Suchergebnisse

Today children's rights occupy an increasingly prominent place on the EU legal and policy agenda. The promotion and protection of the rights of the child is now an objective of the EU as set out in Article 3.3 of the Treaty on European Union. The rights of the child are also enshrined in the article 24 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The EU has now many legislative documents and non-legislative acts related to children's rights or that may have the potential to impact on children's life. This Phd thesis analyzes the nature, scope and value of EU measures in relation to children in two main areas : child protection and juvenile criminal justice. It investigates if there is an added value of children's rights at EU level and it also makes some suggestions to improve the promotion and protection of children's rights in the EU. ; Aujourd'hui les droits des mineurs occupent une place de plus en plus importante dans l'agenda juridique et politique de l'UE. La promotion des droits de l'enfant représente maintenant un objectif de l'UE, consacré dans l'article 3, paragr. 3, du Traité sur l'Union européenne. Les droits de l'enfant sont également cristallisés dans l'article 24 de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne. Actuellement l'Union européenne dispose de nombreux actes législatifs et de documents non législatifs relatifs aux droits des mineurs ou qui peuvent avoir des répercussions indirectes sur la vie des enfants. Ce travail analyse la nature, la portée et la valeur des mesures de l'UE dans deux domaines principaux : la protection des enfants et de leurs droits et la justice pénale des mineurs. Le but de la recherche a été d'examiner jusqu'à quel point on peut parler d'une valeur ajoutée de la promotion des droits des enfants au niveau de l'UE, par rapport au niveau national et international et également celui de proposer de nouvelles solutions pour améliorer la promotion et la protection des droits des enfants dans l'Union européenne. ; Al giorno d'oggi, i diritti dei ...

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. – 2. Considerazioni generali sul principio «chi inquina paga» nel diritto dell'Ue. – 3. Problematiche connesse all"attribuzione della responsabilità ambientale nella prassi. – 4. L"attribuzione della responsabilità per danno ambientale «diffuso»: la sentenza Erg. – 5. La responsabilità ambientale del proprietario «incolpevole»: il caso Fipa. – 6. Considerazioni conclusive.

Between 2008 and 2011, the EURO-JUSTIS project designed and tested new social indicators to measure levels of trust and confidence in justice. The aim of the project was to provide the EU institutions and Member States with a new scientifically validated instrument to collect data on the feelings of trust and confidence of the public opinion in the courts and the police. In a political context that seems to favour populistic approaches and the call for "law and order" , such indicators are precious to collect hard data on the attitudes of public opinion, especially in a comparative perspective. Based upon the assumptions of procedural justice theories, the EURO-JUSTIS consortium designed a set of 45 multiple-choice questions that immediately met the favour of the international community and were then inserted as a module in the V edition of the European Social Survey. This paper briefly outlines the foundational assumptions of the project and describe its main achievements. It also analyses some of the results of the pilot survey performed by the EURO-JUSTIS consortium in some European Countries, including Italy. ; Dal 2008 al 2011 il progetto EURO-JUSTIS ha elaborato e testato nuovi indicatori per misurare il livello di fiducia dei cittadini nella giustizia. Obiettivo del progetto era quello di dotare gli Stati Membri e la UE di uno strumento idoneo alla raccolta di dati sui sentimenti di fiducia rispetto al lavoro di magistratura e forze dell'ordine. In un contesto politico che privilegia istanze populistiche e il richiamo all' "allarme sociale", tali indicatori appaiono preziosi per fornire alle istituzioni alcuni punti fermi, anche in prospettiva comparata. Muovendo dagli assunti della procedural justice, EURO-JUSTIS ha elaborato un questionario di 45 domande a risposta multipla che ha incontrato l'immediato favore d2013-06-12ella comunità internazionale ed è stato inserito nella V edizione della European Social Survey. Questo scritto riassume i fondamenti concettuali della ricerca, ripercorrendone alcuni passaggi e descrivendo i relativi indicatori. Analizza infine alcuni risultati dell'indagine pilota svolta da EURO-JUSTIS in alcuni Paesi europei, tra cui l'Italia.

