Suchergebnisse

PRESIDENTE DE SUDÁN ACUSADO POR GENOCIDIO EN DARFUREl fiscal jefe del Tribunal Penal Internacional ha solicitado una orden de detención contra el presidente de Sudán, Omar Al-Bachir, por genocidio, crímenes de guerra y de lesa humanidad en relación con el conflicto de Darfur, que ha causado más de 300.000 muertos desde que comenzó el conflicto étnico, en enero de 2003. Varios medios informan al respecto:"New York Times": "Sudanese President Accused of Genocide":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/world/africa/15sudan.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid:"El TPI pide la detención del presidente de Sudán por la tragedia de Darfur. El fiscal acusa a Al Bachir de matar a de 35.000 personas y de causar la "muerte lenta" de hasta 265.000.- La ONU suspende su misión militar por temor a un rebrote de la violencia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/TPI/pide/detencion/presidente/Sudan/tragedia/Darfur/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_9/Tes"CNN":"Rights group fears Sudanese backlash":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/15/darfur.charges/index.html"Sudan calls meeting over 'genocide charge'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/12/sudan.president.genocide/index.html"Sudanese president charged with genocide":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/14/darfur.charges/index.html"CNN exclusive: ICC prosecutor on Darfur charges":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/14/icc.transcript/index.html"Sudan: More 'blood' result of genocide charge":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/13/darfur.genocide.ap/index.html"La Nación":""Están usando tres armas: violación, hambre y miedo": Moreno Ocampo dijo que el mundo está ante un gran desafío":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030219"El conflicto en Darfur: una decisión de inciertos efectos: Piden la detención del presidente de Sudán por genocidio":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030217"Time":"Choosing Justice Over Peace in Darfur":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822529,00.html"Civil War Threatens Sudan, Again":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1810801,00.html"MSNBC":"Sudanese president is charged with genocide: International Court accuses al-Bashir of trying to wipe out Darfur tribes":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25671505/"Sudan president may face war crime charges: Prosecutor of war crimes tribunal to seek arrest warrant Monday":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25644639/"China Daily":"Court indictment of Sudan leader 'worrying'":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-07/16/content_6851358.htmPagina de "CNN" con links a artículos sobre el conflicto de Darfur:http://topics.edition.cnn.com/topics/darfurAMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid publica: "Aerolíneas Argentinas cerrará hoy su vuelta a casa. El Gobierno argentino acuerda la transferencia del 94,6% de las acciones del grupo español Marsans": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Aerolineas/ultima/vuelta/casa/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_1/Tes"La Nación" publica: "El kirchnerismo y el agro miden fuerzas. Hoy habrá actos casi simultáneos ante el Congreso y ante el Monumento de los Españoles; la CGT hará un paro desde las 12":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030300"Se espera una multitud hoy en Palermo, Llegarán productores del interior y políticos opositores":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030301"Multitudinarios actos en Argentina en la víspera de crucial sesión parlamentaria por impuesto al agro: Sector rural recibe masivo apoyo y Kirchner afirma que respetará la decisión del Congreso":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/16/internacional/_portada/noticias/47B18B08-BAEE-431B-A60A-97691ECA8A8A.htm?id={47B18B08-BAEE-431B-A60A-97691ECA8A8A}"Optimismo en el Gobierno pese a nuevos rechazos al proyecto oficial sobre retenciones móviles": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030670"Buscan minimizar la masividad del acto del agro":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030680"El País" de Madrid informa: "El conflicto del campo colapsa Buenos Aires: Dos manifestaciones se enfrentan en la capital argentina para apoyar y rechazar el alza de las tasas del grano en vísperas de su votación en el Senado": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/conflicto/campo/colapsa/Buenos/Aires/elpepuint/20080715elpepuint_21/Tes"The Economist" analiza: "Ecuador: Taking the headlines. An asset seizure raises questions":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11707593"CNN" publica: "France honors ex-captive Betancourt":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/14/betancourt.honour.ap/index.html"La Nación" publica: "Tras el rescate en Colombia: la ex candidata presidencial sigue en París, Sarkozy condecoró a Betancourt":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030194"CCN" informa: "Chavez loosens terms of oil-supply pact":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/07/13/venezuela.petrocaribe.ap/index.htmlAndrés Oppenheimer analiza: "Correa busca votos con canales de TV":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030221"MSNBC" informa: "Mexico City suffers from protest fatigue: As demonstrators block roads daily, some politicians say enough is enough":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25684036/ "The Economist" analiza: "Latin America's economies: The ghost at the till: Bitter experience has made Latin Americans intolerant of inflation. But have their policymakers banished this spectre?": http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11707341ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"La Nación" publica: "A Obama, correrse al centro le resta votos: McCain se acercó en las encuestas":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030230"Time" presenta un sitio con links a artículos relacionados con las elecciones en Estados Unidos:http://thepage.time.com/"The Economist" analiza: "Foreign policy and the election: Looking abroad: Barack Obama tries to focus on foreign policy ahead of a tour of Europe and the Middle East":http://www.economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11739532&source=features_box_main"El País" de Madrid informa: "Los electores castigan el cambio de discurso de Obama. El viraje hacia el centro del candidato demócrata en cuestiones claves como la guerra de Irak hace que su ventaja sobre McCain se reduzca de 15 a 3 puntos en menos de un mes, según la última encuesta de 'Newsweek'": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/electores/castigan/cambio/discurso/Obama/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_5/Tes"El País" de Madrid publica: "El gobierno de EE UU