the market. This kind of competition allows the public sector to choose the most effective private partner. The competition allows the governmental institutions to select a partner in a most rational way; due to this information, it is possible to choose such a partner that would meet all the requirements and would fulfil the goal in question. In order to ensure the best selection of the partner it is important to oblige the principles of transparency and non-discrimination. It is important to act according to these principles in order to avoid violating the public and private interests, which are quintessentially different. The public sector seeks to receive the best possible service, while the private sector seeks profit. The equality of rights is important to every legal form that involves the co-operation of public and private sector. According to this principle the procedures of selection of a private party must be determined in an objective and clear way as well as they have to oblige to the rules and requirements. If certain predetermined rules do not exist the participating private parties must be selected according to objective criteria. The principal of non-discrimination defined the object of purchase; the technical specifications cannot defy the concrete process of making, the trade mark, patent, country of origin or production because these specifications might provide extra help for the participating parties or could even rule out some of the participants. The transparency principal is a principal that requires for the conditions of the contest to be clear and understandable; also, it requires that all the conditions that were set could not be changed. By obliging to the transparency principal allows to foresee the decision that should be made during the contest. It is quite natural to agree that the principal of partnership between the public and private sector is the essential part of the partnership concept because without clearly stating them it would be impossible to accomplish any kind of goal regarding such co-operation. The implementation of projects regarding co-operation between the public and private sector is a difficult and lengthily process, which is formed not only by the configuration of partnership but by the selection of partners, negotiations regarding the requirements of the contract, risk management, project management, and the surveillance of the project management. Taking into account the difficult specifics of the co-operation between public and private sector, often there is no singular way to formulate the technical requirements of an object, which would fulfil the public subject's needs and aims, or would defy the objects legal status or its financial consent. Whatever the form of co-operation regarding the partnership of private and public sector is employed, for the successful contest, some sort of negotiations will be required. Each form of such co-operation has a different kind of way to regulate the negotiation. For instance, according to the Public procurement law the negotiations are not mandatory during the public purchase. However, in the contest regarding the grant of the consensus once of the mandatory stages is the negotiation, which's aim is to come to a compromise between the participant of the contest and the institution that grants the consensus. It needs to be noted that the negotiation cannot be used as a tool to distort the technical, financial, or commercial criteria. While appointing the contractual conditions of the consensus, the conditions of the agreement and its main requirements cannot be an object of the negotiation. However this means that the initial agreement will be changed in a slight way. If negotiation takes place it is quite natural that the primary draft of the project changes. A change is fundamental if its implementation within the agreement would quintessentially change the outcomes that the participants would provide. It such change takes place a new contest must be organized. The legal provisions concerning public purchases and consensuses foresees such changes only if the principals of equal right, non-discrimination and transparency are taken into account.

In Lithuania like in the majority of other countries around the globe the need of investments and their improvement regarding public infrastructure and public services is growing at a fast pace. Limitations of the public sector concerning the possibilities to fund these objectives promote the search for new tools and opportunities to achieve these purposes. The co-operation of the public and private sectors is defined as any kind of agreement that involves both sectors, which allows private organizations to function within the field that previously was only governed by the public sector. In the international practice one of the co-operation types is the partnership of private and public sector (PPS) that creates opportunities to attract private funds in order to meet the needs of the public sector. Broadly this partnership can be defined as a co-operation of both public and private sectors in order to accomplish various projects involving infrastructure or public services. Thus, the co-operation between these two sectors is inevitable. As an alternative to traditional ways of supplementing public services, the partnership of public and private sector encompasses a wide spectrum of various forms and mechanisms. It could vary from agreements made by county with a private communal office in order to create a system for trash extermination to an establishment of a joint company, which would govern the building and exploitation of a new atomic power plant. These contracts are usually distinguished by establishing a clear partnership type regarding PPS terms; thus, it could be an agreement implemented on a contractual basis or an agreement based on an institutional basis. The European Commission distinguish two types of co-operation of the public and private sector: (1) institutional – when a company of mixed funds is required to be established in order to accomplish a goal; (2) contractual – when a certain goal is achieved by constructing agreements (consensuses, contracts based on a public purchases, joint practises, and other various agreements that are determined by the law). It has to be noted that certain concepts such as consensus, PPS projects, long-term lease, public purchases and others because they denote different ways of partnership of government and public sectors; in other words these concepts could be ineligible. Even though the contracts of purchases and consensuses are regulated by different laws, they in their essence involve similar legal correlations, which have similar aims of regulation. Consensus a try way agreement between the granting instruction, the provider of the service, and the customer. A public purchase is a two way agreement between a service provider and the organization that buys the service, which in consequence pays for the bought service and takes the economic risk of the purchase. The correlation of a consensus and a public purchase are different in the way and process of creating a contract. In case of a consensus provider of the service receives a right to use the service it provides as part of the payment. The concessionaire recognizes the risks of the purchase while the pay is usually arranged by the services user. Although, there is no singular definition of consensus there are certain attributes that allows to distinguish it from other partnerships or public and private sectors; these attributes involves such signs as a long time-span of arranging the contract, a clear allocation of possible liabilities to all the parties, a clear allocation of possible risk, while the majority of these risks are moved upon the private buyer, financial commitments. A major matter for the public sector regarding the co-operation of private and public sector is a selection of private party in a fair competition manner. Before making any kind of partnership contract it is essential to establish an effective and clear competition within the contestant participants within the market. This kind of competition allows the public sector to choose the most effective private partner. The competition allows the governmental institutions to select a partner in a most rational way; due to this information, it is possible to choose such a partner that would meet all the requirements and would fulfil the goal in question. In order to ensure the best selection of the partner it is important to oblige the principles of transparency and non-discrimination. It is important to act according to these principles in order to avoid violating the public and private interests, which are quintessentially different. The public sector seeks to receive the best possible service, while the private sector seeks profit. The equality of rights is important to every legal form that involves the co-operation of public and private sector. According to this principle the procedures of selection of a private party must be determined in an objective and clear way as well as they have to oblige to the rules and requirements. If certain predetermined rules do not exist the participating private parties must be selected according to objective criteria. The principal of non-discrimination defined the object of purchase; the technical specifications cannot defy the concrete process of making, the trade mark, patent, country of origin or production because these specifications might provide extra help for the participating parties or could even rule out some of the participants. The transparency principal is a principal that requires for the conditions of the contest to be clear and understandable; also, it requires that all the conditions that were set could not be changed. By obliging to the transparency principal allows to foresee the decision that should be made during the contest. It is quite natural to agree that the principal of partnership between the public and private sector is the essential part of the partnership concept because without clearly stating them it would be impossible to accomplish any kind of goal regarding such co-operation. The implementation of projects regarding co-operation between the public and private sector is a difficult and lengthily process, which is formed not only by the configuration of partnership but by the selection of partners, negotiations regarding the requirements of the contract, risk management, project management, and the surveillance of the project management. Taking into account the difficult specifics of the co-operation between public and private sector, often there is no singular way to formulate the technical requirements of an object, which would fulfil the public subject's needs and aims, or would defy the objects legal status or its financial consent. Whatever the form of co-operation regarding the partnership of private and public sector is employed, for the successful contest, some sort of negotiations will be required. Each form of such co-operation has a different kind of way to regulate the negotiation. For instance, according to the Public procurement law the negotiations are not mandatory during the public purchase. However, in the contest regarding the grant of the consensus once of the mandatory stages is the negotiation, which's aim is to come to a compromise between the participant of the contest and the institution that grants the consensus. It needs to be noted that the negotiation cannot be used as a tool to distort the technical, financial, or commercial criteria. While appointing the contractual conditions of the consensus, the conditions of the agreement and its main requirements cannot be an object of the negotiation. However this means that the initial agreement will be changed in a slight way. If negotiation takes place it is quite natural that the primary draft of the project changes. A change is fundamental if its implementation within the agreement would quintessentially change the outcomes that the participants would provide. It such change takes place a new contest must be organized. The legal provisions concerning public purchases and consensuses foresees such changes only if the principals of equal right, non-discrimination and transparency are taken into account.

