Suchergebnisse

Esta investigación se ha centrado en el estudio de la consanguinidad, como forma restrictiva en las relaciones de parentesco durante el Antiguo Régimen. Matrimonio y organización social formaban un tándem inseparable y la consanguinidad era uno de las principales estrategias en donde consensuar alianzas familiares. La consanguinidad matrimonial era una práctica prohibida por la Iglesia, pero estaba regulada por ella misma: las dispensas matrimoniales se convierten en el medio para validar estas alianzas prohibidas. La finalidad de este trabajo ha sido el conocer la evolución de la consanguinidad en sus diferentes formas, su incidencia en el matrimonio y su repercusión social. Se ha conocido de dónde surge el concepto de consanguinidad, no solo de forma canónica, sino las implicaciones sociales que el mismo conlleva. Las interpretaciones desde la Historia social, la Antropología, el Derecho canónico, la Sociología e incluso la biometría, han sido esenciales para poder abordar este tema, con empleo de nuevas categorías de análisis sobre el matrimonio, las estrategias sociales y las alianzas entre familias. Es evidente que durante el Antiguo Régimen nos encontramos en plena fase de cambio y transformaciones. En primer lugar se definió una muestra en torno a los registros matrimoniales de matrimonios consanguíneos, con lo que se han detectado diferentes modelos, pudiendo medir cuantitativamente el impacto de la consanguinidad en determinadas zonas. Ha sido necesario emplear documentación procedente de archivos diocesanos, con objeto de conocer en profundidad la práctica católica en torno a la consanguinidad, completándolo con documentación de archivos y bibliotecas nacionales e internacionales. El uso de diferentes escalas en esta tesis, nos ha ayudado a entender la complejidad del problema, en dos niveles que van desde las Diócesis españolas, pasando por Madrid, hasta Roma. Así hemos podido descifrar el funcionamiento de este tipo de alianzas y su validación por parte de la Iglesia. Luego se ha investigado la casuística de las dispensas matrimoniales y toda la teoría canónica de los impedimentos. El parentesco comienza a ser reglamentado, con una teoría sobre impedimentos, a partir del Concilio de Trento, con restricciones hasta el cuarto grado de consanguinidad. Se ha profundizado en la variación y tipología de los impedimentos matrimoniales, como base jurídica que maneja la Iglesia durante la Edad Moderna. El entramado de vías, para poder resolver y legitimar las dispensas matrimoniales, ha sido otro de nuestros objetivos, abordado en la tercera parte de la tesis doctoral. Existe toda una serie de instituciones que regulan y legislan las dispensas matrimoniales, desde la Dataría Apostólica al Tribunal de Penitenciaría. El empleo de fuentes vaticanas ha permitido conocer la complejidad existente durante la Edad Moderna. El discurso de la consanguinidad y su argumentación tiene dos vías claramente enfrentadas, como es la legislación católica frente a la potestad del Estado. Además, hemos sido capaces de analizar toda la estructura que regula el parentesco, desde los expedicioneros hasta la misma autoridad del Papa. La transición de los siglos XVIII y XIX, muestra toda una serie de cambios, a partir de la política regalista existente en España. Las tensiones de España, frente a la Dataría Apostólica de Roma, tienen una continuidad a lo largo del XVIII y una fuerte ruptura a principios del siglo XIX. La obtención de dispensas tenía una serie de requisitos, y uno de ellos era el económico y las tasas evolucionan paulatinamente, aunque hemos comprobado que en determinados momentos, no tienen un precio fijo. El inicio del siglo XIX, esta cuestión llegará a su punto máximo, con la promulgación del Decreto de Urquijo en 1799, donde se rompe con Roma, en cuanto a la solicitud de dispensas matrimoniales. Se otorga una mayor autonomía a los Obispos en esta materia, creándose diferentes problemas en las diócesis. El sistema, en cuanto a la regulación de las dispensas y el parentesco, comienza a fragmentarse en el siglo XIX. La última parte de nuestro trabajo se ha trasladado al estudio de caso, de diversas familias en el Reino de Murcia. Se ha procurado de establecer ciertos indicadores, en función de diferentes variables biométricas, en donde poder estudiar a fondo familias en las que se emplea la consanguinidad como estrategia matrimonial. Se han seleccionado dos tipos de grupos sociales para realizar este análisis: oligarquías urbanas y poblaciones rurales. La consanguinidad se convierte, no solo en una estrategia matrimonial, sino una forma de organización, pero con mecanismos de parentesco distintos, pues en las zonas agrarias la consanguinidad presenta un carácter múltiple. El objetivo era perpetuar la parentela. Con todo ello se ha conseguido establecer una nueva interpretación sobre la consanguinidad, en cuanto a su regulación y prohibición. Se ha conseguido profundizar en toda la práctica referente a la concesión de dispensas matrimoniales en España. Práctica hasta el momento abordada levemente, pero determinante en la comprensión de diversos aspectos sociales, políticos y económicos. En conjunto, este trabajo a contribuido a comprender la fragmentación de un modelo de familia, establecido por la Iglesia en que los enlaces consanguíneos estaban prohibidos. This research has focused on the study of consanguinity, as restrictively kinship relations during the Old Regime. Marriage and social organization formed an inseparable tandem and inbreeding was one of the main strategies where consensus family alliances. Consanguinity marriage was a practice forbidden by the Church, but was regulated by herself: marriage dispensations become the means to validate these alliances prohibited. The purpose of this work was to determine the evolution of inbreeding in its different forms, its impact on marriage and its social impact. It has been known where the concept of consanguinity arises not only from canonical form, but the social implications that it entails. Interpretations from social history, anthropology, canon law, sociology and even biometrics, have been essential to address this issue, with the use of new categories of analysis on marriage, social strategies and alliances between families. It is clear that during the old regime we are in the throes of change and transformation. First a sample was defined around the marriage records of consanguineous marriages, which have been detected different models can quantitatively measure the impact of inbreeding in certain areas. It has been necessary to use documents from diocesan archives in order to learn more about the Catholic practice around inbreeding, complete with documentation of national and international files and libraries. The use of different scales in this thesis, it has helped us understand the complexity of the problem, on two levels ranging from Spanish Diocese, to Madrid, to Rome. So we were able to decipher the workings of such alliances and its validation by the Church. Then it investigated the casuistry of marriage dispensations and all the canonical theory of the impairments. The relationship begins to be regulated, with a theory about impediments, since the Council of Trent, restricted to the fourth degree of consanguinity. It has deepened variation and typology of the impediments to marriage as the legal basis that manages the Church in the Modern Age. The network of roads in order to solve and legitimize the marriage dispensations, has been one of our objectives addressed in the third part of the thesis. There is a whole series of institutions that regulate and legislate marriage dispensations, from the Court of Dataria Apostolic Penitentiary. Vatican sources employment has shown the existing complex during the Modern Age. The speech of consanguinity and his argument has two clearly opposing ways, as is the Catholic law against State authority. Furthermore, we have been able to analyze the entire structure that regulates the relationship, from the same "expedicioneros" to papal authority. The transition from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, shows a number of changes from the existing royalist policy in Spain. Tensions of Spain, facing the Apostolic dates from Rome, have a continuity throughout the eighteenth and a strong break in the early nineteenth century. Obtaining waivers had a number of requirements, and one of them was the economic and rates evolve gradually, but we found that at certain times, they have a fixed price. The early nineteenth century, this question will reach its peak, with the promulgation of Decree Urquijo in 1799, where it breaks with Rome, regarding the request for marriage dispensations. Greater autonomy given to the bishops in this matter, creating different problems in the diocese. The system, in terms of regulating waivers and kinship begins to fragment in the nineteenth century. The last part of our work has shifted to the case study of several families in the Kingdom of Murcia. Efforts have been made to establish certain indicators, in terms of different biometric variables, in which to thoroughly study families in which inbreeding is used as a marriage strategy. We have selected two types of social groups to perform this analysis: urban oligarchies and rural populations. Inbreeding becomes not only a double strategy, but a form of organization, but with different mechanisms of kinship, as in farming areas inbreeding it has a multiple character. The aim was to perpetuate the relatives. Yet it has managed to establish a new interpretation on consanguinity, in terms of regulation and prohibition. It has managed to deepen the practical concerning the granting of marriage dispensations in Spain. Practice so far addressed slightly, but crucial in the understanding of various social, political and economic aspects. Overall, this work has contributed to understanding the fragmentation of a family model established by the Church in which consanguineous links were banned.

