We investigate strategic investment decisions of local governments on inland transportation infrastructure in the context of seaport competition. We consider two seaports with their respective catchment areas and a common hinterland for which seaports compete. The two seaports and the common hinterland belong to three independent local governments, each determining the level of investment for its own inland transportation system. We find: (i) increasing investment in the hinterland lowers charges at both ports; and (ii) increasing investment in a port's catchment area will cause severer reduction in charge at its port than at the rival port. We also examine the non-cooperative optimal investment decisions and equilibrium investment levels under various coalitions.
In order to attract foreign investors to its territory, States tend to enter into international treaties and investment contracts in which they offer guarantees of a due exercise of government power. In case of breach, the investor may sue the State in an international arbitration proceeding and obtain a compensation for the damages caused. Therefore, recent judicial rulings aim to achieve a balance between guarantees and regulatory rights, which both investors and States should grasp. This article explains how arbitration works as a mean to solve tax related disputes between investors and States. Then, it presents the application of guarantees in arbitration, such as tax stability clauses or protection standards regarding expropriation and fair and equitable treatment. ; Para atraer inversionistas extranjeros a su territorio, los Estados suelen celebrar tratados internacionales y contratos de inversión en que ofrecen garantías de un debido ejercicio del poder estatal. En caso de incumplirlas, el inversionista tiene la posibilidad de demandar al Estado en un arbitraje internacional y obtener una compensación por los daños que el incumplimiento le hubiera generado. Los límites a la potestad estatal alcanzan, ciertamente, a la potestad tributaria. Así, la jurisprudencia reciente tiende a buscar un equilibrio entre garantías y derechos regulatorios que es saludable sea conocido tanto por inversionistas como por Estados. Con ese fin, el presente artículo explica cómo el arbitraje funciona como medio para solucionar controversias tributarias entre inversionistas y Estados. Luego, expone la aplicación en este de garantías, como las cláusulas de estabilidad tributaria o los estándares de protección sobre expropiación y trato justo y equitativo.
La globalización permeó las fronteras artificiales existentes entre la economía y la sociedad alrededor del mundo. Las actividades empresariales en este ambiente globalizado ha servido como catalizador de las violaciones de derechos humanos como consecuencia de la ausencia de la protección institucional algunas empresas han explotado los vacíos jurídicos y la falta de protección de los derechos humanos. Al respecto, para lograr un cambio paradigmático requiere un fuerte énfasis en los derechos y las obligaciones de las empresas. Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico de las obligaciones de las empresas en material de derechos humanos frente a la falta de cláusulas de estabilización en los contratos de inversión extranjera. En primer lugar, estas cláusulas son examinadas en relación con la responsabilidad en las obligaciones corporativas con relación a los derechos humanos fundamentales. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se analizan las dimensiones sustantivas y procesales de las cláusulas de estabilización. En segundo lugar, apelando a los ejemplos concretos del Acuerdo para el desarrollo de la Minería entre Mittal Steel y el Gobierno de Liberia, así como el proyecto del Oleoducto de Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan como casos de análisis, este artículo busca la aplicación de las cláusulas de estabilidad en las inversiones extranjeras con relación a la protección de los derechos humanos por parte de los Estados y de las empresas. En tercer lugar, se propone una modificación a la forma como se introduce la cláusula relativa a los derechos humanos. En este orden de ideas, los derechos humanos de los inversionistas, específicamente de las empresas, deben ser incluidos en los acuerdos de inversión extranjera. ; Globalisation has blurred the artificial borders that exist between economies and societies around the world. The activities of corporations in this globalised environment have often served as the catalyst for human rights violations; due to the lack of institutional protection, some corporations are able to exploit regulatory lacunae and the lack of human rights protection. It appears that the paradigmatic change demands an equal emphasis of rights and obligations of corporations. This article discusses and critically analyses corporate human rights obligations and the lack thereof under stabilization clauses in foreign investment contracts. First, stabilization clauses in foreign investment agreements are examined in relation to corporate obligations and responsibility for fundamental human rights. In doing so the substantive and procedural dimension of stabilization clauses is analysed. Second, using the concrete examples of the Mineral Development Agreement between Mittal Steel and the Government of Liberia Mittal Steel Agreement and of the Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan Pipeline Project as case studies, this article considers an application of stabilization clauses in foreign investment contracts in relation to the fundamental human rights obligation of states and of corporations. Third, a proposal for reform in the form of a fundamental human rights clause is introduced. To be clear, the argument here is that the fundamental human rights obligations of investors, particularly of corporations, must be included in foreign investment agreements.
