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First Published online: 13 October 2014. First Online in issue 21 September 2016. ; This article provides an empirical assessment of the causal structure underlying the core dependent variable of electoral research (the vote) and two of its most notable predictors (partisanship and leader evaluations). A critical review of traditional models of voting highlights the need to account for the reciprocal relationship between the main predictors as well as for the potential feedback stemming from the dependent variable. In the light of these considerations, a new 'iron triangle' of electoral research would seem to take shape, with partisanship, leader evaluations and the vote tight to each other by a strong link of reciprocal causation. Making use of pre-/post-election surveys from Britain and Italy, the empirical analysis provides evidence for a strong effect of past behavior on political attitudes. However, past behavior seems to exert its effect mainly on partisan attitudes, whereas party leader evaluations appear only slightly affected. The results point to the considerably weakened role of partisanship as attitudinal anchor of vote choice. Leader evaluations, on the contrary, emerge as a crucial component in the voting decision.

The process of reforming the organization of agricultural cooperatives (JA) under the Abe administration in 2013-2015 reveals the extent to which Japan's "agricultural policy triangle" still functions as a key element of government decision-making for agriculture. The triangle consists of Liberal Democratic Party agricultural "tribe" Diet members (nōrin zoku), bureaucrats from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and JA executives. The paper shows that while the "agricultural policy triangle" played an important role at key junctures in the JA reform process, the loyalties and links that had hitherto bound the three parties in an "iron triangle" of vested interest in agricultural support and protection have been eroded.

Robert Mood – Served in South China Sea and bays, inlets and rivers of South Vietnam. Operation Junction City (Iron Triangle). Returned from Vietnam in 1967; experienced health issues arising from exposure to Agent Orange and asbestos which only became apparent after military service. ; https://vc.bridgew.edu/vhp_stories/1032/thumbnail.jpg

Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Note -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Governmental Justification of Capital Punishment -- 1.2 Research Background -- 1.3 Research Methodology -- 1.4 Outline -- Notes -- Chapter 2: The Two-Sided Triangle: Capital Punishment Policy Decision-Making- A Framework for Analysis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Existing Hypotheses on the Government's Retention of Capital Punishment -- 2.2.1 Historical Factors -- 2.2.2 External Factors -- 2.2.3 Internal Factors -- 2.3 Japanese Decision-Making: The Iron Triangle Model

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Agency Purpose versus Agency Self- Interest: Conflict in Serving the Vulnerable -- 2. Poverty's Iron Triangle -- 3. Mining Foster Children for Revenue -- 4. Medicaid Money Laundering -- 5. Cost Recovery: Poverty Industry Taking Child Support from Children and Families -- 6. The Expanding Web of the Poverty Industry -- 7. Reeling In the Poverty Industry: Restoring Agency Purpose, and Restoring Fiscal Integrity to the Safety Net -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author

Editors' biography -- Contributors biography -- Foreword: a philosophical invitation -- Introduction / by Claire Jankelson and Steven Segal -- Towards phronesis : the hermeneutic circle as a lived experience of research by / Claire Jankelson -- Stuck between management theory and a hard place : the lived experience of managing in the space between senior management and the real world / by Darcy Duggan -- Moments of resolve : existential challenges of everyday working life / by Amanda Mead and Steven Segal -- Escaping the iron triangle : existential hermeneutics and the practice of project management / by Brad Rolfe -- Finding my researcher voice : from disorientation to embodied practice / by Rachelle Arkles -- Being-in-practice: making the leap from the instrumental technocratic to an existential hermeneutic practice in family business succession consulting / by Bill Hovey -- Midrash methodology / by Devorah Wainer

Concepts referring to sectoral policy subsystems are abundant. However, few efforts are made to clarify the frequently used term 'policy field'. This paper is determined to move this notion into a more analytical direction. The central aim is to substantiate the dimensions of policy fields, their presumed effects on policy actors, and to provide an explanatory framework for stability or change. Therefore, concepts such as iron triangles and policy networks are reconsidered in order to specify the essential dimensions of policy fields. Policy fields emerge if a group of strategic actors who face a new problem generate a semi-autonomous sphere of interaction. The policy field is completed if a specific institutional setting and a set of policy ideas are added. This process is based on functional differentiation and politicization. Finally, a comparison of science, agricultural, and health policy is used to illustrate how stability and change of policy fields could be explained. Especially the perforation of policy boundaries, which allows external interests to gain influence, and a destabilization of previously homogeneous coalitions prove to be crucial variables. Adapted from the source document.

