We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.
We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.
We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.
We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.
A considerable empirical literature has arisen to explain what determines people's decision to participate in such a pro-environmental behavior as recycling. Examining the studies carried out in the context of Lithuania, it could be seen that the first two factors are given much attention, while the deep and extensive research of the third one is missing, regardless of how problematic the recycling issue in the country is. For this reason, the aim of the article is to identify the valuable and motivational drivers that influence the Lithuanian population sorting behavior and could help in formulating recommendations for effective interventions to promote or change it. The qualitative methodological approach and a semi-structured interview as a method are used. The survey was conducted in March and April 2014, using a convenience sampling of 32 people. Content analysis using the Nvivo.10 QSR software package was applied for the data research. Adapted from the source document.
This article examines the provisions of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Compensation of Damage Resulting from the USSR Occupation (hereinafter -- the Law), which was adopted on 13 June 2000, in the light of customary rules of international law on state responsibility, as codified in the 2001 the UN International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (hereinafter -- the ILC Draft Articles). The main aim of the article is to deal with the international legal grounds of the responsibility of the Russian Federation for the Soviet occupation of the Republic of Lithuania and, against this background, to identify the role of the Law. The ground of Russia's responsibility is an internationally wrongful act committed as the aggression against the Republic of Lithuania, which was started by the 15 June 1940 incursion by the Soviet armed forces & subsequently continued in the form of the illegal occupation of Lithuania until the restoration of Lithuania's independence on 11 March 1990, however, the illegal presence of the foreign forces on Lithuania's soil ended only in 1993. The fact of the 1940 Soviet aggression & illegal occupation of the Baltic States has been widely recognized by the international community, it was even acknowledged by the USSR & Russia in 1989-1991. Therefore there is no doubt that under international law from 1940-1990 the Republic of Lithuania had been an occupied State. That is why the illegal occupation with its consequences, as the breach of an international obligation not to resort to aggression having a continuing character, constitutes an objective element of an internationally wrongful act being the ground for Russia's responsibility. That also explains why the title of the Law refers to the occupation. Meanwhile the specific feature of subjective element is addressed in the preamble of the Law. That is the continuity of the Russian State & the corresponding identity of its international legal personality with the Soviet Union, which was claimed by Russia & generally recognized by the international community. Therefore under international law the Russian Federation is the State continuing the rights & obligations of the former USSR (ie., it is the same international legal person). Consequently, internationally wrongful acts of the latter, including the Soviet occupation of Lithuania & the other two Baltic States, should be attributable to the Russian Federation. Apart from the ground for Russia's responsibility, the issue of reparation is addressed in the article. In accordance with international law (the ILC Draft Article), the principle of full reparation should be applied to realize responsibility for an internationally wrongful act. The full reparation for the injury can be provided in the form of restitution, compensation & satisfaction, while any financially assessable damage should be covered by compensation when restitution is not practically possible. Responsibility for the Soviet occupation is the latter case. Therefore in this sense the Law concretizes the claim of Lithuania as it lays down the obligations of the Government of Lithuania to calculate the damage & seek its compensation from Russia. In conformity with the principle of full reparation, the provisions of the Law require to calculate the damage for all period of the Soviet occupation as well as to cover all types of financially assessable damage. The third main issue addressed in this article is admissibility of a claim for reparation, ie., the procedural requirements to be observed by the injured State invoking an international responsibility of other State. The main requirement, as follows from Art. 43 of the ILC Draft Articles, is that the injured State should give a timely & proper notice of its claim to the State responsible for an internationally wrongful act; the claim is admissible when it is waived by the injured State or it can be inadmissible when it is not maintained. However, a mere lapse of time without a claim is being resolved, including delay in its prosecution due to refusal of the respondent State, cannot result in loss of the right of the injured State to invoke responsibility. In this regard the Law is a unilateral act of the State of Lithuania which formulates & concretizes the claim for Russia's responsibility. The form of this act was determined by Lithuanian national rather than international law as the former requires that any compulsory rules or instructions for the Government can be laid down by the Seimas (the Parliament) only in the form of (statutory) law. As it is clear from the preamble of the Law, in continuing & consolidating the previous Lithuanian acts invoking Russia's responsibility the Law demonstrates that the claim for responsibility has been raised without any unreasonable delay a long time ago (the first time Lithuania declared about its claim for reparation in 1991) & Russia is aware of that claim from the very beginning. In such a manner the Law also proves a consistent & unchanging position of Lithuania with regard to Russia's responsibility. Therefore, the Law evidences that the claim of Lithuania remains admissible although still being unresolved & notwithstanding that Russia is rejecting it. Under international law the injured State has the right to waive its claim for responsibility of another State. National law may, however, restrict that right in setting up appropriate duties for the authorities of the injured State. In this regard it follows from the preamble of the Law that under Lithuanian constitutional law no State organ or official can declare a waiver of the claim for Russia's responsibility because the Law is based on & aims at implementation of the corresponding decision by the 14 June 1992 national referendum that demanded to seek reparation for the Soviet occupation. Therefore, the waiver can be declared only by other referendum as well as without a referendum the Seimas cannot abolish the provisions of the Law requiring to seek a compensation (such kind of action could amount to the waiver in the sense of Art. 45(a) of the ILC Draft Articles). To keep the claim for responsibility of another State admissible & valid, when it is being unresolved a long time, the injured State should do everything it can reasonably do to maintain the claim. Otherwise it can be questioned, whether the right to invoke responsibility is lost due to conduct of the injured State in the sense of Art. 45(b) of the ILC Draft Articles. Therefore, to avoid similar doubts the Law obliged the Government to seek constantly the compensation for the damage caused by the Soviet occupation. Since Russia used to reject Lithuania's initiatives to conduct negotiations on the matter & any other way of settlement is not available without Russia's consent, it can be stated that as yet, in particular due to the Law, the conduct of Lithuania has not raised any serious doubts with regard to validity of its claim for compensation. Obviously such doubts would be serious if any kind of moratorium on the claim had been announced. To sum it up, it can be concluded that the Law is based on & is consistent with the rules of international law. It also implements the international legal requirements for the proper declaration & maintenance of the claim for reparation. Therefore both under international law & under Lithuanian constitutional law the Law has been necessary to consolidate & consistently maintain the claim to Russia for the compensation of the damages caused by the Soviet occupation. Lastly, it should be noted that a proper settlement of the problem of Russia's responsibility for the Soviet occupation of Lithuania is not a question of self-interest for Lithuania & it should pursue the claim for compensation not only due to the decision by the 14 June 1992 referendum. Not accidentally Art. 1 of the ILC Draft Articles refers that "every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State." It is also not accidentally that the preamble of the 1991 Treaty between Lithuania & Russia states that mutual confidence between the people of both Parties is hard to achieve without elimination of the consequences of the Soviet annexation of Lithuania. Like for national law, rule of law & justice cannot be established without realization & inevitability of responsibility for grave breaches of international law. Therefore the realization of responsibility for the 1940 aggression against the Baltic States & its consequences would undoubtedly contribute to general prevention of such grave breaches as well as would assure that similar tragic events never happen again in the history of Lithuania. Such kind of prevention should be at the focus of attention of the whole international community rather than only Lithuania & the other two Baltic States, since a prohibition of aggression is a long-standing rule of jus cogens character & obligation erga omnes towards international community. Adapted from the source document.
This paper analyzes the legal framework of the Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II), its objectives and practical aspects. This mechanism is the exchange rate policy of the euro area and non-euro area EU Member States participating in this mechanism, which aims to ensure the economic stability of the European Union and to prepare the countries for the adoption of the euro. ERM II plays an important role in Economic and Monetary Union as mean to ensure a stable economic and monetary system and stable prices. Moreover, it is one of the stages for countries to join the euro area. The ERM II is regulated in the most important legal acts of the European Union - the Treaties of Rome and Maastricht, as well as in more detailed legislation - the resolution and the treaty. When a Member State joins ERM II and agrees on central exchange rate and fluctuation margins, it is supported by intervention at the marginal and coordinated intramarginal intervention mechanisms. Intervention at the marginal is performed automatically, but also countries can agree on coordinated intramarginal intervention. Both types of intervention are carried out by the national banks of the Member States and the European Central Bank through the intervention to the foreign exchange market and thus adjusting the exchange rate. For a long time, Lithuania used the currency board as a currency management mechanism and used to fix the litas exchange rate with the US dollar. Finally, Lithuania became one of the first ERM II members, of those who joined the European Union in 2004. ERM II was used by Lithuania for more than ten years before the euro was introduced in 2015. ERM II will continue to be one of the key mechanisms in the European Union's public finance sector, but most of its participants will only be temporary as their participation is only one of the convergence requirements.