Globalisation has blurred the artificial borders that exist between economies and societies around the world. The activities of corporations in this globalised environment have often served as the catalyst for human rights violations; due to the lack of institutional protection, some corporations are able to exploit regulatory lacunae and the lack of human rights protection. It appears that the paradigmatic change demands an equal emphasis of rights and obligations of corporations. This article discusses and critically analyses corporate human rights obligations and the lack thereof under stabilization clauses in foreign investment contracts. First, stabilization clauses in foreign investment agreements are examined in relation to corporate obligations and responsibility for fundamental human rights. In doing so the substantive and procedural dimension of stabilization clauses is analysed. Second, using the concrete examples of the Mineral Development Agreement between Mittal Steel and the Government of Liberia Mittal Steel Agreement and of the Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan Pipeline Project as case studies, this article considers an application of stabilization clauses in foreign investment contracts in relation to the fundamental human rights obligation of states and of corporations. Third, a proposal for reform in the form of a fundamental human rights clause is introduced. To be clear, the argument here is that the fundamental human rights obligations of investors, particularly of corporations, must be included in foreign investment agreements. ; La globalización permeó las fronteras artificiales existentes entre la economía y la sociedad alrededor del mundo. Las actividades empresariales en este ambiente globalizado ha servido como catalizador de las violaciones de derechos humanos como consecuencia de la ausencia de la protección institucional algunas empresas han explotado los vacíos jurídicos y la falta de protección de los derechos humanos. Al respecto, para lograr un cambio paradigmático requiere un fuerte énfasis en los derechos y las obligaciones de las empresas. Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico de las obligaciones de las empresas en material de derechos humanos frente a la falta de cláusulas de estabilización en los contratos de inversión extranjera. En primer lugar, estas cláusulas son examinadas en relación con la responsabilidad en las obligaciones corporativas con relación a los derechos humanos fundamentales. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se analizan las dimensiones sustantivas y procesales de las cláusulas de estabilización. En segundo lugar, apelando a los ejemplos concretos del Acuerdo para el desarrollo de la Minería entre Mittal Steel y el Gobierno de Liberia, así como el proyecto del Oleoducto de Baku‐Tblisi‐Ceyhan como casos de análisis, este artículo busca la aplicación de las cláusulas de estabilidad en las inversiones extranjeras con relación a la protección de los derechos humanos por parte de los Estados y de las empresas. En tercer lugar, se propone una modificación a la forma como se introduce la cláusula relativa a los derechos humanos. En este orden de ideas, los derechos humanos de los inversionistas, específicamente de las empresas, deben ser incluidos en los acuerdos de inversión extranjera.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brazil, started in the 19th century, a transition period between the Empire and the beginning of the Republic (1860-1913), when fdi theories had not yet been formulated. The British were the main investors worldwide, also in Brazil, responsible for developing essential sectors. In addition to the Europeans, the Americans also saw opportunities in the country, contributing later to the industries' installation. To better understand foreign investments in Brazil, as well as the installation of multinationals in the transition from the Empire to the Republic, we highlight the foreign investment process and the country's industrialization. The main contribution of this work is research pointing out the historical landmark of foreign investment in Brazil in the analyzed period, allowing to understand the country's urban and social development.