acude al rescate de las mayores entidades hipotecarias del país. Los principales operadores hipotecarios del país mueven una deuda por valor de 5,3 billones de dólares. -Los mercados reaccionan a la noticia con subidas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/gobierno/EE/UU/acude/rescate/mayores/entidades/hipotecarias/pais/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_4/Tes"CNN" informa: "EU chief to meet Iran over nuclear stand-off":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/07/11/iran.negotiations/index.htmlEUROPA"El País" de Madrid informa: "El Fiscal turco pide el procesamiento de 86 supuestos terroristas que querían atentar contra el Gobierno: La red de Ergenekon está acusada de querer derrocar al Ejecutivo de Erdogan por medio de la violencia armada": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Fiscal/turco/pide/procesamiento/86/supuestos/terroristas/querian/atentar/Gobierno/elpepuint/20080714elpepuint_7/Tes"MSNBC" informa: "France gathers world leaders for Bastille Day: Sarkozy woos Syrian and Israeli leaders to parade in Paris":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25675701/"El País" de Madrid publica: "La presencia de Siria marca el desfile de la fiesta nacional francesa, Los jefes de Estado y Gobierno que asistieron ayer a la cumbre euromediterránea asisten a la parada": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/presencia/Siria/marca/desfile/fiesta/nacional/francesa/elppgl/20080714elpepuint_6/Tes"CNN" informa: "Belgian PM quits over deep divisions":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/15/belgium.government.ap/index.html"La Nación" publica: "Un fuerte sismo sacudió a Grecia: El movimiento telúrico afectó la isla de rodas y fue de 6.4 grados en la escala de Richter; murió una mujer":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030322"CNN": "Earthquake hits near Greek islands":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/15/greece.earthquake/index.html"MSNBC" publica: "Quake rattles Greek island of Rhodes; 1 dead. No damage reported at the island's renowned archaeological sites":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25683575/"Time" publica: "Russian Ships to Patrol Arctic Again":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822514,00.html"La Nación" analiza: "Tras el acuerdo entre Washington y Praga, Rusia renovó sus amenazas contra EE.UU: El Kremlin señaló que el escudo antimisiles "debilita" la seguridad europea y advirtió que responderá de manera "adecuada"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030326"The Economist" analiza: "Russia's presidency: The odd couple. The world still wonders whether Dmitry Medvedev or Vladimir Putin is boss":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11708197"El País" de Madrid analiza: "90 años después: Los rusos inician las conmemoraciones del nonagésimo aniversario de la muerte del último zar y su familia.- Rusia anuncia que los análisis de ADN realizados a restos hallados en los Urales el año pasado apuntan a que son del hijo y una de las hijas de Nicolás II": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/90/anos/despues/elpepuint/20080716elpepuint_11/TesAsia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"New York Times" publica: "South Korea Recalls Envoy to Japan":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/world/asia/15korea.html?ref=world"Time" informa: "Beijing Orders Pollution to Vanish":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822476,00.html"China Daily" informa: "Three 'defence lines' set up to tighten Olympic security": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/2008-07/16/content_6852045.htm "The Economist" analiza: "China and Taiwán: First, we take the department stores. After decades worrying about a mainland invasion, Taiwan is now courting one":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11707158"The Economist" publica: "The illusion of calm in Tibet: After a botched response to bloody riots in Tibet in March, the Chinese authorities have ruthlessly restored order. But anti-Chinese resentment is deep-seated": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11706247"CNN" informa: "Malaysian police seek arrest of opposition leader":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/15/ibrahim.malaysia/index.html"New York Times" publica: "9 Americans Die in Afghan Attack":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/14/world/asia/14afghan.html?ref=world"Time" informa: "New Attack Adds to Afghans' Woes":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822515,00.html"CNN" publica: "Pakistan intelligence blamed for Afghan attacks":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/15/afghan.pakistan/index.html"La NACIÓN" informa: "Al menos 20 muertos por un doble atentado suicida en Irak: Dos hombres se inmolaron en las afueras de Baquba, un bastión de la red terrorista Al-Qaeda; hay más de 50 heridos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1030325"Time" publica: "Suicide Bomb Kills 28 in Iraq":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822789,00.html"MSNBC" informa: "Ahmadinejad wants U.S. talks 'on equal footing': Iranian president says direct discussions could happen in 'near future'":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25680902/"Le Monde" informa: "Washington envoie un émissaire à Genève rencontrer le négociateur iranien sur le dossier nucléaire":http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2008/07/16/washington-envoie-un-emissaire-a-geneve-rencontrer-le-negociateur-iranien-sur-le-dossier-nucleaire_1073897_3218.html"The Economist" analiza: "Israel and Iran: Coming to a city near you?: Be very afraid, please": http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11708204"MSNBC" informa: "Israeli Cabinet OKs Hezbollah prisoner swap: Emotionally charged deal involves Lebanese man guilty of infamous attack":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25684747/"MSNBC" publica: "Bitter foes Hezbollah, Israel swap prisoners: Lebanese militant convicted of grisly murders is among those freed":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25697873/"Jerusalem Post" informa: "Olmert: My heart goes out to the families of Goldwasser, Regev":http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215330994400&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFullAFRICA"CNN" publica: "Zimbabwe rivals start crisis talks in South Africa":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/10/zimbabwe.main/index.html"MSNBC" informa: "Zimbabwe: Sanctions failure a win over racism, China, Russia vetoed U.N. resolution pushed by Britain and the U.S.":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25649780/"CNN" informa: "Aid workers being shot, killed in Somalia":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/12/somalia2.aidworkers/index.htmlECONOMIA"El País" de Madrid informa: "El