The reform of Child foster care system has recently been one of the priority areas of Lithuanian Social Policy. This process began in our country more than ten years ago following the adoption of the relevant legislation and was largely influenced by the Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1993) and by country's membership in the European Union (since 2004). However, this process is found to be too inefficient and slow. In spite of some positive developments in the area, each year a large number of children - more than two thousand - are still deprived of parental care, and at the end of the year there are almost ten thousand of them in such situation (which amounts to 2 percent of all children living in Lithuania). Almost half of these children are provided with institutional care, other children are fostered in families (the vast majority of whom are relatives) and only a small part – in family communities.Researchers, social policy experts and representatives of institutions have been expressing criticism towards institutional care for several years.Although international and national laws state that institutional care may only be established for a child as a last resort after all possibilities to accommodate the child in a foster family have been exhausted, statistics show that in many cases because of the underdeveloped system of family foster care and lack of alternative forms of help, the accommodation of a child in a boarding institution is the first and unique means (according to the statistics, in 2014 40% of children were housed in institutions). It is known that the majority of Lithuanian children's boarding institutions are not suitable for positive child socialisation, not because of material conditions (a large part of the institutions have been restructured), but mainly due to the fact that these structures cannot provide a close family environment, nor they are able to meet the needs of a child in fulfilling relationships with adults. Recent studies have demonstrated that the intellectual and psychical development of children living in boarding institutions slowed down not insomuch due to congenital factors or central nervous system damage, but to the quality of relations and the lack of efficient interaction with adults. The accommodation, supervision and certain security are ensured for the children but they are not protected from mental deprivation that continues in other forms. The researchers point out that attachment disorders and conditions of care at home can cause a variety of children's health, cognitive, emotional, moral sphere issues (Browne, 2009, Wheten, Osterman 2014).Although a lot of attention in Lithuania is drawn to a child foster care, the amount of research on this topic is not numerous, especially regarding the topic of de-institutionalisation process. Most scientists explored the institutional child care characteristics and the impact on child development and socialisation. Žalimienė (2007) conducted institutional child care quality research, Zbarauskaitė (2012), Lesinkienė and Karalienė (2008) et al. conducted studies on children living in residential institutions in the light of the attachment theory. These revealed the negative impact of institutions on child's psychosocial development, possible behavioural and emotional problems. Snieškienė and Tamutienė (2014) did the comparative analysis of different forms of childcare from the point of view of human rights – they compared children living in the institutions and in foster families. The study reported that the implementation of indicators of children's rights are more favourable in the case of family foster care, besides, children experience fewer socialisation problems and are more likely to positively evaluate their living environment and relationships with adults than those living in boarding institutions. Vitkauskas (2010) also examined the child fostering problems from the child protection perspective. Poviliūnas (2014) who has investigated enforcement of child's welfare policy in Lithuania, argues that it is necessary to speed up the process of de-institutionalisation, and to ensure individualisation of each step, taking into consideration specific interests, needs of each child and other circumstances. Bobinienė and Voitechovič (2012) described possible prevention and intervention measures of child care de-institutionalisation and emphasised the importance of social work with social risk families. Preventive work with families is also highlighted by Pūras (2012) and other authors.This paper analyses current situation of de-institutionalisation of children's boarding institutions that has started a few years ago in Lithuania, as well as the position, preparation and participation of social workers of those institutions in this process; an example of those who already work in new circumstances is presented as a good practice. The following methods of research have been used: the analysis of the literature, the analysis of legislation, interviews with experts.The purpose of empirical research (interview) was to identify the position of social workers working in children's boarding institutions, their preparation for de-institutionalisation and participation in the process. To this end, narrative interviews with seven experts from four different children's boarding institutions were conducted, namely: two institutions in big cities that are similar in the number of accommodated children and in principles of work organisation, one institution in a small town, and one children's boarding institution where the de-institutionalisation had already started. The interviews and analysis were carried out according to the Grounded theory methodology – Strauss, Corbin version (2008). Several experiences and insights expressed by the interviewees are summarised in this paper and, despite the limitations of the study, results reflect certain trends significant to this process. Of course, a more detailed examination of the situation requires further research.The analysis of academic literature, research, and legislation revealed that de-institutionalisation of children's boarding institutions is a complex and gradual process that involves not only the shutdown of stationary institutions, but also requires the establishment of alternative help services, development of preventive work with families in order to reduce the number of children getting into the foster care system. Therefore, incompetent and unprepared actions may bring risks to the children in question: they can be forcibly sent back to live in their own problematic families or held up with them, mechanically transferred to other places of residence, regardless of their actual situation, needs and best interests. On the other hand, it is observed that in Lithuania the de-institutionalisation process is too slow and inefficient. Although the reform process was initiated more than ten years ago, there are still some problematic points: no adequate legal framework, lack of clear and unified "Action Plan" to be implemented in different regions, there is no clear financial mechanism. Moreover, the plan to reduce young children's accommodation in institutions and to decrease the number of social risk families and their children failed; there is still shortage of social services for families, there is no legal regulation of help for a family in a situation of crisis (currently only families included in the Social Risk Record can receive help), etc.The expert interviews showed that professionals lack information and discussions on the topic of de-institutionalisation within boarding institutions, with external experts as well as representatives of responsible authorities. On the other hand, no initiatives from the informants themselves were observed. Ignorance increases anxiety among workers: they raise questions and doubts about the reform process, they remember unsuccessful projects, worry about their jobs or changes in duties. For this reason, it seems that social workers are skeptical about the de-institutionalisation and even oppose it. Hence, all the informants have confirmed that this reform is necessary because the institutions are not equal to family environment and do not correspond to the needs of children. Furthermore, we have seen that those, who have a strong motivation to work with children, are willing to continue their work under new conditions, and those who have weak motivation have more doubts and are not sure that they will conform to the new system.The research highlighted most important factors that could lead to a successful implementation of the reform: dissemination of information, adequate professional training/retraining of specialists, increasing of social workers' salaries and financial resources in general, analysis of foreign experiences, preparation of detailed projects, oriented to the needs of children and promotion of a coherent preventive work with families.To sum up, it can be said that attempts to reform the child foster care system in Lithuania have indeed been considerable. However, programs, regulations, concepts, strategies have so far been viewed as recommendations and up to now there have been relatively few real steps to reform the existing arrangements.According to the analysed material, it can be deduced that the de-institutionalisation process lacks political will and the unitary participation of all subjects involved and finally that of the entire society. That is why one gets the impression that, like in the fable of S. Krylov, the "carriage" does not start moving. Hopefully representatives of the academic community will get more and more involved in this process with research and scientific insights, recommendations, texts and curricula of the teaching programs, etc. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjama vaikų globos namų deinstitucionalizacijos problema Lietuvoje, pateikiamos kai kurių globos namų socialinių darbuotojų įžvalgos ir patirtys šiuo pereinamuoju laikotarpiu. Institucinė vaiko globa pastaraisiais metais kritikuojama kaip ydinga vaiko visapusiškam vystymuisi ir ugdymui, tačiau pastebima, kad prasidėjusi sistemos pertvarka yra sudėtingas procesas, pastaraisiais metais daugiausia stringantis dėl politinės valios stokos, dalyvaujančių subjektų (valdžios institucijų, globos namų, bendruomenių, mokslininkų) aktyvaus ir darnaus veikimo bei bendradarbiavimo trūkumo. Kartu akivaizdu, kad vaikų globos namų deinstitualizacija yra nacionalinio lygmens problema ir šis procesas neįmanomas be didesnio visos visuomenės įsitraukimo ir žmonių sąmoningumo pokyčių.