Since the launch of the Barcelona Process in 1995 and later the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, economic relationship between the European Union (EU) and Southern Mediterranean has grown tremendously. Trade volume, in terms of absolute value, between the EU and Southern Mediterranean has grown to an unprecedented height. Although the value has increased, foreign direct investment (FDI) from the EU to Southern Mediterranean remains low. South-to-North migration has also undoubtedly increased given the fact that it has become one of the priority concerns of the EU. Development has taken place through these economic exchanges. However, economic development growth rate remains considerably low compared to that of Latin America and Southeast Asia. This paper discusses about the economic development dynamic of Southern Mediterranean in comparison with that of Latin America and Southeast Asia through economic indicators, economic openness and trade, FDI and migration flows and structures. It also discusses about the challenges faced by Southern Mediterranean and how the economic crisis in the EU may affect their economic relationship
Since the launch of the Barcelona Process in 1995 and later the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, economic relationship between the European Union (EU) and Southern Mediterranean has grown tremendously. Trade volume, in terms of absolute value, between the EU and Southern Mediterranean has grown to an unprecedented height. Although the value has increased, foreign direct investment (FDI) from the EU to Southern Mediterranean remains low. South-to-North migration has also undoubtedly increased given the fact that it has become one of the priority concerns of the EU. Development has taken place through these economic exchanges. However, economic development growth rate remains considerably low compared to that of Latin America and Southeast Asia. This paper discusses about the economic development dynamic of Southern Mediterranean in comparison with that of Latin America and Southeast Asia through economic indicators, economic openness and trade, FDI and migration flows and structures. It also discusses about the challenges faced by Southern Mediterranean and how the economic crisis in the EU may affect their economic relationship. ; Since the launch of the Barcelona Process in 1995 and later the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, economic relationship between the European Union (EU) and Southern Mediterranean has grown tremendously. Trade volume, in terms of absolute value, between the EU and Southern Mediterranean has grown to an unprecedented height. Although the value has increased, foreign direct investment (FDI) from the EU to Southern Mediterranean remains low. South-to-North migration has also undoubtedly increased given the fact that it has become one of the priority concerns of the EU. Development has taken place through these economic exchanges. However, economic development growth rate remains considerably low compared to that of Latin America and Southeast Asia. This paper discusses about the economic development dynamic of Southern Mediterranean in comparison with that of Latin America and Southeast Asia through economic indicators, economic openness and trade, FDI and migration flows and structures. It also discusses about the challenges faced by Southern Mediterranean and how the economic crisis in the EU may affect their economic relationship.
El presente trabajo aborda los alcances de la Ley Nº 24.196. Política Económica adoptada. Beneficios otorgados a los productores Mineros. Regalías Mineras. La Participación de las Provincias.- Grandes Proyectos Mineros. ; This article raises to reach of law 24.196. Economics politics adopted. Benefits grants to miner producer. Mining royalty. The states participation. Big mining plan. ; Derecho de Minería y Energía ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
After a long introduction on the subject, the paper deals with the problem related with the use of statistical sources when looking at international migrations. Secondly, it addresses the interaction between migration patterns and demographic dynamics in Western Europe. Next, the article looks into the labor markets in current western societies and the role of immigrants therein. Finally, the main features of immigration policies in the EU countries are discussed. The rising importance of immigration in Spain is clearly underlined. ; Tras una extensa introducción para enmarcar el fenómeno descrito, el artículo aborda el problema de las fuentes estadísticas para el estudio de los procesos migratorios internacionales, la incidencia de la inmigración actual en la dinámica demográfica europea, los aspectos más sobresalientes de los nuevos mercados de trabajo y las líneas previsibles de la política migratoria de la Unión Europea a corto y medio plazo. El artículo refleja la importancia relativa de la inmigración española en lo que va de siglo XXI, cuando se compara con la de otros países occidentales.
The article is based on general and special scientific knowledge methods by means of which the main investment trends in Ukraine and in the leading economies of the world are revealed. It highlights the prerequisites for stable economic development of the country and, at the same time, investigates the factors of investment attraction. The main problems of the development of investment activities on the territory of Ukraine are described and strategic guidelines for the formation of a positive investment climate are given. As a result of the research, the short- and long-term policy prospects for improving investment and innovation activities in war and post-war times have been determined. In addition, the priority directions of foreign capital investments are considered, which include defense industry, energy, information technologies, processing industry, financial activity and trade. It was concluded that stimulation of intellectual and investment activities in Ukraine requires the introduction of an effective tax system, promotion of international cooperation, improvement of legislation and provision of adequate protection of intellectual property rights.