Santander compra el banco hipotecario Alliance & Leicester por 1.574 millones. El grupo de Emilio Botín canjeará una acción suya por cada tres de la entidad británica, que quedará integrada en el Abbey. -Downing Street apoya la entrada de empresas extranjeras": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Santander/ultima/compra/banco/hipotecario/britanico/Alliance/26/Leicester/elpepueco/20080714elpepueco_3/Tes"Time" publica: "EEUU Bad Economy Is The Good Life For Some":http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1822817,00.html"MSNBC" publica: "Oil hovers around $146 amid supply tretas: But skittish market is keeping a firm floor under energy prices":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12400801/"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11708645&CFID=13588114&CFTOKEN=19576546OTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid informa: "El Papa subraya que sacerdocio y pederastia son incompatibles: Víctimas australianas de abusos exigen una indemnización": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Papa/subraya/sacerdocio/pederastia/incompatibles/elpepisoc/20080714elpepisoc_8/Tes"Time" publica: "The Papal Invasion of Australia":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1822775,00.html"CNN" informa: "Asia, Europe markets fall on U.S. worries":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/07/15/world.markets.ap/index.htmlVideo con imágenes de la vida de Nelson Mandela a sus 90 añoshttp://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2008/mandela_90/

Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. I am very pleased that you were all able to accept my invitation to join me here today on this landmark occasion for nursing education. It is fitting that all of the key stakeholders from the health and education sectors should be so well represented at the launch of an historic new development. Rapid and unpredictable change throughout society has been the hallmark of the twenty-first century, and healthcare is no exception. Regardless of what change occurs, no one doubts that nursing is intrinsic to the health of this nation. However, significant changes in nurse education are now needed if the profession is to deliver on its social mandate to promote peopleÃ'´s health by providing excellent and sensitive care. As science, technology and the demands of the public for sophisticated and responsive health care become increasingly complex, it is essential that the foundation of nursing education is redesigned. Pre-registration nursing education has already undergone radical change over the past eight years, during which time it has moved from an apprenticeship model of education and training to a diploma based programme firmly rooted in higher education. The Secretary General of my Department, Michael Kelly, played a leading role in bringing about this transformation, which has greatly enhanced the way students are prepared for entry to the nursing profession. The benefits of the revised model of education are clearly evident from the quality of the nurses graduating from the diploma programme. The Commission on Nursing examined the whole area of nursing education, and set out a very convincing case for educating nursing students to degree level. It argued that nurses of the future would be required to possess increased flexibility and the ability to work autonomously. A degree programme would provide nurses with a theoretical underpinning that would enable them to develop their clinical skills to a greater extent and to respond to future challenges in health care, for the benefit of patients and clients of the health services. The Commission has provided a solid framework for the professional development of nurses and midwives, including a process that is already underway for the creation of clinical nurse specialist and advanced nurse practitioner posts. This process will facilitate the transfer of skills across divisions of nursing. In this scenario, it is clearly desirable that the future benchmark qualification for registration as a nurse should be a degree in nursing studies. A Nursing Education Forum was established in early 1999 to prepare a strategic framework for the implementation of a nursing degree programme. When launching the ForumÃ'´s report last January, I indicated that the Government had agreed in principle to the introduction of the proposed degree programme next year. At the time two substantial outstanding issues had yet to be resolved, namely the basis on which nurse teachers would transfer from the health sector to the education sector and the amount of capital and revenue funding required to operate the degree programme. My Department has brokered agreements between the Nursing Alliance and the Higher Education Institutions for the assimilation of nurse teachers as lecturers into their affiliated institutions. The terms of these agreements have been accepted by all four nursing unions following a ballot of their nurse teacher members. I would like to pay particular tribute to all nurse teachers who have contributed to shaping the position, relevance and visibility of nursing through leadership, which embodies scholarship and excellence in the profession of nursing itself. In response to a recommendation of the Nursing Education Forum, I established an Inter-Departmental Steering Committee, chaired by Bernard Carey of my Department, to consider all the funding and policy issues. This Steering Committee includes representatives of the Department of Finance and the Department of Education and Science as well as the Higher Education Authority. The Steering Committee has been engaged in intensive negotiations with representatives of the Conference of Heads of Irish Universities and the Institutes of Technology in relation to their capital and revenue funding requirements. These negotiations were successfully concluded within the past few weeks. The satisfactory resolution of the industrial relations and funding issues cleared the way for me to go to the Government with concrete proposals for the implementation of degree level education for nursing students. I am delighted to announce here today that the Government has approved all of my proposals, and that a four-year undergraduate pre-registration nursing degree programme will be implemented on a nation-wide basis at the start of the next academic year, 2002/2003. The Government has approved the provision of capital funding totalling Ã'£176 million pounds for a major building and equipment programme to facilitate the full integration of nursing students into the higher education sector. This programme is due to be completed by September 2004, and will ensure that nursing students are accommodated in purpose built schools of nursing studies with state of the art clinical skills and human science laboratories at thirteen higher education sites throughout the country. The