In Lithuania like in the majority of other countries around the globe the need of investments and their improvement regarding public infrastructure and public services is growing at a fast pace. Limitations of the public sector concerning the possibilities to fund these objectives promote the search for new tools and opportunities to achieve these purposes. The co-operation of the public and private sectors is defined as any kind of agreement that involves both sectors, which allows private organizations to function within the field that previously was only governed by the public sector. In the international practice one of the co-operation types is the partnership of private and public sector (PPS) that creates opportunities to attract private funds in order to meet the needs of the public sector. Broadly this partnership can be defined as a co-operation of both public and private sectors in order to accomplish various projects involving infrastructure or public services. Thus, the co-operation between these two sectors is inevitable. As an alternative to traditional ways of supplementing public services, the partnership of public and private sector encompasses a wide spectrum of various forms and mechanisms. It could vary from agreements made by county with a private communal office in order to create a system for trash extermination to an establishment of a joint company, which would govern the building and exploitation of a new atomic power plant. These contracts are usually distinguished by establishing a clear partnership type regarding PPS terms; thus, it could be an agreement implemented on a contractual basis or an agreement based on an institutional basis. The European Commission distinguish two types of co-operation of the public and private sector: (1) institutional – when a company of mixed funds is required to be established in order to accomplish a goal; (2) contractual – when a certain goal is achieved by constructing agreements (consensuses, contracts based on a public purchases, joint practises, and other various agreements that are determined by the law). It has to be noted that certain concepts such as consensus, PPS projects, long-term lease, public purchases and others because they denote different ways of partnership of government and public sectors; in other words these concepts could be ineligible. Even though the contracts of purchases and consensuses are regulated by different laws, they in their essence involve similar legal correlations, which have similar aims of regulation. Consensus a try way agreement between the granting instruction, the provider of the service, and the customer. A public purchase is a two way agreement between a service provider and the organization that buys the service, which in consequence pays for the bought service and takes the economic risk of the purchase. The correlation of a consensus and a public purchase are different in the way and process of creating a contract. In case of a consensus provider of the service receives a right to use the service it provides as part of the payment. The concessionaire recognizes the risks of the purchase while the pay is usually arranged by the services user. Although, there is no singular definition of consensus there are certain attributes that allows to distinguish it from other partnerships or public and private sectors; these attributes involves such signs as a long time-span of arranging the contract, a clear allocation of possible liabilities to all the parties, a clear allocation of possible risk, while the majority of these risks are moved upon the private buyer, financial commitments. A major matter for the public sector regarding the co-operation of private and public sector is a selection of private party in a fair competition manner. Before making any kind of partnership contract it is essential to establish an effective and clear competition within the contestant participants within the market. This kind of competition allows the public sector to choose the most effective private partner. The competition allows the governmental institutions to select a partner in a most rational way; due to this information, it is possible to choose such a partner that would meet all the requirements and would fulfil the goal in question. In order to ensure the best selection of the partner it is important to oblige the principles of transparency and non-discrimination. It is important to act according to these principles in order to avoid violating the public and private interests, which are quintessentially different. The public sector seeks to receive the best possible service, while the private sector seeks profit. The equality of rights is important to every legal form that involves the co-operation of public and private sector. According to this principle the procedures of selection of a private party must be determined in an objective and clear way as well as they have to oblige to the rules and requirements. If certain predetermined rules do not exist the participating private parties must be selected according to objective criteria. The principal of non-discrimination defined the object of purchase; the technical specifications cannot defy the concrete process of making, the trade mark, patent, country of origin or production because these specifications might provide extra help for the participating parties or could even rule out some of the participants. The transparency principal is a principal that requires for the conditions of the contest to be clear and understandable; also, it requires that all the conditions that were set could not be changed. By obliging to the transparency principal allows to foresee the decision that