These complète en allemand : Konflikte um Wasser in Marokko: ökologische und soziopolitische Konfliktursachen sowie Möglichkeiten der Konflikttransformation (Résumé long en français de 73 pages) ; Water scarcity increasingly provokes conflicts with often violent tendencies. As water management is determined by socio-political structures, governance plays a key role in the emergence and resolution of these conflicts. Based on a case-study of water conflicts in Morocco, the key objective of the present study is to understand how different political, ecological and socio-economic factors interact in the dynamics of these disputes. The first of the nine chapters introduces the topic by reviewing the possibilities of measuring water scarcity and its impact. This is done by exploring the situation in the MENA-region, and by analysing the security implications at the international level as well as in the context of broader security concepts. The second chapter evaluates the value of three theoretical approaches to the study of water conflicts: common pool resources theories, environmental security approaches, and conflict research. On the basis of this assessment, the third chapter presents a specific analytical and methodological approach by adapting theories of conflict transformation to the study of water conflicts. Four working hypotheses are developed regarding the root causes of water conflicts, the type of farmers most affected and the potential for mediation. Chapters 4 and 5 analyse potential root causes of water conflicts in Morocco. Chapter 4 concludes that the political system with the particular role of the king and his alliances with rural elites is challenged by the lack of legitimacy of democratic institutions, the increasing influence of civil society and religious actors, and the emergence of new economic elites. Chapter 5 analyses water and agricultural policies in Morocco and concludes that water scarcity, the effects of trade liberalisation, and incomplete decentralisation processes contribute to increasing social disparities and may fuel conflict. Chapters 6 and 7 analyse the case of water conflicts in the Souss region in Southern Morocco. The region is highly affected by water scarcity. At the same time, it is of strategic importance to the export-oriented, lucrative citrus fruit production. In this context, the study analyses the increasing marginalisation of small farmers and the problems of public water management, which is challenged by influential private investors and illegal drilling. It also examines the pilot project ElGuerdane for water mobilisation and distribution through a public-private partnership in irrigation. The analysis reviews the project's technical and financial aspects, and its political and environmental implications. Chapter 7 introduces a typology of water conflicts developed on the basis of the author's field research. It then presents the results of the empirical investigations including a large number of expert interviews, the study of six cases of water conflicts, and about 100 standardised interviews with farmers. The chapter concludes that an important marginalisation process of small farmers takes place in the valley, reveals that these farmers are also more often affected by conflicts over irrigation and drinking water, and examines the success of different mediators in this context. Chapter 8 points to the significance of these results for larger socio-political processes in the country and reveals four key trends characterising the changes in the relationships between society, king and government. Furthermore, the perspectives for water conflict transformation and the need for further research are developed. The last chapter presents a practical concept for enhancing conflict sensitivity in the water sector and for preventing violent escalation of tensions. It proposes three overall objectives in this regard: (a) understanding water conflicts as factors of socio-political (de-)stabilisation; (b) identifying conflict potentials and supporting transformation processes; and (c) dealing constructively with water conflicts. Concrete measures are proposed for the implementation of each of these objectives. Finally, the conclusion reviews the main challenges in the study of water conflicts and summarises the key findings. ; La pénurie croissante en eau douce provoque de plus en plus souvent des conflits parfois violents. Compte tenu de la forte influence des structures sociopolitiques locales sur la gestion de l'eau, l'émergence et le traitement des conflits, au delà du contexte environnemental, sont surtout une question de gouvernance. Le travail présent cherche à répondre aux trois questions de recherche centrales suivantes : (1) Quelles sont les causes politiques, écologiques et socio-économiques structurelles de l'émergence et de l'escalade des conflits autour de l'eau ? (2) Quelles sont les possibilités de médiation, de prévention et de transformation de ces conflits que nous pouvons développer sur la base des connaissances acquises à travers l'étude de cas? Et (3) comment une étude de cas locale peut-elle contribuer au développement d'une approche théorique plus générale et quels enseignements pour