This paper analyzes the legal framework of the Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II), its objectives and practical aspects. This mechanism is the exchange rate policy of the euro area and non-euro area EU Member States participating in this mechanism, which aims to ensure the economic stability of the European Union and to prepare the countries for the adoption of the euro. ERM II plays an important role in Economic and Monetary Union as mean to ensure a stable economic and monetary system and stable prices. Moreover, it is one of the stages for countries to join the euro area. The ERM II is regulated in the most important legal acts of the European Union - the Treaties of Rome and Maastricht, as well as in more detailed legislation - the resolution and the treaty. When a Member State joins ERM II and agrees on central exchange rate and fluctuation margins, it is supported by intervention at the marginal and coordinated intramarginal intervention mechanisms. Intervention at the marginal is performed automatically, but also countries can agree on coordinated intramarginal intervention. Both types of intervention are carried out by the national banks of the Member States and the European Central Bank through the intervention to the foreign exchange market and thus adjusting the exchange rate. For a long time, Lithuania used the currency board as a currency management mechanism and used to fix the litas exchange rate with the US dollar. Finally, Lithuania became one of the first ERM II members, of those who joined the European Union in 2004. ERM II was used by Lithuania for more than ten years before the euro was introduced in 2015. ERM II will continue to be one of the key mechanisms in the European Union's public finance sector, but most of its participants will only be temporary as their participation is only one of the convergence requirements.
This paper analyzes the legal framework of the Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II), its objectives and practical aspects. This mechanism is the exchange rate policy of the euro area and non-euro area EU Member States participating in this mechanism, which aims to ensure the economic stability of the European Union and to prepare the countries for the adoption of the euro. ERM II plays an important role in Economic and Monetary Union as mean to ensure a stable economic and monetary system and stable prices. Moreover, it is one of the stages for countries to join the euro area. The ERM II is regulated in the most important legal acts of the European Union - the Treaties of Rome and Maastricht, as well as in more detailed legislation - the resolution and the treaty. When a Member State joins ERM II and agrees on central exchange rate and fluctuation margins, it is supported by intervention at the marginal and coordinated intramarginal intervention mechanisms. Intervention at the marginal is performed automatically, but also countries can agree on coordinated intramarginal intervention. Both types of intervention are carried out by the national banks of the Member States and the European Central Bank through the intervention to the foreign exchange market and thus adjusting the exchange rate. For a long time, Lithuania used the currency board as a currency management mechanism and used to fix the litas exchange rate with the US dollar. Finally, Lithuania became one of the first ERM II members, of those who joined the European Union in 2004. ERM II was used by Lithuania for more than ten years before the euro was introduced in 2015. ERM II will continue to be one of the key mechanisms in the European Union's public finance sector, but most of its participants will only be temporary as their participation is only one of the convergence requirements.
This paper analyzes the legal framework of the Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II), its objectives and practical aspects. This mechanism is the exchange rate policy of the euro area and non-euro area EU Member States participating in this mechanism, which aims to ensure the economic stability of the European Union and to prepare the countries for the adoption of the euro. ERM II plays an important role in Economic and Monetary Union as mean to ensure a stable economic and monetary system and stable prices. Moreover, it is one of the stages for countries to join the euro area. The ERM II is regulated in the most important legal acts of the European Union - the Treaties of Rome and Maastricht, as well as in more detailed legislation - the resolution and the treaty. When a Member State joins ERM II and agrees on central exchange rate and fluctuation margins, it is supported by intervention at the marginal and coordinated intramarginal intervention mechanisms. Intervention at the marginal is performed automatically, but also countries can agree on coordinated intramarginal intervention. Both types of intervention are carried out by the national banks of the Member States and the European Central Bank through the intervention to the foreign exchange market and thus adjusting the exchange rate. For a long time, Lithuania used the currency board as a currency management mechanism and used to fix the litas exchange rate with the US dollar. Finally, Lithuania became one of the first ERM II members, of those who joined the European Union in 2004. ERM II was used by Lithuania for more than ten years before the euro was introduced in 2015. ERM II will continue to be one of the key mechanisms in the European Union's public finance sector, but most of its participants will only be temporary as their participation is only one of the convergence requirements.