Government has also agreed to make available the substantial additional revenue funding required to support the nursing degree programme. By 2006, the full year cost of operating the programme will rise to some Ã'£43 million pounds. The scale of this investment in pre-registration nursing education is enormous by any yardstick. It demonstrates the firm commitment of myself and my Government colleagues to the full implementation of the recommendations of the Commission on Nursing, of which the introduction of pre-registration degree level education is arguably the most important. This historic decision, and it is truly historic, will finally put the education of nurses on a par with the education of other health care professionals. The nursing profession has long been striving for parity, and my own involvement in the achievement of it is a matter of deep personal satisfaction to me. I am also pleased to announce that the Government has approved my plans for increasing the number of nursing training places to coincide with the implementation of the degree programme next year. Ninety-three additional places in mental handicap and psychiatric nursing will be created at Athlone, Letterkenny, Tralee and Waterford Institutes of Technology. This will yield 392 extra places over the four years of the degree programme. A total of 1,640 places annually on the new degree programme will thus be available. This is an all-time record, and maintaining the annual student intake at this level for the foreseeable future is a key element of my overall strategy for ensuring that we produce sufficient "home-grown" nurses for our health services. I am aware that the Nursing Alliance were anxious that some funding would be provided for the further academic career development of nurse teachers who transfer to one of the six Universities that will be involved in the delivery of the degree programme. I am happy to confirm that up to Ã'£300,000 in total per year will be available for this purpose over the first four years of the degree programme. In line with a recommendation of the Commission on Nursing, my Department will have responsibility for the administration of the nursing degree budget until the programme has been bedded down in the higher education sector. A primary concern will be to ensure that the substantial capital and revenue funding involved is ring-fenced for nursing studies. It is intended that responsibility for the budget will be transferred to the Department of Education and Science after the first cohort of nursing degree students have graduated in 2006. In the context of todayÃ'´s launch, it is relevant to refer to a special initiative that I introduced last year to assist registered nurses wishing to undertake part-time nursing degree courses. Under this initiative, nurses are entitled to have their course fees paid by their employers in return for a commitment to continue working in the public health service for a period following completion of the course. This initiative has proved extremely popular with large numbers of nurses availing of it. I want to confirm here today that the free fees initiative will continue in operation until 2005, at a total cost of at least Ã'£15 million pounds. I am giving this commitment in order to assure this yearÃ'´s intake of nursing students to the final diploma programmes that fee support for a part-time nursing degree course will be available to them when they graduate in three years time. The focus of todayÃ'´s celebration is rightly on the landmark Government decision to implement the nursing degree programme next year. As Minister for Health and Children, and as a former Minister for Education, I also have a particular interest in the educational opportunities available to other health service workers to upgrade their skills. I am pleased to announce that the Government has approved my proposals for the introduction of a sponsorship scheme for suitable, experienced health care assistants who wish to become nurses. This new scheme will commence next year and will be administered by the health boards. Successful applicants will be allowed to retain their existing salaries throughout the four years of the degree programme in return for a commitment to work as nurses for their health service employer for a period of five years following registration. Up to forty sponsorships will be available annually. The new scheme will enable suitable applicants to undertake nursing education and training without suffering financial hardship. The greatest advantage of the scheme will be the retention by the public health service of staff who are supported under it, since they will have had practical experience of working in the service and their own personal commitment to upgrading their skills will be informed by that experience. I am confident that the sponsorship scheme will be warmly welcomed by health service unions representing care assistants as providing an exciting new career development path for their members. Education and health are now the two pillars upon which the profession of nursing rests. We must continue to build bridges, even tunnels where needed to strengthen this partnership. We must all understand partnerships donâ?Tt just happen they are designed and must be worked at. The changes outlined here today are powerful incentives for those in healthcare agencies, academic institutions and regulatory bodies to design revolutionary programmes capable of shaping a critical mass of excellent practitioners. You have an opportunity, greater perhaps than has been granted to any other generation in history to make certain those changes are for the good. Ultimately changes that will make the country a healthier and more equitable place to live. The challenge relates to building a seamless preparatory programme which equally respects both education and practise as an indivisible duo whilst ensuring that high tech does not replace the human touch. This is a special day in the history of the development of the Irish nursing profession, and I would like to thank everybody for their contribution. I want to express my particular appreciation of two people who by this stage are well known to all of you – Bernard Carey of my Department and Siobhán OÃ'´Halloran of the National Implementation Committee. Bernard and Siobhán have devoted considerable time and energy to the project on my behalf over the past fourteen months or so. That we are here today celebrating the launch of degree level education is due in no small part to their successful execution of the mandate that I gave them. We live in a rapidly changing world, one in which nursing can no longer rely on systems of the past to guide it through the new millennium. In terms of contemporary healthcare, nursing is no longer just a reciprocal kindness but rather a highly complex set of professional behaviours, which require serious educational investment. Pre-registration nurse education will always need development and redesign to ensure our health care system meets the demands of modern society. Nothing is finite. Today more than ever the health system is dependent on the resourcefulness of nursing. I have no doubt that the new educational landscape painted will ensure that nurses of the future will be increasingly innovative, independent and in demand. The unmistakable message from my Department is that nursing really matters. Thank you.