l'approche méthodologique pouvons-nous en tirer? L'objectif essentiel de ce travail est de comprendre, à l'exemple du Maroc, comment différents facteurs politiques, sociaux, économiques influencent l'émergence et le déroulement des conflits autour de l'eau. L'étude est organisée en neuf chapitres. Dans un premier temps, nous introduisons la thématique et l'état de la recherche. Au delà de l'impact de la pénurie en eau dans la région du Proche et Moyen Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord nous analysons également le rôle politique particulier de l'agriculture irriguée et les implications sécuritaires de la pénurie. Le deuxième chapitre évalue l'état de la recherche dans trois domaines proches de notre problématique : la recherche sur la sécurité environnementale, les théories de la gestion des biens communs, et la recherche sur les conflits. Sur la base de notre constat des forces et des faiblesses des théories existantes, nous développons notre approche d'analyse et méthodologique et présentons nos hypothèses de travail (chapitre 3). Celles-ci assument qu'une combinaison de processus de marginalisation écologique et socio-économique provoque les conflits autour de l'eau. Nous présumons aussi que le succès d'initiatives de médiation dans ces conflits dépend de la légitimité des intervenants, et que les organisations locales jouent un rôle important à cet égard. Les chapitres 4 et 5 sont consacrés à l'analyse des structures politiques et socio-économiques du Maroc dans le but d'identifier de potentielles causes structurelles de conflits. Le système politique et la position particulière du roi ainsi que ses alliances traditionnelles avec les élites rurales se trouvent au centre du quatrième chapitre. Nous concluons que le système socio- politique marocain se trouve aujourd'hui dans un processus de mutation conditionné par la faible légitimité des institutions démocratiques, la popularité croissante des acteurs de la société civile mais aussi de groupements religieux, et l'émergence d'une nouvelle élite. Le cinquième chapitre se concentre sur les changements dans la politique de l'eau et de l'agriculture et des conflits potentiels qui en résultent. Nous identifions la pénurie en eau, la libéralisation économique, une décentralisation inachevée et les grandes disparités entre les zones rurales et urbaines comme problèmes cruciaux et potentiellement conflictuels du développement rural. L'étude de cas dans la zone du Souss au Sud du Maroc se trouve au centre des chapitres 6 et 7. Dans le sixième chapitre, nous analysons la situation paradoxale de la simultanéité d'une forte dégradation des ressources eau et terre dans la région d'une part, et de son importance stratégique pour les cultures agricoles hautement rentables d'autre part. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions également la marginalisation croissante des petites exploitations agricoles ainsi que les problèmes de la gestion de l'eau. Par ailleurs, nous analysons le projet pilote d'un partenariat public-privé pour l'irrigation. Au-delà de l'étude du montage financier et technique de ce projet, nous révélons également ses implications politiques et environnementales. Dans cette étude de cas, nous avons procédé à l'étude de sources bibliographiques mais surtout aussi à de nombreuses enquêtes de terrain. Le septième chapitre introduit d'abord notre typologie des conflits autour de l'eau et présente ensuite les résultats des enquêtes. Nous concluons entre autres qu'un profond décrochement entre petites et grandes exploitations agricoles a eu lieu dans les dix dernières années et qui s'accentue encore aujourd'hui. Par ailleurs, nous révélons la fréquence de l'affectation des petites, moyennes et grandes exploitations par différents types de conflits d'eau et évaluons le succès de différents médiateurs. Finalement, sur la base de ces données et compte tenu de l'impact du projet de partenariat public-privé, nous évaluons le potentiel de conflits présent et à venir dans cette région. Dans les chapitres 8 et 9, nous tirons les conclusions de notre étude de cas. Nous présentons premièrement les enseignements méthodologiques et analysons ensuite les tendances majeures concernant la continuité et le changement des relations entre la société marocaine, le gouvernement et le roi. Nous concluons le huitième chapitre par une analyse des possibilités d'une transformation des conflits autour de l'eau. Le neuvième et dernier chapitre présente un concept pratique pour l'évaluation et la prévention des conflits autour de l'eau. Dans ce but, nous développons trois principes suivis d'une série de mesures pour leur mise en oeuvre: (1) le développement et la réalisation d'une compréhension globale de la politique de l'eau, (2) un meilleur diagnostic des conflits autour de l'eau et de leurs causes structurelles, ainsi que le soutien à leur transformation, et (3) une modification de la manière d'appréhender les conflits, orientée vers leur potentiel innovateur et de coopération. Finalement, nous résumons les résultats principaux de notre travail, signalons les défis essentiels liés aux conflits de l'eau à l'avenir et proposons des pistes de réflexion pour de nouvelles recherches dans ce domaine.