The article is grounded on ecological systems' approach. It was aimed to reveal the theoretical concept of family-centred early support and its' interpretations in practice. The focus was the theoretical conception of family-centred early support and the identification of the structural components of early support to the child and family practice, through the experiences of professionals and pedagogues as research participants. The attitudes of family-centred support are analysed within the paradigms' change process. Data gathered using a semi-structured interview method and qualitative content analysis revealed the structural components of support to the child and family in pre-school education institutions; illustrated and interpreted the experiences of professionals' and pedagogues' in the context of an ecological systems model. A theoretical analysis maintained that family-centred practice is replacing the traditional child-oriented paradigm. Within this context the importance of importance of (non)formal, (non)direct services to the child and family were emphasised. Professionals' support is provided with consideration to the child's environment and his/her functioning, the empowerment of the child and family, emotional and informational support to the family, and the strengthening ofrelationships between parents and the child. The direction of the support was predicted in collaboration with professionals and parents, considering the strengths of the child and family, using resources of the family and the institution, and in creating equal inter-relationships. The experience of professionals and pedagogues shows that practice is still based on a child-oriented philosophy, determined by the specialities of professionals' initial training and the legislation of professional activity.
The article is grounded on ecological systems' approach. It was aimed to reveal the theoretical concept of family-centred early support and its' interpretations in practice. The focus was the theoretical conception of family-centred early support and the identification of the structural components of early support to the child and family practice, through the experiences of professionals and pedagogues as research participants. The attitudes of family-centred support are analysed within the paradigms' change process. Data gathered using a semi-structured interview method and qualitative content analysis revealed the structural components of support to the child and family in pre-school education institutions; illustrated and interpreted the experiences of professionals' and pedagogues' in the context of an ecological systems model. A theoretical analysis maintained that family-centred practice is replacing the traditional child-oriented paradigm. Within this context the importance of importance of (non)formal, (non)direct services to the child and family were emphasised. Professionals' support is provided with consideration to the child's environment and his/her functioning, the empowerment of the child and family, emotional and informational support to the family, and the strengthening ofrelationships between parents and the child. The direction of the support was predicted in collaboration with professionals and parents, considering the strengths of the child and family, using resources of the family and the institution, and in creating equal inter-relationships. The experience of professionals and pedagogues shows that practice is still based on a child-oriented philosophy, determined by the specialities of professionals' initial training and the legislation of professional activity.
Market failures require state interventions. Often interventions has negative after effect therefore before starting implementation of policy measures it is necessary carry out comprehensive integrated assessment of these measure effects. Energy subsidy reform as every policy measure should be assessed in integrated way because sometimes implementation of such measures can cause contradictionary economic, social and environmental effect. So seeking to evaluate benefit of environmental policy it is necessary to apply integrated assessment framework. General equilibrium analysis is the best tool to asses the impact of state interventions into markets. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models essentially simulate markets for production factors and goods using systems of equations specifying supply and demand behaviour across all markets. The data and resource requirements for the construction of CGE models are very substantial. However, this drawback should be weighed against the gains in accuracy of simulation to actual market changes that such modelling allows. An alternative to CGE modelling is for the partial equilibrium analysis to be extended to several linked markets. This option may be better suited to the context of some developing countries and countries in transition because requires less data. Simulation model BALANCE developed by IAEA is partial equilibrium model and can be successfully used for the assessment of environmental policy impact on energy sector.
Market failures require state interventions. Often interventions has negative after effect therefore before starting implementation of policy measures it is necessary carry out comprehensive integrated assessment of these measure effects. Energy subsidy reform as every policy measure should be assessed in integrated way because sometimes implementation of such measures can cause contradictionary economic, social and environmental effect. So seeking to evaluate benefit of environmental policy it is necessary to apply integrated assessment framework. General equilibrium analysis is the best tool to asses the impact of state interventions into markets. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models essentially simulate markets for production factors and goods using systems of equations specifying supply and demand behaviour across all markets. The data and resource requirements for the construction of CGE models are very substantial. However, this drawback should be weighed against the gains in accuracy of simulation to actual market changes that such modelling allows. An alternative to CGE modelling is for the partial equilibrium analysis to be extended to several linked markets. This option may be better suited to the context of some developing countries and countries in transition because requires less data. Simulation model BALANCE developed by IAEA is partial equilibrium model and can be successfully used for the assessment of environmental policy impact on energy sector.