should be made during the contest. It is quite natural to agree that the principal of partnership between the public and private sector is the essential part of the partnership concept because without clearly stating them it would be impossible to accomplish any kind of goal regarding such co-operation. The implementation of projects regarding co-operation between the public and private sector is a difficult and lengthily process, which is formed not only by the configuration of partnership but by the selection of partners, negotiations regarding the requirements of the contract, risk management, project management, and the surveillance of the project management. Taking into account the difficult specifics of the co-operation between public and private sector, often there is no singular way to formulate the technical requirements of an object, which would fulfil the public subject's needs and aims, or would defy the objects legal status or its financial consent. Whatever the form of co-operation regarding the partnership of private and public sector is employed, for the successful contest, some sort of negotiations will be required. Each form of such co-operation has a different kind of way to regulate the negotiation. For instance, according to the Public procurement law the negotiations are not mandatory during the public purchase. However, in the contest regarding the grant of the consensus once of the mandatory stages is the negotiation, which's aim is to come to a compromise between the participant of the contest and the institution that grants the consensus. It needs to be noted that the negotiation cannot be used as a tool to distort the technical, financial, or commercial criteria. While appointing the contractual conditions of the consensus, the conditions of the agreement and its main requirements cannot be an object of the negotiation. However this means that the initial agreement will be changed in a slight way. If negotiation takes place it is quite natural that the primary draft of the project changes. A change is fundamental if its implementation within the agreement would quintessentially change the outcomes that the participants would provide. It such change takes place a new contest must be organized. The legal provisions concerning public purchases and consensuses foresees such changes only if the principals of equal right, non-discrimination and transparency are taken into account.

This article examines the provisions of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Compensation of Damage Resulting from the USSR Occupation (hereinafter -- the Law), which was adopted on 13 June 2000, in the light of customary rules of international law on state responsibility, as codified in the 2001 the UN International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (hereinafter -- the ILC Draft Articles). The main aim of the article is to deal with the international legal grounds of the responsibility of the Russian Federation for the Soviet occupation of the Republic of Lithuania and, against this background, to identify the role of the Law. The ground of Russia's responsibility is an internationally wrongful act committed as the aggression against the Republic of Lithuania, which was started by the 15 June 1940 incursion by the Soviet armed forces & subsequently continued in the form of the illegal occupation of Lithuania until the restoration of Lithuania's independence on 11 March 1990, however, the illegal presence of the foreign forces on Lithuania's soil ended only in 1993. The fact of the 1940 Soviet aggression & illegal occupation of the Baltic States has been widely recognized by the international community, it was even acknowledged by the USSR & Russia in 1989-1991. Therefore there is no doubt that under international law from 1940-1990 the Republic of Lithuania had been an occupied State. That is why the illegal occupation with its consequences, as the breach of an international obligation not to resort to aggression having a continuing character, constitutes an objective element of an internationally wrongful act being the ground for Russia's responsibility. That also explains why the title of the Law refers to the occupation. Meanwhile the specific feature of subjective element is addressed in the preamble of the Law. That is the continuity of the Russian State & the corresponding identity of its international legal personality with the Soviet Union, which was claimed by Russia & generally recognized by the international community. Therefore under international law the Russian Federation is the State continuing the rights & obligations of the former USSR (ie., it is the same international legal person). Consequently, internationally wrongful acts of the latter, including the Soviet occupation of Lithuania & the other two Baltic States, should be attributable to the Russian Federation. Apart from the ground for Russia's responsibility, the issue of reparation is addressed in the article. In accordance with international law (the ILC Draft Article), the principle of full reparation should be applied to realize responsibility for an internationally wrongful act. The full reparation for the injury can be provided in the form of restitution, compensation & satisfaction, while any financially assessable damage should be covered by compensation when restitution is not practically possible. Responsibility for the Soviet occupation is the latter case. Therefore in this sense the Law concretizes the claim of Lithuania as it lays down the obligations of the Government of Lithuania to calculate the damage & seek its compensation from Russia. In conformity with the principle of full reparation, the provisions