This article analyses the way Portuguese diplomacy worked trough NATO to defend the regime's colonial policy, as well as the obstacles it faced during the 1960's after the beginning of the armed conflict in Angola. It also emphasizes the role of Kennedy & Johnson administrations in the Atlantic Alliance & in the Portuguese foreign policy development as well as the allies' perception on Portuguese behavior. Adapted from the source document.
Saudi Arabia's international influence relies on two factors: its role as the guardian of the holy cities of Mecca & Medina since the 1920's & its control of the world's largest known oil reserves, located in the Eastern part of the kingdom. The September 11 terrorist attacks put Saudi Arabia at the centre of world attention for yet another reason: fifteen of the nineteen suicide terrorists that crashed against the Twin Towers & the Pentagon were Saudis & Osama bin Laden is also a Saudi. This has created unprecedented tensions in the historic alliance between Washington & Riyadh. Saudi Arabia is at a crossroad & this is a good moment to look into the rules & the power struggles that will dominate the succession in the House of Saud. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.
This article analyzes the interaction between the two giants of the Western Hemisphere on the bilateral, regional and global contexts. The first section presents a brief historical overview of how relations between the two countries have evolved. There follows an analysis of Brazilian foreign policy under the Lula administration. A third section explores the dynamics of US-Brazilian relations and assesses the potential for greater bilateral collaboration. The conclusion speculates on the prospects for transforming the current ?relationship? into a partner-ship. Adapted from the source document.
The American & European visions of the main goals of NATO are distinctive since its formation in 1949. The revision of the strategic concept in 1991 & 1999, & the document of 2006 show us the adjustments that the organization has had to make facing the changes in the international system. The evaluation of NATO's tendency through the last sixty years allows concluding that NATO should grow to a political organization, support of a privileged understanding between Europe & America. Adapted from the source document.
Since the 1970's, with the European Communities first enlargement & the accession of Denmark, Ireland & the United Kingdom, two visions of Europe have dominated the debate on the European project: on the one hand, the "French vision" of a European state that should become an international pole of power & where the nations would submit to central collective government; on the other, the "English vision" of a Europe with economic, trade & financial power, a pole of stability the security of which should be embedded in the transatlantic alliance. In the past there was no real participation in the process of European integration but this "sleepwalking" has come to an end with the choice of the referenda as the method for the ratification of the Constitutional Treaty. Adapted from the source document.
Nicholas Spykman once wrote that "the remarkable similarity of the geographic position of the United States in regard to Europe & Asia (was) not paralleled by a similarity in political relations." This pattern was confirmed in World War II & the Cold War & seems to persist in the post-Cold War. The United States consolidated its alliance with Western Europe in the Atlantic Alliance but there is no comparable multilateral framework in Asia although relations with Japan, India & China, increasingly at the center of American interests, need it in order to become more stable & predictable. Adapted from the source document.
Considering the extraordinary economic growth experienced by China in recent years, especially after its entry into the World Trade Organization, this essay on the Sino-Brazilian relationship will, while analyzing the historical process in its different dimensions, attempt to determine, on one hand, whether current relations may still be understood from the perspective of South-South cooperation, and, on the other, whether the Chinese economic boom may be defining a new, much more competitive than cooperative relationship. Adapted from the source document.
The Greater Middle East is simultaneous a key-region to NATO security interests as well as one of its great challenges. From the AfPak to the Maghreb, from Iran to Palestine, there are too many issues for the Alliance to stand aside. This article defends a strengthening of NATO's strategic focus on the Greater Middle East, but points out some shortcomings in the approach of the report Albright. The inevitability of this strategic region for Euro-Atlantic area needs to be addressed by the uncertainty of Turkish foreign policy, not only as a relevant NATO member, but also as a preeminent & determinant regional power. Adapted from the source document.
This article argues that there is a confluence between the US National Security Strategy & the "Report Albright." Both documents converge in what concern the US sought to have a lesser active role in the international system, & in the idea that if the Alliance's member states accept the proposals of the "Report Albright," NATO will be a fundamental stage to redefine the international order rules, as well as will acquire a pivotal entity role regarding the relations with international organizations & emerging powers. Adapted from the source document.
The author analyses new structural unemployment, the role of production internationalization, and the advantages that large companies take in this scenery which would eventually break the historical alliance between capitalism, welfare state, and democracy. Investment, production, tributes, and domicile are not necessarily connected in the same site any more. As an alternative, it would be necessary to put into the agenda a new concept of "richness", one that should include citizenship indicators. The author also proposes options that make apparent the necessity to reorganize on new basis the relations between state and civil society. ; The author analyses new structural unemployment, the role of production internationalization, and the advantages that large companies take in this scenery which would eventually break the historical alliance between capitalism, welfare state, and democracy. Investment, production, tributes, and domicile are not necessarily connected in the same site any more. As an alternative, it would be necessary to put into the agenda a new concept of "richness", one that should include citizenship indicators. The author also proposes options that make apparent the necessity to reorganize on new basis the relations between state and civil society.
Through an analysis of diplomatic relations between the two old allies in a critical period of the 20th century the author seeks to understand the resilience of the Portuguese Estado Novo in an Europe to which World War II had brought drastic change. Such changes were not sufficient to sway a regime that, having managed to remain removed from the conflict, now worked to appear as a lesser evil in a Europe in turmoil. The approach to the Allies made in the final phase of the war on the basis of the historical ties binding the country to Great Britain, paved the way for a new phase in the relations with the U.S.A., which would materialize with the invitation for Portugal to join the Atlantic Alliance. Adapted from the source document.
The North Atlantic Treaty Council of Lisbon was essential for the evolution of the European defense effort. Assembled in the Portuguese capital, the Foreign Ministers of the Alliance took important decisions regarding the enlargement & the deepening of the political structure of NATO. Additionally they established the formula to integrate West Germany in the European defense system. Even though Portugal stood aside from this negotiation process, the developments in NATO allowed the Portuguese regime to consolidate its international position & to define its strategy regarding the European integration process & the transatlantic relations. Adapted from the source document.
Objective: To unveil the subjectivity present in family care for the child with a stoma, from the understanding of the construction of his autonomy. Method: A descriptive and exploratory study using a script of interviews with qualitative analysis with 07 mothers of children with a stoma. The place was a university pediatric hospital located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data collection took place from September to November 2011. Results: The interpretation of the speech was made through the Thematic Analysis. After categorization of the speeches, emerged the following category, the subjectivity of families in child care with a stoma. Conclusion: The experience of families facing a new reality imposed by the treatment makes reflections of sensations, which we consider as subjectivity. The maternal senses in relation to care and child development are based on subjectivity, in which are involved cultural nuances inherent in every being, becoming important the alliance of knowledge between professional and client.