18 páginas, 5 figuras, 3 tablas. ; [ES] Tras una extensa introducción para enmarcar el fenómeno descrito, el artículo aborda el problema de las fuentes estadísticas para el estudio de los procesos migratorios internacionales, la incidencia de la inmigración actual en la dinámica demográfica europea, los aspectos más sobresalientes de los nuevos mercados de trabajo y las líneas previsibles de la política migratoria de la Unión Europea a corto y medio plazo. El artículo refleja la importancia relativa de la inmigración española en lo que va de siglo XXI, cuando se compara con la de otros países occidentales. ; [EN] After a long introduction on the subject, the paper deals with the problem related with the use of statistical sources when looking at international migrations. Secondly, it addresses the interaction between migration patterns and demographic dynamics in Western Europe. Next, the article looks into the labor markets in current western societies and the role of immigrants therein. Finally, the main features of immigration policies in the EU countries are discussed. The rising importance of immigration in Spain is clearly underlined. ; Peer reviewed
The aim of the research was to assess the specific levels of fixed capital investment per capita in all regions of Russia. The research was based on official 2019 statistics on the volume of fixed capital investments in 82 regions of Russia, as well as data on the population. In the research, the analysis of clusters associated with the unification of the objects studied in relatively homogeneous groups based on the study of the values of the compared indicators was applied. The normal distribution function was used in modelling to estimate the distribution of specific values for most regions. The following results and conclusions were obtained: it has been shown that the formation of five groups is optimal. In addition, it was shown that in 2019 nine regions were characterized by an extremely high level of investment due to the tasks of their strategic development to meet federal challenges. They also identified regions with relatively low values of specific investments in fixed assets. Everything indicates that specific investment values have a significant differentiation in several regions of Russia.
In recent years, the foreign investment regime has been subject to an increasing volume of criticism from the public. The significant sums of money at stake and the potential impact of the awards on State's regulatory powers have placed the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (isds) under the spotlight. In response to this, the European Union has proposed a far-reaching reform which introduces an Investment Court System (ics). This model constitutes an innovative dispute settlement mechanism intended to address most of the core issues of the isds by combining elements of the traditional isds with judicial features. Overall, this paper aims at analysing whether the EU's new approach constitutes an effective improvement to the traditional isds and the future of the international investment regime. To achieve this, the study begins with an overview of the current isds; followed by a synopsis of the main criticisms to the traditional isds; proceeded by a review of the core features of the EU's proposed ics and its inclusion in the new generation of iias in negotiation by the EU; and finally, provides a commentary of the main criticisms and obstacles that the introduction of the ics is likely to encounter. ; En los últimos años, el régimen de inversión extranjera ha sido objeto de un creciente número de críticas del público. Las sumas significativas de dinero en juego y el posible impacto de los laudos en los poderes regulatorios del Estado han puesto al actual Sistema de Resolución de Controversias entre Inversores y el Estado bajo la lupa. En respuesta a ello, la Unión Europea ha propuesto una reforma de gran alcance mediante la introducción de un Sistema de Corte de Inversiones (sci). El nuevo sistema constituye un mecanismo innovador de resolución de controversias internacionales destinado a remediar los problemas centrales que acarrea el sistema actual, mediante la combinación de elementos tradicionales del arbitraje con rasgos judiciales. En este contexto, el presente escrito pretende analizar si el nuevo enfoque de la Unión Europea constituye una mejora efectiva del actual mecanismo de resolución de controversias de inversiones y del futuro del régimen de inversión internacional. Para dicho propósito, el artículo comienza con una descripción general del actual Sistema de Resolución de Controversias entre Inversores y el Estado; seguido de una sinopsis de sus principales críticas; continúa con un resumen de las principales características del Sistema de Corte de Inversiones, así como de su inclusión en la nueva generación de acuerdos internacionales de inversión en negociación por la Unión Europea; y, finalmente, hace una referencia a las principales críticas y posibles obstáculos que afrontará la introducción del nuevo Sistema de Corte de Inversiones.
This study examines the impact of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) on Swiss foreign direct investment (FDI). It also investigates the role of BITs as protective tools of Swiss investment. This paper is based on secondary data analysis; data is obtained from various official entities. This study uses statistical and machine learning techniques in order to detect meaningful relationships between BITs and FDI flows. Our findings suggest that the implementation of BITs have an insignificant impact on the increase of Swiss FDI flows. However, from our examination, two interesting findings have emerged suggesting that the completion of BITs may have an impact on the increase of political stability and rule of law of partner countries. ; Este estudio examina el impacto de los tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBI) de la inversión extranjera directa suizo (IED). También indaga el papel de los TBI como herramientas de protección de inversiones. Esta investigación se basa en análisis de datos secundarios, los datos son obtenidos de diversas entidades oficiales. Este estudio utiliza técnicas de aprendizaje estadístico con el fin de detectar relaciones significativas entre los TBI y los flujos de IED. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la implementación de tratados bilaterales de inversión tiene un impacto insignificante en el aumento de IED suizos. Sin embargo, desde nuestro examen,dos hallazgos interesantes han surgido, proponiendo que los TBI puedan tener un impacto en el aumento de la estabilidad política y el estado de derecho de los países asociados.