of the Law require to calculate the damage for all period of the Soviet occupation as well as to cover all types of financially assessable damage. The third main issue addressed in this article is admissibility of a claim for reparation, ie., the procedural requirements to be observed by the injured State invoking an international responsibility of other State. The main requirement, as follows from Art. 43 of the ILC Draft Articles, is that the injured State should give a timely & proper notice of its claim to the State responsible for an internationally wrongful act; the claim is admissible when it is waived by the injured State or it can be inadmissible when it is not maintained. However, a mere lapse of time without a claim is being resolved, including delay in its prosecution due to refusal of the respondent State, cannot result in loss of the right of the injured State to invoke responsibility. In this regard the Law is a unilateral act of the State of Lithuania which formulates & concretizes the claim for Russia's responsibility. The form of this act was determined by Lithuanian national rather than international law as the former requires that any compulsory rules or instructions for the Government can be laid down by the Seimas (the Parliament) only in the form of (statutory) law. As it is clear from the preamble of the Law, in continuing & consolidating the previous Lithuanian acts invoking Russia's responsibility the Law demonstrates that the claim for responsibility has been raised without any unreasonable delay a long time ago (the first time Lithuania declared about its claim for reparation in 1991) & Russia is aware of that claim from the very beginning. In such a manner the Law also proves a consistent & unchanging position of Lithuania with regard to Russia's responsibility. Therefore, the Law evidences that the claim of Lithuania remains admissible although still being unresolved & notwithstanding that Russia is rejecting it. Under international law the injured State has the right to waive its claim for responsibility of another State. National law may, however, restrict that right in setting up appropriate duties for the authorities of the injured State. In this regard it follows from the preamble of the Law that under Lithuanian constitutional law no State organ or official can declare a waiver of the claim for Russia's responsibility because the Law is based on & aims at implementation of the corresponding decision by the 14 June 1992 national referendum that demanded to seek reparation for the Soviet occupation. Therefore, the waiver can be declared only by other referendum as well as without a referendum the Seimas cannot abolish the provisions of the Law requiring to seek a compensation (such kind of action could amount to the waiver in the sense of Art. 45(a) of the ILC Draft Articles). To keep the claim for responsibility of another State admissible & valid, when it is being unresolved a long time, the injured State should do everything it can reasonably do to maintain the claim. Otherwise it can be questioned, whether the right to invoke responsibility is lost due to conduct of the injured State in the sense of Art. 45(b) of the ILC Draft Articles. Therefore, to avoid similar doubts the Law obliged the Government to seek constantly the compensation for the damage caused by the Soviet occupation. Since Russia used to reject Lithuania's initiatives to conduct negotiations on the matter & any other way of settlement is not available without Russia's consent, it can be stated that as yet, in particular due to the Law, the conduct of Lithuania has not raised any serious doubts with regard to validity of its claim for compensation. Obviously such doubts would be serious if any kind of moratorium on the claim had been announced. To sum it up, it can be concluded that the Law is based on & is consistent with the rules of international law. It also implements the international legal requirements for the proper declaration & maintenance of the claim for reparation. Therefore both under international law & under Lithuanian constitutional law the Law has been necessary to consolidate & consistently maintain the claim to Russia for the compensation of the damages caused by the Soviet occupation. Lastly, it should be noted that a proper settlement of the problem of Russia's responsibility for the Soviet occupation of Lithuania is not a question of self-interest for Lithuania & it should pursue the claim for compensation not only due to the decision by the 14 June 1992 referendum. Not accidentally Art. 1 of the ILC Draft Articles refers that "every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State." It is also not accidentally that the preamble of the 1991 Treaty between Lithuania & Russia states that mutual confidence between the people of both Parties is hard to achieve without elimination of the consequences of the Soviet annexation of Lithuania. Like for national law, rule of law & justice cannot be established without realization & inevitability of responsibility for grave breaches of international law. Therefore the realization of responsibility for the 1940 aggression against the Baltic States & its consequences would undoubtedly contribute to general prevention of such grave breaches as well as would assure that similar tragic events never happen again in the history of Lithuania. Such kind of prevention should be at the focus of attention of the whole international community rather than only Lithuania & the other two Baltic States, since a prohibition of aggression is a long-standing rule of jus cogens character & obligation erga omnes towards international community. Adapted from the source document.