This study aims to perform a comparative analysis of Turkey and Indonesia's foreign policy on Palestine Issue and Syria Crisis in particular. It also reviews both countries' foreign policy toward the Middle East since their declaration of becoming Republic states in general. As foreign policy theory, neoclassical realism is applied. It then discusses changing dynamics and analyses influential factors shaping Turkey and Indonesia policies of Palestine Issue and Syria Crisis at the unit and systemic level of analysis. It summarises that the factors of leaders' perceptions upon international and regional systemic changing trends and pressures as well as state powers have become influential factors. In case of Palestine issue, during 2004-2016, Turkish domestic politics has undergone domestic transformations namely first public opinion and civil society's roles influence the foreign policy. Before the AKP party came to power, a determinant actor of Turkey's foreign policy was the military. However, the military role then decline. Instead, the role of non actor states including civil society and non-government organizations have increased. Domestic public opinion has been marked by a re-emergence of common historical and cultural senses under Ottoman heritages. This factor then results in a reactive engagement of Turkey to the Middle East. Second, the emergence of civilian leader as a new actor of foreign policy. The mechanism of foreign decision-making then shifted v following a decline of military influence. An active civilian control emerged and domestic political structure rebuilt. It resulted in multi-actor of foreign policy such as NGO, think tanks, etc. They contribute as the new tool of Turkish soft power. Third, leader factors. Leaders play roles in attracting international public opinion. Turkish leader's opinion perceives that no permanent peace of region without peace in Palestine. They also put an emphasis to a strategic importance of Muslim world. Therefore Turkey needs to re-engage into the regional issues. Fourth, an increase of Islamist factor. Re-involvement of Muslim groups into domestic politics serves a democratic equality for all parties. Turkish NGO with Islamist outlook also rises as a pressure group, thus it impacts on the concern to the Palestine issue. They put a large concern to the sensitivity of Jerusalem status and nature as a holy city for Muslims especially a concern to who will control that holy city.Fifth, a proactive foreign policy. the Israel-Palestine conflict that perceived as the heart of regional instability results in proactive foreign policy into the settlement of Palestine issue. In regional level, the main source of regional conflict is the Palestine-Israel conflict. In sum, Turkey conducts a balancing policy during the AKP administration regarding Palestine issue. Indonesia sets the aspiration of an active engagement policy in the Middle East. It could be seen such as a presence of special of the Middle East diplomatic mission, Indonesia government recognition and support to Hamas after won the parliament election for Gaza strip, the efforts to be honest broaker in Palestine-Israel conflict, and an official representation in Ramallah. Indonesia also is officially consistent to adopt a nonrecognition policy of the state of Israel. Indonesia has undergone several diplomatic efforts in regional and international level to support the recognition of the state of Palestine and proposed on humanitarian approach by providing a continuation of humantarian aids for Palestinians. In comparison with Turkey, during 2004-2016, Indonesia has undergone transition era to civil democracy era. It has turn into a democracy process and reach democratic stability in post-transition. In democratic era of Indonesia, anti-colonialism spirit of 1945 Constitution has been continued as a historical basis of Indonesia's engagement. Besides, Indonesian government accomodates Muslim aspiration through the presence of Islamist considerations into the state's foreign policy. An increase of Islamist factor in domestic politics namely Islamist-oriented aspirations in domestic public opinion. There a high level of sensitivity upon the issues including the Jerusalem issue in which Al-Aqsa mosque vi placed on as one of prominent issues, beyond Palestinian refugee issue and Israel occupation on Palestinian lands for the Indonesian Muslim groups and government. In other words, there interplay between Muslim groups and Indonesian government in regard to deal with Palestine issue. A major of Indonesian Muslims and government officially are united to struggle for Palestinians. Other Islamist factors are Muslim groups as the moral force. Muslim groups put pressure if the government behave in passive response to the Islamist issues. An example of strong and harsh pressures of all segment Muslim groups over any initiative of opening diplomatic ties with Israel by Indonesian governments, so it is often suspended by eventually cancelled. In addition, an increasingly role of Islamist parties as well as new Indonesia's international orientation and identity have affected a continuity of nonrecognition policy towards Israel and supporting Palestine in accordance with two-state solution. In the level of international, the wave of democratization policy leads to the emergence of democratised foreign policy. Indonesia's democratised foreign policy has been conducted through various diplomatic efforts creating an active involvement of nonstate actors. After the Syrian revolution in 2012 escalated, it has turned into a civil war. The emergence of various non-state actors such the ISIS, the PYD-YPG, and other militant or radical groups, as well as direct intervention of regional and international powers sparked the conflict much more escalated. These have posed direct threat to Turkey and challenged Turkey's Middle East policy, notably in Syria. Therefore, Turkey's Syria policy has changed from soft power to hard power approach. Several domestic influential factors shaping Turkish policy first a humanitarian dimension of crisis namely the influx of refugees results in an open door policy. Since 2011, Syria conflict has sparked refugee waves to Turkey. As a direct neighboring countries, it had been demanded by international community and domestic humanitarian nature to open the borders and secure the people. Second, the security threat in