These complète en allemand : Konflikte um Wasser in Marokko: ökologische und soziopolitische Konfliktursachen sowie Möglichkeiten der Konflikttransformation (Résumé long en français de 73 pages) ; Water scarcity increasingly provokes conflicts with often violent tendencies. As water management is determined by socio-political structures, governance plays a key role in the emergence and resolution of these conflicts. Based on a case-study of water conflicts in Morocco, the key objective of the present study is to understand how different political, ecological and socio-economic factors interact in the dynamics of these disputes. The first of the nine chapters introduces the topic by reviewing the possibilities of measuring water scarcity and its impact. This is done by exploring the situation in the MENA-region, and by analysing the security implications at the international level as well as in the context of broader security concepts. The second chapter evaluates the value of three theoretical approaches to the study of water conflicts: common pool resources theories, environmental security approaches, and conflict research. On the basis of this assessment, the third chapter presents a specific analytical and methodological approach by adapting theories of conflict transformation to the study of water conflicts. Four working hypotheses are developed regarding the root causes of water conflicts, the type of farmers most affected and the potential for mediation. Chapters 4 and 5 analyse potential root causes of water conflicts in Morocco. Chapter 4 concludes that the political system with the particular role of the king and his alliances with rural elites is challenged by the lack of legitimacy of democratic institutions, the increasing influence of civil society and religious actors, and the emergence of new economic elites. Chapter 5 analyses water and agricultural policies in Morocco and concludes that water scarcity, the effects of trade liberalisation, and incomplete decentralisation processes contribute to increasing social disparities and may fuel conflict. Chapters 6 and 7 analyse the case of water conflicts in the Souss region in Southern Morocco. The region is highly affected by water scarcity. At the same time, it is of strategic importance to the export-oriented, lucrative citrus fruit production. In this context, the study analyses the increasing marginalisation of small farmers and the problems of public water management, which is challenged by influential private investors and illegal drilling. It also examines the pilot project ElGuerdane for water mobilisation and distribution through a public-private partnership in irrigation. The analysis reviews the project's technical and financial aspects, and its political and environmental implications. Chapter 7 introduces a typology of water conflicts developed on the basis of the author's field research. It then presents the results of the empirical investigations including a large number of expert interviews, the study of six cases of water conflicts, and about 100 standardised interviews with farmers. The chapter concludes that an important marginalisation process of small farmers takes place in the valley, reveals that these farmers are also more often affected by conflicts over irrigation and drinking water, and examines the success of different mediators in this context. Chapter 8 points to the significance of these results for larger socio-political processes in the country and reveals four key trends characterising the changes in the relationships between society, king and government. Furthermore, the perspectives for water conflict transformation and the need for further research are developed. The last chapter presents a practical concept for enhancing conflict sensitivity in the water sector and for preventing violent escalation of tensions. It proposes three overall objectives in this regard: (a) understanding water conflicts as factors of socio-political (de-)stabilisation; (b) identifying conflict potentials and supporting transformation processes; and (c) dealing constructively with water conflicts. Concrete measures are proposed for the implementation of each of these objectives. Finally, the conclusion reviews the main challenges in the study of water conflicts and summarises the key findings. ; La pénurie croissante en eau douce provoque de plus en plus souvent des conflits parfois violents. Compte tenu de la forte influence des structures sociopolitiques locales sur la gestion de l'eau, l'émergence et le traitement des conflits, au delà du contexte environnemental, sont surtout une question de gouvernance. Le travail présent cherche à répondre aux trois questions de recherche centrales suivantes : (1) Quelles sont les causes politiques, écologiques et socio-économiques structurelles de l'émergence et de l'escalade des conflits autour de l'eau ? (2) Quelles sont les possibilités de médiation, de prévention et de transformation de ces conflits que nous pouvons développer sur la base des connaissances acquises à travers l'étude de cas? Et (3) comment une étude de cas locale peut-elle contribuer au développement d'une approche théorique plus générale et quels enseignements pour l'approche méthodologique pouvons-nous en tirer? L'objectif essentiel de ce travail est de comprendre, à l'exemple du Maroc, comment différents facteurs politiques, sociaux, économiques influencent l'émergence et le déroulement des conflits autour de l'eau. L'étude est organisée en neuf chapitres. Dans un premier temps, nous introduisons la thématique et l'état de la recherche. Au delà de l'impact de la pénurie en eau dans la région du Proche et Moyen Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord nous analysons également le rôle politique particulier de l'agriculture irriguée et les implications sécuritaires de la pénurie. Le deuxième chapitre évalue l'état de la recherche dans trois domaines proches de notre problématique : la recherche sur la sécurité environnementale, les théories de la gestion des biens communs, et la recherche sur les conflits. Sur la base de notre constat des forces et des faiblesses des théories existantes, nous développons notre approche d'analyse et méthodologique et présentons nos hypothèses de travail (chapitre 3). Celles-ci assument qu'une combinaison de processus de marginalisation écologique et socio-économique provoque les conflits autour de l'eau. Nous présumons aussi que le succès d'initiatives de médiation dans ces conflits dépend de la légitimité des intervenants, et que les organisations locales jouent un rôle important à cet égard. Les chapitres 4 et 5 sont consacrés à l'analyse des structures politiques et socio-économiques du Maroc dans le but d'identifier de potentielles causes structurelles de conflits. Le système politique et la position particulière du roi ainsi que ses alliances traditionnelles avec les élites rurales se trouvent au centre du quatrième chapitre. Nous concluons que le système socio- politique marocain se trouve aujourd'hui dans un processus de mutation conditionné par la faible légitimité des institutions démocratiques, la popularité croissante des acteurs de la société civile mais aussi de groupements religieux, et l'émergence d'une nouvelle élite. Le cinquième chapitre se concentre sur les changements dans la politique de l'eau et de l'agriculture et des conflits potentiels qui en résultent. Nous identifions la pénurie en eau, la libéralisation économique, une décentralisation inachevée et les grandes disparités entre les zones rurales et urbaines comme problèmes cruciaux et potentiellement conflictuels du développement rural. L'étude de cas dans la zone du Souss au Sud du Maroc se trouve au centre des chapitres 6 et 7. Dans le sixième chapitre, nous analysons la situation paradoxale de la simultanéité d'une forte dégradation des ressources eau et terre dans la région d'une part, et de son importance stratégique pour les cultures agricoles hautement rentables d'autre part. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions également la marginalisation croissante des petites exploitations agricoles ainsi que les problèmes de la gestion de l'eau. Par ailleurs, nous analysons le projet pilote d'un partenariat public-privé pour l'irrigation. Au-delà de l'étude du montage financier et technique de ce projet, nous révélons également ses implications politiques et environnementales. Dans cette étude de cas, nous avons procédé à l'étude de sources bibliographiques mais surtout aussi à de nombreuses enquêtes de terrain. Le septième chapitre introduit d'abord notre typologie des conflits autour de l'eau et présente ensuite les résultats des enquêtes. Nous concluons entre autres qu'un profond décrochement entre petites et grandes exploitations agricoles a eu lieu dans les dix dernières années et qui s'accentue encore aujourd'hui. Par ailleurs, nous révélons la fréquence de l'affectation des petites, moyennes et grandes exploitations par différents types de conflits d'eau et évaluons le succès de différents médiateurs. Finalement, sur la base de ces données et compte tenu de l'impact du projet de partenariat public-privé, nous évaluons le potentiel de conflits présent et à venir dans cette région. Dans les chapitres 8 et 9, nous tirons les conclusions de notre étude de cas. Nous présentons premièrement les enseignements méthodologiques et analysons ensuite les tendances majeures concernant la continuité et le changement des relations entre la société marocaine, le gouvernement et le roi. Nous concluons le huitième chapitre par une analyse des possibilités d'une transformation des conflits autour de l'eau. Le neuvième et dernier chapitre présente un concept pratique pour l'évaluation et la prévention des conflits autour de l'eau. Dans ce but, nous développons trois principes suivis d'une série de mesures pour leur mise en oeuvre: (1) le développement et la réalisation d'une compréhension globale de la politique de l'eau, (2) un meilleur diagnostic des conflits autour de l'eau et de leurs causes structurelles, ainsi que le soutien à leur transformation, et (3) une modification de la manière d'appréhender les conflits, orientée vers leur potentiel innovateur et de coopération. Finalement, nous résumons les résultats principaux de notre travail, signalons les défis essentiels liés aux conflits de l'eau à l'avenir et proposons des pistes de réflexion pour de nouvelles recherches dans ce domaine.