This work aims at deepening, through a bibliographic review, especially inthe international context, the impact on students of the creation of smallschools. In particular, in the American context, high schools in large urbandistricts, which are afflicted by high drop-out rates, increased violent behavior,low levels of performance and involvement among students, tried to reorganizethemselves into smaller learning communities. Over the last twodecades, this reform has triggered numerous research that dealt with evaluatingthe effects of this change. We will take into account said research inorder to critically reflect on the enhancement of these educational realities,which might be both a starting point and a benchmark for our Italian educationalcontext. ; Il presente lavoro si propone di approfondire, attraverso una rassegna bibliografica,soprattutto in ambito internazionale, l'impatto sugli studentidella creazione di piccole scuole. In particolare, nel contesto americano, lescuole superiori nei grandi distretti urbani, afflitte da alti tassi di abbandono,aumento di comportamenti violenti, scarsi livelli di rendimento e di coinvolgimentotra gli studenti hanno cercato di riorganizzarsi in comunità di apprendimentopiù piccole. Questa riforma ha dato il via, negli ultimi 20 anni,a numerose ricerche che si sono occupate di valutare gli effetti di tale cambiamento,ricerche che prenderemo in considerazione per riflettere criticamentesulla valorizzazione di queste realtà educative, che possono fungereda spunto e da termine di confronto per il nostro contesto educativo italiano.

Lo scopo della ricerca qui presentata è comprendere e tentare di spiegare, utilizzando due studi di caso, il Tribunali per i Minorenni dell'Emilia Romagna e del New Jersey, come la cultura della mediazione, e quella di riferimento del Restorative paradigm, possa essere legata alla discrezionalità soggettiva (favorevole o meno) degli operatori del sistema di giustizia minorile. In tale prospettiva, si cercherà di cogliere, all'interno del più ampio discorso sulla discrezionalità degli attori del processo penale minorile, l'importanza di fattori peculiari (quali la socializzazione lavorativa degli operatori, le prassi consolidate nei Tribunali e negli USSM, la collaborazione o mancata coordinazione tra gli attori stessi) negli orientamenti delle scelte di strumenti alternativi propri della restorative justice entro misure di intervento per giovani autori di reato. Trattandosi di un case study, non vi è alcuna pretesa di esaustività o generalizzabilità dei risultati ottenuti; essi, tuttavia, potrebbero rappresentare un significativo ed utile momento di riflessione dal quale (ri)partire per definire nuove procedure da attivare in questo ambito come, peraltro, da richiesta degli Organismi Comunitari, Europei e sovranazionali. A tal fine, si è scelto di individuare uno specifico istituto giuridico – peculiare del processo penale minorile – la messa alla prova (MAP) che, meglio di altri, permette la concreta applicazione di uno strumento della giustizia riparativa quale è la mediazione penale fra vittima e autore di reato. La comparazione con la realtà statunitense, nello specifico, mira ad arricchire l'analisi ponendo a confronto l'impiego di strumenti di giustizia riparativa – con particolare attenzione alle pratiche mediative – nei due contesti considerati. Il Nord America, patria natia dei programmi di diversion e della restorative justice, si configura come termine di paragone ideale per sviluppare una riflessione approfondita rispetto all'attenzione rivolta alle vittime e al consolidamento di una cultura della giustizia riparativa. ; The aim of the research is to understand and attempt to explain, using the case study of Juvenile Courts in Emilia Romagna and New Jersey how the mediation culture could be shaped according to the personal discretion of the professional of the juvenile justice system. In this perspective, the research wants to demonstrate the importance, within the wider prospect of the high discretion of the Juvenile Justice System operators, that some specific factors (socialization in the work environment, well-established procedures in the Court and among the social services, collaboration or lack of cooperation of the workers) can contribute to the choice of alternative sanctions for juveniles. Using a case study approach doesn't allow to gather quantitative data and obtain general results, but it will represent a significant and useful consideration from which we can (re)start to define new procedure in the field of Juvenile Justice, as required by the major European and International Organization [i.e."Directive 2012/29/UE of the European Parliament and the Council, establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA]. The selection of one specific legal institution, probation, – related particularly to the Juvenile criminal procedure – seems to be the best choice in order to understand the concrete application of the mediation between the young author and his victim. The connection with the US aims to enrich the entire analysis and to make a comparison of the use of restorative justice instruments – focusing specifically on mediation – between the two Countries considered. The US is the birthplace of diversion programs and restorative paradigm, therefore it represents an important element of reflection regarding the attention of the system towards victims (their needs and feelings, for example) and the possible creation of a new restorative justice culture.