Turkey-Syria's borders. Assad regime's military policy against the Syrian oppositions and the development of the crisis with an engagement various non-state armed groups (the YPG-PYD, ISIS, other moderate and radical groups) that began in 2013 have made the situation more complicated. Due to their activities strived to claim the sovereignty and conducted terror attacks, hence those have posed threats to Turkish national security and territorial integrity. Another risk is the influx of foreign terrorist fighters across the border through Turkey on their way to and from Syria. vii Even, probably they reside in Turkey as a third country before returning to home countries. So, it also has to dealt with the way to send them back to countries of origin. In the international level, the most influential factors are first the international and regional actors' engagement into the conflict. Since 2015, there has increased the international interventions. Foreign countries and non state actors' involvement have created the strategic pattern of alliance and enmity among global and regional powers as well as non-state actors. Second, the rise of ISIS. This terror organization posed the threat to Turkish national security through multiple suicide bombings. Third, the emergence of the PYD threat. This group has taken benefits of Syria conflict through controlling the Syrian Kurds, self-proclaiming several cantons and establishing a sphere of influence or terror corridor in northern Syria bordering Turkey. On the other hand, Indonesian government policy towards the Syria crisis can be explained through the influencing factors as follow. First, a commitment to non-alignment with any military bloc as one of basic ideas of the principle of Independent Foreign Policy. In Syria conflict, Indonesia prevents from any engagement of the multilateral and bilateral military pact with Syria and major powers. Instead, it prefers to strengthen ties rely on peaceful coexistance. Given, Indonesia has a critical and substansial roles in the establishment of the NAM, so it positions itself to commit the basic spirit of nonalignment. Second, the leader perceptions. Indonesia stance is sided with neither the Assad regime nor the oppositions while it adopts non-interference into Syria's domestic politics. In other words, Indonesia's official stance is neutral. This stance is meant it fighting against any colonialism and violation forms caused by the regime under the world peace and security. Indonesia government not interpret the neutral stance as a neutral politic that means not to care to the crisis but conducts policy in a way of achieving its national interest. Third, the protection of Indonesian citizens in Syria as a foreign policy's priority. In order to pursue this goal, Indonesian government is still opening diplomatic representatives in Damascus, Aleppo and Latakia. This representatives has main task to protect, defend and secure them until they are repatriated to Indonesia. No matter who rules, it will cooperate in line with its strategic interests still remain there. Moreover, the influential factors in international level are first the ISIS and Indonesian foreign fighters dimension. Indonesia was also targeted by the ISIS through multiple ISIS-linked and inspired terror attacks. Besides, ISIS also is defined as a threat as the possible terror attacks conducted by Indonesia-origined foreign fighters return to home. viii The potential threats of the presence of the ISIS' supporters and recruits in Indonesia is revival of local extremist groups' sleep cells that probably conducting terror attacks, promoting inter and intra religious conflict, fulfilling the lack of local militant group's capability, recruiting the new cadres targeting youth cadres. Second, Indonesia's role within the framework of the OIC. Despite, Indonesia is the world's majority Muslim populated country and an active actor in the OIC, in fact, Indonesia has no significant role on Syria crisis. It has only played the limited role due to several factors namely a minor actor in term of regional geopolitics and the lack of experience upon the regional complex politics. It remains to manage limited bilateral ties with Syria government. In sum, it tends to conduct a passive foreign policy on Syria crisis. In conclusion, Turkey has adopted and preferred to choose humanitarian and political-oriented approach towards Syria crisis. However, after several international developments rised which put risks to its national security, Turkish foreign policy has then shifted to propose a security-oriented approach. It combines soft and hard powers in formulating process of the foreign policy. Meanwhile, Indonesian government also has put forth primarily humanitarian approach in dealing with the humanitarian crisis in Syria while suggesting such political solution stance in order to solve that crisis with optimalizing the way of diplomacy. Indonesian leaders stance is to prevent a military approach. When it is evaluated on the basic principle of Indonesian foreign policy namely independent and active principle, Indonesia is independent but not active. In this context, these basic principles determine it not enter a formal alliance, further not interferring and involving into other state's domestic problems. Instead, it should actively encourage bilateral cooperations with other countries. In addition, it demonstrates a status quo of Indonesia's independent and active foreign policy in a pragmatic way. In this situation, it might recognise that there is a gap between its aspiration and capability to play wider global roles especially in participating to the conflict resolution of the Middle East region. Indonesia government and Muslim group tend to stand in opposite in case of Syria crisis. Indonesian government tend to position in moderate stance and keep in status quo of non-interference policy upon the domestic problem of Syria. For Indonesian goverment, there several reasons why Indonesia still continue to open its diplomatic representative and develop bilateral ties in Syria while most countries closed their diplomatic office in Damascus. First, historical relations between Syria and Indonesia. Syria was the first countries which recognized Indonesia's independence. Second, Indonesia avoids to be ix perceived by Syria regime of getting involved into Syria's domestic issue especially Syria's territorial sovereignty. Third, respect to Syria as a member of the NAM. In which the NAM adopts non-interefere policy as an agreement amongst member states. While Indonesia considers the NAM was birth and insipired by the Bandung Conference with its "Dasasila Bandung" whose an important principle is to respect other state territorial sovereignty. In other words, Indonesia has been trying to play a normative international role in case of Syria crisis. In sum, Indonesian political power might not be powerful yet