Executive summary Introduction CTA works primarily through intermediary organisations and partners (non-governmental organisations, farmers' organisations, regional organisations) to promote agriculture and rural development and to deliver its various information products and capacity building services. By partnering with these organisations, CTA seeks to increase the number of ACP organisations capable of generating and managing information and developing their own information and communication management strategies. In the period 2003 – 2005, CTA undertook a series of needs assessment studies in 21 countries in the ACP Pacific and Caribbean. As a continuation of this process, CTA have now commissioned assessments of the agricultural information needs of 6 countries emerging from prolonged conflict situations in ACP Africa, including Mozambique, which forms the focus of this report. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are to develop a strategy for CTA's approach to post-conflict countries, to improve the effectiveness of CTA's support for post-conflict countries and to compile baseline data on the status of ICM and ICTs in agriculture and rural development in Mozambique. Methodology The country profile was produced through a desk study. This study relied heavily on information available on the internet and additional information was obtained from various institutions in Mozambique, internationally and from key informants. Through the desk study we were able to identify a list of nine key institutions. This list was discussed with CTA and informants in Mozambique and face to face interviews were requested with each institution. Of these, seven of the institutions agreed, whilst one indicated that it would be closing its operations within a year and was therefore removed from the list. Expected results This study will provide: 1) an inventory of the status of agricultural information services, institutions and other actors and their needs as their relate to physical infrastructure, information availability and access and human capacity development; 2) an assessment of the current and / or planned interventions of the government and bi- or multilateral agencies in the field of information for agriculture and rural development; 3) an overview of the needs of potential partners for CTA activities and services in terms of building capacity for information and communication management; 4) a short-list of potential partners / beneficiaries for CTA activities and services; 5) baseline data to facilitate subsequent monitoring activities. The study will also provide a framework for CTA to develop a framework for action and fashion a strategy aimed at institutions in countries emerging from conflict situations and provide input into its 2006 – 2010 strategic plan. Findings Following the signing of a peace agreement in 1992 to end 16 years of conflict, Mozambique has achieved impressive economic growth and lowered its prevalence of poverty. Sustained by strong foreign investment, real GDP in Mozambique has been growing at rates in excess of 7 percent for the last 4 consecutive years, and per capita income in US dollars has increased by nearly 50 percent between 2001 and 2004. Mozambique's economic growth, however, implies an important transformation in the composition of its GDP, although services remain the dominant sector. The share of industry in total GDP increased to 27 percent in 2004 from about 16 percent in 1996, whereas the share of agriculture decreased to 23 percent from about 30 percent in the same period. The agricultural sector, however, still supports 80 percent of the economically active population, and agriculture still provides major export earnings from commodities such as prawns and fish, cotton, sugar, timber and cashew nuts. The forestry sector also has an important role in the country, contributing 4 percent of gross domestic product and supplying about 80 percent of the energy used. There is no unified policy or strategy in Mozambique with regard to the management of agricultural information and broad dissemination networks are not well developed. Institutions that fall outside of the state or donor worlds often find it difficult to get hold of information. Information exchange between institutions tends to be informal rather than structured. Agricultural research generally is restricted by the insufficient number of scientists who can formulate and carry out studies relevant to Mozambican needs. Budgets for information management tend to be a low priority. In-house capacity for maintaining and troubleshooting computer networks is a constraint; reliance is made upon private companies specialised in IT. Retention of staff at the centre with IT skills, in the face of competition from the private sector, was cited as a problem by all of the state agencies. Building the capacities of in-house staff was therefore felt to be important. Existing websites, maintained by some of the key institutions vary in their effectiveness as publishing outlets and often tend to be reflections of the institution, its structure and its work programme, rather than being designed specifically to disseminate information, reports, studies, etc. that are produced, or to act as advocacy tools. Use of radio as a means of disseminating information in vernacular languages is still rather limited. Problems in this respect are the costs of translation and payments for the transmissions. Training in how to pass information on to low literacy groups was also indicated by several agencies. This included training in more effective writing skills and training in how to compile radio programmes and audio visual materials. There is a general lack of metadata; documentation on who is doing what and types of available information is generally poor. This has a double negative effect. On one hand, potential data and information users have difficulties finding or getting access to relevant information and on the other hand, information suppliers do not know what they have, which prevents better organisation of information for dissemination. Conclusions Most of the institutions which we interviewed have fairly well-developed links to relevant sources of information; data on the functioning of markets, prices and production levels in the agriculture and fisheries sectors has vastly improved in recent years. Some of these agencies need information on regional and international markets and production levels. Technical data is still harder to source, particularly in Portuguese. There are information needs regarding developments in thinking on food security, forms and means of supporting organisations at community level, participatory approaches to resource management, information on low cost technologies for increasing production and conserving produce, on gender, on HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation strategies and on general rural development issues. Respondents requested capacity building in information management to increase the effectiveness of their organisations. Government services and NGO staff indicated the importance of training in the analysis of socio-economic data. Training in the use of the internet to obtain information and in the targeting of information by library and documentation services was also a broad need. The design and development of web sites was indicated by many respondents, but it is felt that there is a particular need for support in how to conceptualise these as sources of information rather than just 'publicity'. Training in effective communication to low literacy target audiences, in the development of extension materials and the use of radio and audio-visual materials is also important. Recommendations We recommend that CTA provide support to the development of a national IMC strategy for agricultural information that takes full advantage of the opportunities offered by the new GovNet infrastructure. The ICM strategy should ensure that information is easily available to all stakeholders in rural development. Furthermore, the ICM strategy should prevent a gap from evolving between organisations connected to GovNet and those that are not. Finally, the ICM should provide for communication channels from the rural poor to research organisations and policy makers, to ensure that research and policies are guided by the needs of poor rural households. We recommend that CTA attempts to increase the amount of information disseminated in Portuguese language, particularly in regard to food security, forms and means of supporting organisations at community level, participatory approaches to resource management, information on low cost technologies for increasing production and conserving produce, on gender, on HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation strategies and on general rural development issues. We recommend that CTA support short term research activities targeted at Mozambican-specific issues in relation to agricultural production and the conservation of produce. Links should be set up to inform IIAM and DNER about the information needs of poor farmers, women and PLWHA. These links can be set up through members organisations such as ORAM and UNAC, through Farmer Field Schools and through NGOs to which DNER has outsourced extension activities. We recommend that CTA investigate ways of supporting exchange of experience between organisations involved in training through associations and support to the development of training packages for associations. These should be provided to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of extension efforts in the field. In the long term, the required technical information can be provided to associations through newly developed training packages. ; The objectives of this study are to develop a strategy for CTA's approach to post-conflict countries, to improve the effectiveness of CTA's support for post-conflict countries and to compile baseline data on the status of ICM and ICTs in agriculture.