Cover; Quartino; Indice; Capitolo Primo -- Tra creazione giurisprudenzialee quadro normativo frammentario; Capitolo Secondo -- L'approccio caso per caso della giurisprudenzanel riconoscimento della legittimazione del Curatore; Capitolo Terzo -- Una nozione "elastica" o in divenire?Il concorso in "atmosfera protetta"; Conclusioni; Bibliografia; Ultimato di stampare.

Riconosciuto il problema dell'accesso ai farmaci come un problema di giustizia globale, la dissertazione, da un lato, è incentrata sullo studio dei diritti umani e sul diritto alla salute da una prospettiva giusfilosofica e, dall'altro, è finalizzata ad analizzare la disciplina brevettuale internazionale, sia approfondendo gli interessi realmente in gioco, sia studiando la struttura economica del brevetto stesso. Si è cercato quindi di guardare a tali interessi da una nuova prospettiva, ipotizzando una gerarchia di valori che sia completa e coerente con gli obiettivi che la dottrina, la giurisprudenza, nonché il diritto internazionale formalmente enunciano. Il progetto di ricerca vuole, in definitiva, arrivare a proporre nuove soluzioni giuridiche al problema dell'accesso ai farmaci. La dissertazione svolge pertanto uno studio critico della proposta di Thomas Pogge, di natura politica e giuridica e sorretta da istanze filosofiche, volta alla soluzione del problema dell'accesso ai farmaci, i.e. l'Health Impact Fund (HIF). Proposta che pone radicalmente in discussione, anche concretamente, il dogma del monopolio concesso con la privativa quale ricompensa per i costi di R&D sostenuti dai titolari dei brevetti e che pone, invece, l'accento sull'effettivo impatto sulla salute globale di ogni singola invenzione. Analizzandone approfonditamente gli aspetti più rilevanti, si passano poi in rassegna, criticamente, le proposte, alternative o di riforma, del sistema di proprietà intellettuale, volte al miglioramento dell'accesso ai farmaci; a tal proposito, si propone quindi una riforma transitoria della disciplina brevettuale, c.d. Trading Time for Space (TTS), che prevede un allungamento temporale dell'esclusiva brevettuale (Time) in cambio della vendita da parte del titolare della privativa del farmaco ad un prezzo accessibile nei Paesi in via di sviluppo (Space). ; Considering the problem of access to drugs as a global justice problem, the dissertation, on the one hand, focuses on human rights and, namely, on the right to health from a legal and philosophical perspective and, on the other hand, aims at analyzing the international patent system, investigating the interests actually at stake and assessing the economic structure of patents. The dissertation looks at such interests from a new perspective, consistent with the objectives that scholars, case law and international law formally declare. The dissertation will, eventually, propose new solutions to the problem of access to medicines. The dissertation therefore offers a critical study of the proposal by Thomas Pogge, which has political, legal and philosophic grounds aiming at the solution of the access to drugs problem. The Health Impact Fund (HIF) gives a radical challenge, even in practice, to the dogma of the monopoly granted as a reward for R&D costs, incurred by patent holders, by giving instead emphasis on the effective impact on global health by each invention. By analyzing in detail their main aspects, the dissertation then critically describes other recent proposals for the reform of the intellectual property system, in order to improve access to drugs. In this regard, a transitional reform of the patent system, the so-called Trading Time for Space (TTS), is proposed, proposing an extension of the patent exclusivity (Time) in exchange for the sale by the holder of the patent at an affordable price in developing countries (Space).