in affecting the conflict resolution directly compared to other international and regional actors such as Turkey might be has. ; Bu tez çalışmasında, Türkiye ve Endonezya'nın Filistin Sorunu ve Süriye Krizi'ya yönelik dış politikasını karşılaştırmalı bir analizini amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca cumhuriyet devletleri olma ilan etmelerinden dolayı iki ülkenin Orta Doğu'ya yönelik dış politikalarını incelemiştir. Dış politika teori olarak neoklasik realizm uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra Filistin Sorunu ve Süriye Krizi'nin Türkiye ve Endonezya politikalarını birim ve sistematik analiz düzeyinde şekillendiren, değişen dinamikleri ve analiz etkenleri tartışılmıştır. Liderlerin uluslararası ve bölgesel sistemik değişen eğilimleri, baskıları ve devlet iktidarı üzerindeki algılarının etkili faktörler haline geldiğini özetlenmiştir. Filistin meselesinde, Türkiye'de 2004-2016 yılları arasında iç siyaseti, içsel dönüşüme uğramıştır. İlk olarak kamuoyu ve sivil toplumun rolleri dış politikasına etkilenmesidir; AKP partisi iktidara gelmeden önce, Türkiye'nin dış politikasında asker belirleyici aktörü olarak olmuştur. Fakat, daha sonra askerinin rolü azalmıştır. Bunun yerine sivil toplum ve sivil toplum örgütleri de dahil olmak üzere devlet dışı aktörlerinin rolü artmıştır. Osmanlı mirası altındaki ortak tarihsel ve kültürel duyuların yeniden ortaya çıkmasıyla iç kamuoyunu dikkat çekmektedir. Dolayısıyla Türkiye'nin Orta Doğu'ya yeniden aktif katılımını sonuçlanmaktadır. İkinci olarak sivil liderin yeni dış politika aktörü olarak ortaya çıkmasıdır. Askeri etkinin azalmasından sonra dış karar vermenin mekanizması değiştirilmiştir. Aktif bir sivil kontrolunu ortaya çıkmış ve iç siyasi yapını yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla STK, düşünce kuruluşları, vb. gibi dış politikaları ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Türk yumuşak gücünün yeni aracı olarak katkıda bulunmuştur. Üçüncü olarak ise lider faktörleridir. Liderler uluslararası kamuoyunun çekme rolü oynamaktadır. Türk liderinin Filistin'de barışsız bölgenin kalıcı barışı olmadığını algılanmıştır. Onlar da Müslüman dünyasının stratejik önemine vurgulanmıştır. Bu nedenle, Türkiye'nin bölgesel meselelerine yeniden girmesi gerekmektedir. Dördüncüsü, İslamcı faktörün artışıdır. Tüm taraflar için demokratik bir eşitliğe Müslüman grupların iç politikaya yeniden dahil olmasını hizmet etmektedir. İslamcı bakış açısıyla Türk STK'sı da bir baskı grubu olarak yükselmektedir. Dolayısıyla Filistin meselesine de etkilenmektedir. Kudüs'ün statüsü ve doğasının Müslümanlara karşı kutsal bir şehir olarak hassasiyetini, özellikle de kutsal şehri kimin kontrol edeceğine yönelik kaygısını dile getirmektedir. Beşinci olarak, proaktif bir dış politikasıdır. Bölgesel düzeyde, bölgesel çatışmaların ana kaynağı Filistin-İsrail çatışmasıdır. Bölgesel istikrarsızlığın kalbi olarak algılanan İsrail-Filistin çatışması, Filistin sorununun çözümü için proaktif bir dış politikasını sonuçlanmıştır. Özetle, Türkiye'nin AKP yönetimi sırasında Filistin meselesiyle ilgili bir dengeleme politikası yürütülmüştür. Endonezya'nın Ortadoğu'da aktif bir katılım politikası arzusunu belirlenmiştir. Bunlar da, Orta Doğu diplomatik misyonunun özel bir varlığı, Endonezya hükümetinin Gazze şeridindeki parlamento seçimlerini kazandıktan sonra Hamas'a tanınması ve desteklenmesi, Filistin-İsrail çatışmasında dürüst bir aracı olma çabaları ve Ramallah'da resmi bir temsilcidir. Ayrıca, Endonezya İsrail devletinin tanınmayan bir politikasını resmi olarak tutarlı ile benimsemektedir. Endonezya'nın Filistin devletinin tanınmasını desteklemek ve Filistinlilere insancıl yaklaşımların sürdürülmesini sağlayarak insani yaklaşımı önermek için bölgesel ve uluslararası düzeyde çok sayıda diplomatik çabalarını sarf etmiştir. Türkiye ile karşılaştırıldığında, Endonezya'da 2004-2016 yılları arasında, sivil demokrasi dönemine geçiş dönemi geçirilmiştir. Geçiş dönemi sonrasında demokrasi sürecine dönüşmüş ve demokratik istikrara ulaşılmıştır. Endonezya'nın demokratik döneminde, Endonezya'nın angajmanı tarihsel temeli olarak 1945 Anayasasının antisömürgecilik ruhunu devam etmiştir. Ayrıca, devletin dış politikasında İslamcı faktör varlığının sayesinde Endonezya hükümeti Müslümanların isteklerini karşılamaktadır. İç siyasette İslamcı faktörün artması, iç kamuoyunda İslamcı odaklı hedeflenmiştir. Filistinli xii mülteci meselesinin ve Filistin toprakları üzerinde İsrail işgalinin ötesinde, Endonezya Müslüman grupları ve hükümeti için El-Aksa camisinin yer aldığı Kudüs meselesi de dahil olmak üzere ön plana çıktığı önemli konular arasında yüksek düzeyde hassasiyet vardır. Başka bir deyişle, Filistin meselesiyle ilgili olarak Müslüman gruplar ve Endonezya hükümeti arasında karşılıklı etkileşim vardır. Endonezyalı Müslümanların büyük bir kısmı ve hükümetin resmen Filistinliler için mücadele etmeyi birleşmişlerdir. Diğer İslamcı faktörlerin ahlaki güçü, Müslüman gruplarıdır. İslamcı meselelere pasif bir şekilde tepki gösterdiğinde Müslüman gruplar hükümete baskı yapmışlardır. Endonezya hükümetleri tarafından İsrail ile diplomatik ilişkilerin kurulmasına ilişkin herhangi bir girişimde, tüm müslüman gruplarının güçlü ve sert baskılarından dolayı çoğu zaman iptal edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, yeni Endonezya'nın uluslararası yönelimi ve kimliğinin yanı sıra İslamcı partilerin giderek artan bir rolü, İsrail'e karşı tanınmayan bir politikasının sürekliliğini etkilemiştir ve Filistin'i iki devletli çözümlere uygun olarak desteklemiştir. Uluslararası düzeyde ise, demokratikleşme politikasının dalgası demokratikleşmiş dış politikanın ortaya çıkmasına yol açmaktadır. Endonezya'nın demokratik dış politikası, devlet dışı aktörlerin aktif katılımını sağlayan çeşitli diplomatik çabalarla gerçekleştirilmiştir. 2012 yılında Süriye devrimi arttıktan sonra bir iç savaşa dönüşmüştür. İlk olarak, IŞİD, PYD-YPG ve diğer militan veya radikal gruplar gibi çeşitli devlet dışı aktörlerin ortaya çıkması ve aynı zamanda bölgesel ve uluslararası güçlerin doğrudan müdahalesi, çatışmayı daha da tırmandırmıştır. Bunlar Türkiye'ye doğrudan tehdit oluşturup özellikle Süriye'deki Türkiye'nin Orta Doğu politikasına meydan okumuştur. Bu nedenle, Türkiye'nin Süriye politikası yumuşak güçten sert güç yaklaşımına dönüş olmuştur. Türk siyasetini şekillendiren birçok içi faktör, öncelikle insani bir kriz boyutu, yani mülteci akının açık kapı politikasını sonuçlanmaktadır. 