Industry affiliation provides an important channel through which trade liberalization can affect worker earnings and wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. This empirical study of the impact of the 1988-94 trade liberalization in Brazil on the industry wage structure suggests that although industry affiliation is an important component of worker earnings, the structure of industry wage premiums is relatively stable over time. There is no statistical association between changes in industry wage premiums and changes in trade policy or between industry-specific skill premiums to university graduates and trade policy. Thus trade liberalization in Brazil did not significantly contribute to increased wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers through changes in industry wage premiums. The difference between these results and those obtained for other countries (such as Colombia and Mexico) provides fruitful ground for studying the conditions under which trade reforms do not have an adverse effect on industry wage differentials

This study shows the energy saving potential of BAU and APS. BAU was developed for each EAS country, outlining future sector and economy-wide energy consumption, assuming no significant changes to government policies. The APS was set to examine the potential impacts if additional energy-efficiency goals, action plans, or policies being or likely to be considered were developed. The difference between BAU and APS in final and primary energy supply represents potential energy saving. The difference in the two scenarios' CO2 emissions represents the potential to reduce them. The outlook's analysis covers EAS17. Underlying the EAS energy cooperation initiative is the Energy Research Institutes Network, of which the US is a member. Therefore, the outlook's analysis includes the US. The study's findings shed light on the policy implications for decision-making to ensure that the region can enjoy economic growth and investment without compromising energy security and producing harmful CO2 emissions.

