Suchergebnisse

Notions of the power associated with the European Union's foreign policy and its role in international relations are mostly liberal in origin. This explains the EU's special role in the Cold War era and that it has since emerged more as a moral, ethical and normative power. The EU's lack of military capability has probably been the main cause that prevents it from acting as a great or superpower. The distinction between materialistic and immaterial elements of power has been a crucial point of contention between realists and liberal thinkers. In international relations, we are also witnessing the trend of the EU increasingly using the geopolitical approach (such as in the Ukrainian crisis) besides the normative one. In the article, different concepts of EU foreign policy regarding power in the light of realism and liberalism are compared where, alongside the descriptive method, a SWOT analysis is performed. Keywords: realism, liberalism, power, European Union, Ukraine, foreign policy, international relations

International norms are, by definition, a factor of stability in the international system. Nevertheless empirical evidence shows that norms are constantly changing, which raises questions on the ability of norms to regulate inter-states relations & prevent conflicts. This article analyses the cycle of norm diffusion, tracing the origin of norms, their diffusion, contestation & change. It investigates the relationship between interests & identity & between structure & agency in the process of norm diffusion, & discusses the implications of this process on international cooperation. Adapted from the source document.

Spremembe v mednarodni skupnosti po koncu hladne vojne so mednarodne institucije, ki delujejo na področju zagotavljanja miru in varnosti, postavile pred nove izzive, ki so izpostavili pomanjkljivost obstoječh norm, mehanizmov in konceptualnega aparata za naslavljanje novih varnostnih groženj. Mednarodne institucije se težko spopadajo z modernimi varnostnimi grožnjami, med katere spadajo tudi etnični konflikti, hkrati pa je proces prepoznavanja varnostnih groženj kompleksen. Magistrska naloga skozi študijo primera delovanja Varnostnega sveta in Organizacije za varnost in sodelovanje v Evropi v ukrajinskem konfliktu preučuje, kako pojmovanje varnosti mednarodnih institucij vpliva na upravljanje (etničnih) konfliktov. Naloga pokaže, da sodobno pojmovanje varnosti presega dojemanje države kot edinega relevatnega referenčnega objekta varnosti in da je varnost intersubjektivna kategorija, ki odpira vprašanje glede procesa prepoznavanja (novih) varnostnih groženj. Posledično pojmovanje varnosti vpliva na diskurz in delovanje akterjev. Na primeru Varnostnega sveta tako vidimo, da se države članice zavedajo pomena vzpostavljene prakse delovanja, ki izhaja iz pojmovanja varnosti dotične institucije, ter njenega vpliva na odločanje v Varnostnem svetu. OVSE pa kljub prepoznavanju kršitev določenih prvin varnosti v praksi te kršitve težko naslavlja. Naloga pokaže tudi, kako specializirano znanje posameznih institucij vpliva na diskurz držav v teh institucijah ter da pojmovanje varnosti v posameznih institucijah ni statično, temveč rezultat nenehnih (re)interpretacij. ; Changes in the international community after the end of the Cold War have led international institutions working in the field of peace and security to face new challenges that have highlighted the disadvantage of existing norms, mechanisms and conceptual apparatus for addressing new security threats. International institutions are struggling to deal with modern security threats, including ethnic conflicts, while the process of identifying security threats is complex. The master's thesis examines how the concept of security of international institutions influences the management of (ethnic) conflicts through a study of the functioning of the Security Council and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in the Ukrainian conflict. Thesis demonstrates that modern concept surpasses the perception of the state as the only relevant referent object of security and that security is an intersubjective category that raises the issue of the process of identifying (new) security threats. As a consequence the concept of security affects the discourse and the functioning of the actors. In the case of the Security Council, we can see that Member States are aware of the importance of the established practice, which stems from the concept of security of the institution, and its impact on decision-making in the Security Council. Despite the recognition of violations of certain elements of security in practice, the OSCE has difficulty addressing this violation. The thesis also shows how the specialized knowledge of individual institutions influences the discourse of states in these institutions, and that the concept of security in individual institutions is not static, but the result of continuous (re)interpretations.