Not infrequently appear in the judgments and legislation in the field of drugs, cannabis-related terms that do not seem to be in line with the scientific studies conducted by the botany and toxicology. There were many chances we had at the legislative level to remedy this discrepancy lexical and terminological, but even today, there is still widespread uncertainty that could have implications for the practical application of the criminal provisions under the combined provisions of Articles 28 and 73 of TU, DPR 309/1990. The present work arises, therefore, the aim of addressing the issues mentioned above also through the analysis of the national and Community legislation as well as through the examination of some significant decisions of the Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Justice. ; Non di rado compaiono all'interno delle sentenze e della normativa in tema di stupefacenti, termini riferiti alla cannabis che non sembrano essere in linea con gli studi scientifici condotti dalla botanica e dalla tossicologia. Numerose sono state le occasioni avute a livello legislativo per porre rimedio a questa discordanza lessicale e terminologica; tuttavia, ancora oggi, persiste una diffusa incertezza che potrebbe avere ripercussioni sulla concreta applicazione dei precetti penali previsti dal combinato disposto degli articoli 28 e 73 del T.U., D.P.R. 309/1990. Il presente lavoro si pone, dunque, l'obiettivo di affrontare i temi sopra accennati anche tramite l'analisi della normativa nazionale e comunitaria oltre che attraverso l'esame di alcune significative decisioni della Corte di Cassazione penale e della Corte di giustizia europea.

This volume collects some of the contributions presented at the Italian session of the International Social Work Education and Development Online (ISWED 2021) conference, jointly organised by the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), and the International Council of Social Welfare (ICSW) and, for the Italian language sessions, by the National Foundation of Social Workers.
Its aim is to contribute to the debate that was opened with the creation of the Global Agenda, an initiative taken by the three international organisations in the 2010/2020 decade and renewed for the 2020/2030 decade. In particular, the volume offers reflections on the role of social work in promoting human relations, justice and social solidarity, showing how research, training and professional practice can have an impact in translating the goals guiding the Global Agenda into practice.
While the first eight chapters deal specifically with the Italian context and address different themes, such as social work in the face of social emergency, qualitative research as a means of reconstructing social action, perspectives in decision-making processes for the protection of minors, and reciprocity in the exchange between social work and the homeless, the agapic relationship in social work, the production of knowledge in the process of aid, and finally the practices of training in Italian universities, the ninth chapter is dedicated to a historical analysis of social service and training in the State of Espirito Santo in Brazil.
Keywords: social work, social justice, social solidarity, human relations, global agenda
We believe that this volume can offer an articulate and complex panorama of what is being debated and realised in contemporary social work and can be of interest to all those who,
teachers, students, professionals working in the social field.

The Court of Justice of the European Union ruled on the issue of shared competency in external relations, in the case in which European Union is not a member of an international organisation (International Organisation of Vine and Wine – OIV). The Court of Justice ruled against Germany's action and found that art. 218, par. 9 does not limit the power of the European Union to adopt a decision to establish a position to be adopted by member States "on behalf of the Union". The case underlines the complexity of the relationship between european institutions, member States and international organisation on the issue of shared competence in agriculture.

In order to imagine the law's future, we need reconstruct its past. The evolution of law in western countries disclaim a process of positivization: the law become and it is conceived as positive, i. e. less or more contingent, available for change. In more recent areas of law, such as constitutional, international and European Union's law, However, inverses processes occur: the de-positivization of law. In constitutional case-law, in particular, an ever more crucial role is played by implicit norm as equality, reasonabless, proportionality. These principles are positive only in a very weak sense of the term: in reality, they are only a part, and a necessary part of the very concept of distributive justice.

The ceremony of conferring a doctor honoris causa degree in economics, politics, & international institutions on Amartya Sen, held at the U of Pavia on 17 June 2005, is related. The opening speech by this university's rector, Roberto Schmid, is followed by Enrica Chiappero Martinetti & Salvatore Veca, who present the conferee's scholarly contributions; the former's laudatio (laudation) recognizes him as a laureate of the Nobel Prize in economics for 1998 & outlines his theory of social choices, conception of human development, & research in the relationship between human rights & democracy. In his acceptance lecture, Sen discusses the treatment of persons with physical or mental disability in theories of ethics & justice. He critiques utilitarianism, the opulence-based approach, & John Rawls's (1971) theory of justice, pointing out their shortcomings in addressing the problem of fairness in the treatment of the disabled in contemporary societies. It is argued that the neglect of this issue by the main schools of thought in theories of justice resulted in biased practical policies & inaction in fulfilling the social obligation toward the disabled. Distinguishing between earning handicap & conversion (ie, the ability to convert income & resources into good living) handicap, the disabled are argued to be severely impaired by the combination of the two. References. Z. Dubiel