This policy notes outlines recommendations for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China that highlights high-quality green development. The plan emphasizes innovation as the core of modern development, relying on the dual circulation strategy as the growth paradigm coupled with reforms to increase living standards. Building on the achievements of the 13th Plan, it aims to reduce the carbon intensity of the economy and peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030. This policy note's recommendations focus on innovation-driven growth, low-carbon development, integration of urban–rural areas with deeper social inclusion, and population aging as priorities.

This Mid-year Report covers the period of January to June 2020, detailing the progress made by Urban Financing Partnership Facility (UFPF) and the related trust funds, namely: the Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF), the Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF), the Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) Trust Fund, and the ASEAN Australia Smart Cities Trust Fund (AASCTF). The year 2020 was foreseen to be a momentous year that will come for UFPF with the planned next phase for UCCRTF in 2021 and CDIA into its new phases of operation, and the jumpstart of activities to be supported by AASCTF. However, the year 2020 was met with a new challenge: the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which also led to ADB realigning its operations to help support response actions to address the immediate impacts of the pandemic to its developing member countries (DMCs).

The Urban Financing Partnership Facility (UFPF or the Facility) will soon mark its 10-year anniversary. Established in November 2009, the UFPF continues its goal of raising and utilizing development partner funds to support urban infrastructure projects and technical assistance work that prioritizes the environment, climate change resilience, and the urban poor. It has become an instrumental component of the urban development operations of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), complementing its Urban Sector Strategy—approved in 1999—and the 2012–2020 Urban Operational Plan (UOP), which reflects the vision of ADB's Strategy 2020. In 2018, with the launch of the new long-term ADB corporate strategy, Strategy 2030, the UFPF has begun to align its investments and build on the thrust of the Strategy to achieve a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, as well as its seven key operational priorities, one of which is "making cities more livable". In this operational priority, ADB will pursue crosscutting projects that promote urban health, multimodal low-carbon public transport, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, and environmental sustainability. It also includes conducting inclusive and participatory urban planning processes, and exploring new sources of funding and expanding existing ones.

Strategy 2030 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) identified "making cities more livable" as one of its seven operational priorities. This operational plan sets out the direction and approach for ADB to help its developing member countries (DMCs) build livable cities that are green, competitive, inclusive, and resilient. It also details ADB's strategic operational priorities to provide support to cities in DMCs to help them develop the right institutions, policies, and enabling environments to become more livable.

The Asian Development Bank's (ADB) support to urban development in the Asia-Pacific Region is based on its Urban Sector Strategy approved in 1999 and later the approval of 2012–2020 Urban Operational Plan (UOP) to address the vision of ADB's Strategy 2020. The launch of its Urban Financing Partnership Facility (UFPF) in 2009 has helped support innovative solutions in the urban space. Support from the UFPF largely addresses work in ADB's urban development and water divisions, which together constitute the Urban Sector Group (USG). The USG's Secretariat is responsible for managing the UFPF in addition to other trust funds and knowledge activities. Leading through to 2030, the USG will support the strategic targets of ADB's proposed Strategy 2030, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primarily on Goal 11: Making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, and other goals associated with urban development. This includes scaling up previous activities with potential for supporting competitive, green, and inclusive growth, and leveraging climate financing.

This mid-year report covers the period January to June 2017. It describes the activities undertaken by Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF) and the Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF) in the first half of the year, and a brief overview of the activities under the Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) program as it transitions into a trust fund under UFPF. The Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF) has been instrumental in seeing through the completion of three initiatives in various states and cities in India. The funding extended under direct charge financing translated into the provision of technical support and capacity building activities aimed at assisting states carry out India's national flagship urban programs. Areas covered include solid waste management, water supply, and wastewater, among others. On the implementation of investment grants, substantial gains have been achieved in terms of the completion of project activities. Although there were some delays experienced, overall implementation progress remains to be on the positive side.

The Asian Development Bank's (ADB) support to urban development in the Asia-Pacific Region is based on its Urban Sector Strategy approved in 1999 and later the approval of 2012–2020 Urban Operational Plan (UOP) to address the vision of ADB's Strategy 2020. The launch of its Urban Financing Partnership Facility (UFPF) in 2009 has helped support innovative solutions in the urban space. Support from the UFPF largely addresses work in ADB's urban development and water divisions, which together constitute the Urban Sector Group (USG). The USG's Secretariat is responsible for managing the UFPF in addition to other trust funds and knowledge activities. Leading through to 2030, the USG will support the strategic targets of ADB's proposed Strategy 2030, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primarily on Goal 11: Making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, and other goals associated with urban development. This includes scaling up previous activities with potential for supporting competitive, green, and inclusive growth, and leveraging climate financing.

This mid-year report covers the period January to June 2016. It describes the activities undertaken by Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF) and the Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF) in the first half of the year, and a brief overview of the activities under the Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) program as it transitions into a trust fund under UFPF. The Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF) has been instrumental in seeing through the completion of three initiatives in various states and cities in India. The funding extended under direct charge financing translated into the provision of technical support and capacity building activities aimed at assisting states carry out India's national flagship urban programs. Areas covered include solid waste management, water supply, and wastewater, among others. On the implementation of investment grants, substantial gains have been achieved in terms of the completion of project activities. Although there were some delays experienced, overall implementation progress remains to be on the positive side.