Suchergebnisse

Abstract. The paper addresses five constructs of policy making: policy curtain, iron triangle, issue network, policy community and an iron duet. The five constructs are distinguished on the basis of two variables: exclusion, denoting the degree of openness to new participants, and interdependence, pertaining to relationship between participants. A policy curtain prevails in the pre‐agenda stage denoting both exclusion and lack of dependence. Iron triangle is characterized by exclusion and interdependence; issue network portrays inclusion and lack of interdependence; a policy community features inclusion and interdependence. A fifth construct — an iron duet combines characteristics of an iron triangle, an issue network and a policy community. The paper suggests that the five constructs of policy making are not only products of political environment but are affected by distribution of resources and primacy of values within a specific issue‐area. It further argues that a sequential development may take place following alterations in the division of power between state agencies and organized groups. The involvement of powerful groups of professionals in a policy community, produced by mutual dependence of state and association, may lead to formation of a policy (iron) duet. The historical evolution of specialization entitlement in Israeli health policy serves as a case study to illustrate the major arguments of the paper.

Mit der zugrundeliegenden Frage, wie spezifische Politik-Formationen zwischen Staat und Interessengruppen entstehen, untersucht der Beitrag fünf theoretische Policy-Modelle (policy-curtain, iron-triangle, issue-network, policy-community, iron-duet) auf der Basis der Variablen der Exklusion und Interdependenz. Die historische Entwicklung der Spezialisierungsberechtigung in der israelischen Gesundheitspolitik dient dabei als Fallstudie zur Illustration der Hauptargumente. Im Ergebnis wird die These untermauert, daß verschiedene Formationen und Konstrukte eines Politikprozesses nicht nur Produkt der politischen Umgebung sind, sondern auch der Verteilung von Ressourcen und Werteprimaten innerhalb ihres spezifischen Fall-Bereiches unterliegen. (AuD-Ber)

Argues that as housing policy shifted from `distributive' to `redistributive' due to a curtailment of funding, the housing coalition came under pressure from external forces and ultimately fragmented into competing (rather than cohesive) interests. As a result, the commitment to housing provision was drastically reduced. (Original abstract-amended)

This paper analyzes the changing politics of housing policy during the Reagan administration. The analysis applies the concept of "subgovernments" to the housing coalition. The demise of the housing subgovemment is analyzed within a theoretical framework that includes "policy type" as an important explanatory variable. Specifically, this paper argues that as housing policy shifted from "distributive" to "redistributive" due to a curtailment of funding, the housing coalition came under pressure from external farces and ultimately fragmented into competing (rather than cohesive) interests. As a result, the U.S. commitment to housing provision was drastically reduced.

THE AUTHOR ANALYZES THE POLITICS OF HOUSING POLICY DURING THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION AND APPLIES THE CONCEPT OF "SUBGOVERNMENTS" TO THE HOUSING COALITION. HE ANALYZES THE DEMISE OF THE HOUSING SUBGOVERNMENT WITHIN A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK THAT INCLUDES POLICY TYPE AS AN IMPORTANT EXPLANATORY VARIABLE. SPECIFICALLY, HE ARGUES THAT AS HOUSING POLICY SHIFTED FROM DISTRIBUTIVE TO REDISTRIBUTIVE DUE TO THE CURTAILMENT OF FUNDING, THE HOUSING COALITION CAME UNDER PRESSURE FROM EXTERNAL FORCES AND ULTIMATELY FRAGMENTED INTO COMPETING (RATHER THAN COHESIVE) INTERESTS. AS A RESULT, THE U.S. COMMITMENT TO HOUSING PROVISION WAS DRASTICALLY REDUCED.

A simple prospective model of voting & party identification is proposed that subsumes much of the social-psychological & retrospective voting literatures. Its eleven major propositions are validated here, & its implications for conventional statistical specifications in voting research are assessed, including: (1) linear models would be discarded in favor of a particular nonlinear specifications, & (2) demographics should be dropped from the list of independent variables. Adapted from the source document.

Review.

Outlook for political and economic reform following defeat of the Liberal Democratic party. Focuses on Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa's initiatives to weaken the "iron triangle" of conservative politicians, senior bureaucrats, and big business leaders.

Political scientists have often referred to core decision-making groups in American politics as "policy communities" or, more popularly, as "the iron triangle." Invariably, they are describing the interaction patterns of specialists in the executive and legislative branches of government and in the private sector who devote primary attention to the initiation and implementation of public policy in a particular issue area. In large measure the groups are depicted as having close-knit working relationships that result from frequent interaction, similarity in information sources and commonality in ideological predisposition. Perceptive observers such as Hedrick Smith, however, have pointed out that in some policy arenas there are critics who are not part of what is usually regarded as the cozy establishment network. These he has referred to as "dissident triangles" or rival networks that compete with varying degrees of success in the process.