On the night of 7 July 1937, an unexpected exchange of fire on the Marco Polo Bridge about 12 km from Peking, China, between a detachment of the Japanese garrison of Fengtang deployed in military exercises & a patrol unit of the Chinese army stationed in the region, broke the peace established by the 1932 Peace Accord that ended the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. While some commentators suggest that this incident marked the beginning of WWII, it did indeed indicate the start of a true war between China & Japan. After sketching the bellicose background of China-Japan relations in the early 20th century, diplomatic actions of the Joint Commission created by the incomplete Peace Accord are explored. In particular, the nonconforming (to the Anglo-US norm) behavior of the Italian representatives is examined. Details are also provided of the War of Shanghai (Aug-late Dec 1937). J. Sadler

Grundlagen des Immaterialgüterrechts: Das italienische, europäische und internationale Markenrecht und Markenprozessrecht von Christoph Perathoner -- Introduzione al diritto brevettuale italiano von Niccolò Ferretti und Alessandro Zito -- Introduzione al design in Italia: uno sguardo d'insieme von Niccolò Ferretti und Alessandro Zito -- Die Grundzüge des Designrechts in Deutschland von Philipp Steichele -- Aktuelle Rechtsprechung zum österreichischen und europäischen Urheberrecht von Manfred Büchele -- Die geographischen Angaben im CETA-Abkommen: Keine neuen Schläuche für alten Wein von Georg Miribung -- Schwerpunkt: Schadensersatz wegen Verletzung von Immaterialgüterrechten: Der europäische Deliktsgerichtsstand und die gewerblichen Schutzrechte - Art. 7 Nr. 2 Brüssel Ia-VO im Lichte der aktuellen Rechtsprechung von Peter Kindler -- Das Schutzlandprinzip als Grundlage für die Behandlung von grenzüberschreitenden Schadensersatzansprüchen aus der Verletzung geistigen Eigentums von Simon Laimer -- Schadensersatz und Gewinnherausgabe bei Immaterialgüterrechtsverletzungen nach italienischem Recht von Gregor Christandl -- Weiterführende Fragen und Ausblick: I profili costituzionali della tutela dei diritti sui beni immateriali von Carola Pagliarin -- Immaterialgüter und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht von Thomas Müller.-Der strafrechtliche Schutz vor industrieller Produktpiraterie im Lichte nationaler, europäischer und internationaler Vorgaben von Lukas Staffler -- Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung des Internationalen Immaterialgüterrechts in der Europäischen Union von Andreas Schwartze.

For ages economists, philosophers, historians, political scientists and many other thinkers and scholars have argued about the connections between world economy and international relations. Within this broad subject, two related and prolific debates exist: the possible peacekeeping or warmongering effects of trade and, inversely, the influences of warfare and peace on commerce. The present dissertation introduces a theoretical and empirical assessment about the interdependence between international trade and interstate conflict. In particular, a causal perspective on the issue is adopted. The first part presents the most renown theories about trade and conflict, trying to extrapolate the alleged casual linkages behind them. In the second part, a detailed review of the previous empirical studies is provided. Furthermore, an empirical analysis on the interdependence between international trade and militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) is attempted employing a vector autoregression (VAR) model. Finally, personal considerations about the examined arguments conclude the thesis.

The article opens with the position that Jerusalem had not yet been able to fully take up its position as nexus of the three major world religions due to armed conflict. The article continues with a discussion on the pivotal role Jerusalem plays in Middle Eastern politics & with the state of Israel itself. The article gives a brief historical account of the laws that govern political ownership of Jerusalem & the international diplomatic interventions that have attempted to create peace in the Middle East through political play with Jerusalem. The author gives an account of the recent events at Camp David & the more open negotiations that occurred there. E. Miller

This article gives an overview of the Johnston negotiations that took place between 1953 & 1955 to determine rights to water from the Jordan River basin. Discussion focuses on how these negotiations are representative of some of the best examples of the diplomatic process regarding any Middle Eastern conflict. The article discusses the main purposes of the negotiations & other primary objectives, as well as counterarguments by Israel & Arab nations. The negotiations are analyzed in conclusion. 1 Table. E. Miller