2011 yılından itibaren Süriye krizinin mülteci dalgalarını Türkiye'ye ateşlemiştir. Doğrudan komşu ülkeler olarak, Türkiye'yi sınırları açmak ve halkı güvence altına almak için uluslararası toplum ve yerel insani yardımlar tarafından talep edilmiştir. İkinci olarak Türkiye-Süriye sınırlarında güvenlik tehdidi oluşmuştur. Esad rejimi'nin Süriye muhalefetlerine karşı yürüttüğü askeri politika ve krizin gelişmesiyle, 2013 yılında başlayan devlet dışı silahlı grupların (YPG-PYD, IŞİD, diğer ılımlı ve radikal gruplar) durumu daha da kriziye karmaşık hale getirmiştir. Egemenlik iddiasında bulunma ve terör saldırıları yürütme çabaları nedeniyle, Türk ulusal güvenlik ve toprak bütünlüğüne tehdit oluşturmuştur. Başka bir risk ise, Süriye'ye gidip xiii çıkarken yabancı terörist savaşçıların Türkiye üzerinden sınır ötesi girişidir. Hatta, ülkelerine muhtemelen dönmeden önce Türkiye'de üçüncü bir ülke olarak yaşamışlardır. Bu yüzden, onları menşe ülkelerine geri gönderme yolunu da ele almak zorunda kalmaktadır. Uluslararası düzeyde ise, en etkili faktörler öncellikle uluslararası ve bölgesel aktörlerin çatışmaya girmesidir. 2015 yılından beri uluslararası müdahalelerini arttırmıştır. Yabancı ülkeler ve devlet dışı aktörlerin katılımı, küresel ve bölgesel güçlerin yanı sıra devlet dışı aktörler arasındaki ittifak ve düşmanlığın stratejik modelini oluşturmuştur. İkincisi, IŞİD'in yükselişidir. Bu terör örgütü, birçok intihar saldırısı ile Türk ulusal güvenliğine tehdit oluşturmuştur. Üçüncü olarak, PYD tehdidinin ortaya çıkışıdır. Bu grup Süriyeli Kürtleri kontrol ederek, birkaç kantonu ilan ederek ve Türkiye sınırındaki kuzey Süriye'de bir etki alanı veya terör koridoru kurarak Süriye çatışmasından yararlanmıştır. Öte yandan, Endonezya'nın Süriye krizine yönelik politikası, aşağıdaki gibi etkileyen faktörler aracılığıyla açıklanabilir. Birincisi, Bağımsız Dış Politika ilkesinin temel fikirlerinden biri olarak herhangi bir askeri bloğa uyumsuzluk bir taahhüdüdür. Süriye krizinde, Endonezya, Süriye ve büyük güçler ile çok taraflı ve iki taraflı askeri paktların her türlü müdahalesini engellemiştir. Bunun yerine, barışçıl bir birlikteliğe güvenmek üzere ilişkileri güçlendirmeyi tercih edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Endonezya'nın Bağlantısız Hareketi kurulmasında kritik ve yardımcı bir rolleri vardır. Bu yüzden uyumsuzluğun temel ruhunu yerine getirmek için kendini konumlandırmaktadır. İkincisi, lider algılarıdır. Endonezya'nın tutumu, ne Esad rejimi ne de muhalefetlerle karşı karşıya kalırken, Süriye'nin iç siyasetine müdahale etmemektedir. Başka bir deyişle, Endonezya'nın resmi duruşu tarafsızdır. Bu duruş, dünya barış ve güvenliği altındaki rejimin neden olduğu sömürgecilik ve ihlal biçimlerine karşı savaşmak anlamına gelmektedir. Endonezya hükümeti'nin tarafsız duruşu tarafsız bir siyaset olarak yorumlamamaktadır, krize dikkat etmemek değildir. Fakat, politikasını ulusal çıkarları doğrultusunda yürütmek anlamına gelmektedir. Üçüncüsü, Süriye'deki Endonezya vatandaşlarının korunmasının önceliğine bir bağlılık oluşturmasıdır. Bu hedefe ulaşmak için Endonezya hükümeti Şam, Halep ve Lazkiye'de diplomatik temsilcileri açmaya devam etmiştir. Bu temsilciler Endonezya'ya gönderilmeden önce onları korumak, savunmak ve güvenceye almak için temel görevlere sahiptir. Süriye'deki kimin hükümetleri olursa olsun, stratejik çıkarları doğrultusunda işbirliği yapmaya devam edecektir. xiv Daha sonra, uluslararası düzeyde etkili olan faktörler, ilk olarak IŞİD ve Endonezya'nın yabancı savaşçıları boyutudur. Endonezya'yı IŞİD'e bağlı ve ilham veren terör saldırılarıyla da IŞİD tarafından hedef alınmıştır. Ayrıca, Endonezya kökenli yabancı savaşçıların menşei ülkelerine dönmesiyle ilgili olası terör saldırılarından dolayı IŞİD bir tehdit olarak tanımlanmıştır. Olası terör saldırıları yürüten, iç ve dış dini çatışmaları teşvik eden, yerel militan grubun kapasitesinin eksikliğini yerine getiren, yeni kadroları işe almak genç kadroları hedefleyen yerel aşırı grupların uyku hücrelerinin yeniden canlanmasını kapsamakta Endonezya'daki IŞİD'in destekçileri ve temsilcilerinin varlığının potansiyel tehditleridir. İkincisi, Endonezya'nın İKT çerçevesinde rolüdür. Buna rağmen, Endonezya dünyanın çoğunlukta Müslüman nüfuslu ülkesi ve İKT'de aktif bir aktörüdür. Fakat, Endonezya'nın Süriye krizinde önemli bir rolü yoktur. Bölgesel jeopolitik terim olarak küçük bir aktör ve bölgesel karmaşık siyaset üzerine deneyim eksikliği gibi nedenlerden dolayı sınırlı rol oynamıştır. Süriye hükümetiyle sınırlı ikili ilişkilerin yönetiminde kalmaya devam ettiğini belirlemektedir. Özetle, Süriye krizi durumunda pasif bir dış politika yürütme eğilimindedir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye Süriye krizine yönelik insani ve politik odaklı yaklaşımı benimsemiş ve tercih etmiştir. Fakat, ulusal güvenliğini tehlikeye sokan birçok uluslararası gelişmenin ardından, Türk dış politikası güvenlik odaklı bir yaklaşım tercih etmiştir. Dış politikanın formüle edilmesinde yumuşak ve sert güçleri birleştirmektedir. Öte yandan, Endonezya hükümeti'nin Süriye'deki insani krizle başa çıkmada insani yardım yaklaşımını ortaya koyarken, bu krizi diplomasi yolunu en uygun hale getirmiştir. Endonezyalı liderlerin duruşu askeri bir yaklaşımı engellemektir. Endonezya dış politikası'nın temel ilkesi olan bağımsız ve aktif ilkeleri olarak değerlendirildiğinde, Endonezya bağımsızdır ancak aktif değildir. Dolayısıyla bu temel ilkeler, diğer devletlerin iç sorunlarına müdahale etmemek ve bunlara müdahalede bulunmamaktan ziyade askeri bir ittifaka girmediğini belirlemektedir. Bunun yerine, diğer ülkelerle ikili ilişkilerini aktif olarak teşvik etmelidir. Ayrıca, Endonezya'nın bağımsız ve aktif statükoyu bir dış politikasını pragmatik bir şekilde göstermektedir. Bu durumda, özellikle Orta Doğu bölgesinin çatışma çözümüne katılma konusunda daha geniş küresel rol oynama isteği ve yeteneği arasında bir uçurum olduğunu fark edilmektedir. Süriye krizi durumunda Endonezya hükümeti ve Müslüman grup karşıt olarak durmaktadır. Endonezya hükümeti ılımlı duruşa yönelme ve Süriye'nin iç sorunu üzerine müdahale etmeme politikası'nın statüsünü korumaktadır. Endonezya'nın diplomatik xv temsilcisini açmaya ve Süriye'de ikili ilişkiler geliştirmeye devam ederken, çoğu ülke Şam'da diplomatik bürosunu kapatmaya devam etmesinin birkaç nedeni vardır. İlk olarak, Süriye ve Endonezya arasındaki tarihi ilişkiler olmasıdır. Süriye, Endonezya'nın bağımsızlığını tanıyan ilk ülkelerdir. İkincisi, Endonezya Süriye'nin iç meselesine özellikle Süriye'nin toprak egemenliğine dahil olma Süriye rejimi tarafından algılanmaktan kaçınmasıdır. Üçüncüsü, Bağlantısız Hareketi'nin üyesi olarak Süriye'ye saygı göstermesidir. Bağlantısız Hareketi'nin üye devletler arasında bir anlaşma olarak müdahaleci olmayan bir politikasını benimsemektedir. Endonezya, Bağlantısız Hareketi'nin önemli bir ilkesi olarak diğer devlet topraklarının egemenliğine saygı duyması gereken "Dasasila Bandung" ile Bandung Konferansı'nda doğup yaşandığını düşünmektedir. Başka bir deyişle, Endonezya'nın Süriye krizi durumunda normatif bir uluslararası rolü oynamaya denilebilmektedir. Özetle, Endonezyainın siyasi gücü Türkiye'nin sahip olabileceği gibi diğer uluslararası ve bölgesel aktörlere kıyasla çatışma çözümünü doğrudan etkilememektedir. ; Türkiye Bursları