"This book aims to provide comprehensive empirical and theoretical studies of expanding fandom communities in East Asia through the commodification of Japanese, Korean and Chinese popular cultures in the digital era. Using a multidisciplinary approach including political economy, East Asian studies, political science, international relations concepts and history, this book focuses on a few research objectives. In terms of methodology, it is an area studies approach based on interpretative work, observation studies, policy and textual analysis. First, it aims to examine the closely intertwined relationship between the three major stakeholders in the iron triangle of production companies, consumers and states (i.e., role of government in policy promotion). Second, it studies the interpenetration, adaptation, innovation and hybridization of exogenous Western culture with traditional popular cultures in (North) East Asia. Third, it studies the influence of popular cultures and how cultural products resonate with a regional audience through collective consumption, contents reflective of normative values, the emotive and cognitive appeal of familiar images and social learning as well as peer effect found in fan communities. It then examines how consumption contributes to soft cultural influence and how governments leverage on its comparative advantages and cultural assets for commercial success and in the process augment national (cultural) influence. These questions will be discussed and analyzed and contextualized through the case studies of J-pop (Japanese popular culture), K-pop (Korean popular culture or Hallyu) and Chinese popular culture (including Mando-pop and Taiwanese popular culture)."--Publisher's website

The Iron Triangle formulates the holy trinity of objectives of project management – cost, schedule, and benefits. As our previous research has shown, ICT projects deviate from their initial cost estimate by more than 10% in 8 out of 10 cases. Academic research has argued that Optimism Bias and Black Swan Blindness cause forecasts to fall short of actual costs. Firstly, optimism bias has been linked to effects of deception and delusion, which is caused by taking the inside-view and ignoring distributional information when making decisions. Secondly, we argued before that Black Swan Blindness makes decision-makers ignore outlying events even if decisions and judgements are based on the outside view. Using a sample of 1,471 ICT projects with a total value of USD 241 billion – we answer the question: Can we show the different effects of Normal Performance, Delusion, and Deception? We calculated the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of (actual-forecast)⁄forecast. Our results show that the CDF changes at two tipping points – the first one transforms an exponential function into a Gaussian bell curve. The second tipping point transforms the bell curve into a power law distribution with the power of 2. We argue that these results show that project performance up to the first tipping point is politically motivated and project performance above the second tipping point indicates that project managers and decision-makers are fooled by random outliers, because they are blind to thick tails. We then show that Black Swan ICT projects are a significant source of uncertainty to an organisation and that management needs to be aware of. Finally, we draw implications about the underlying generative processes that lead to power law behaviour, which might help to further understand the pitfalls and shortcomings of cost and cost risk management in ICT projects.

Военно-промышленный комплекс, определяя в современных условиях базу для реализации экономического потенциала страны, претерпевает значительные структурные изменения. В новых внешнеполитических условиях выработка решений задач управления комплексом на государственном уровне и формирование прогнозов его развития приобретают критическое значение не только в целях удовлетворения требованиям национальной обороноспособности и международной безопасности, но и обеспечения экономического роста государства в целом. В статье исследуется проблема экономического анализа военно-промышленного комплекса как специфической подсистемы национальной экономики. Проведен краткий обзор работ, посвященных системному подходу и исследованию систем. Доказана актуальность использования системного подхода в экономическом анализе военно-промышленного комплекса при определении его структуры и ограничений. Предложена оригинальная трактовка понятия «военно-промышленный комплекс» как подсистемы национальной экономической системы, обозначены ее основные элементы, связи и особенности. Приведен сравнительный анализ авторского понимания военно-промышленного комплекса и концепции «железного треугольника», выделены ключевые сходства и различия трактовок. Обоснована целесообразность применения методики Э. Голдратта для обнаружения ограничения подсистемы военно-промышленного комплекса на примере России. Выявлено «слабое звено» подсистемы военно-промышленного комплекса Российской Федерации. ; Abstract. The military-industrial complex laying in the modern context the basis for realizing the country's potential is undergoing significant structural changes. Current foreign policy challenges imply that devising solutions to the problems of control and preparing forecasts of its development become critical to both meeting the national defense and international security requirements as well as to ensuring the country's economic growth. The paper deals with the problem of economic analysis of the military-industrial complex as a subsystem within a national economy. It briefly reviews the key research on systems approach and systems study. The rationale for systems approach application in economic analysis of the military-industrial complex structure and constrains is later brought up. The article reveals the original military-industrial complex concept that treats it as a subsystem of a national economy system and discovers its basic features, elements and connections among them. The author's interpretation of the military-industrial complex is then benchmarked against the existing concept of an iron triangle by identifying the key similarities and differences between the approaches. It advances the relevance of E. Goldratt's method for defining constraints of the military-industrial complex subsytem drawing on the example of Russian Federation. The article, lastly, presents the Russia's military-industrial complex subsystem weakest link.

We explore settlement structures and hierarchy found in different archaeological periods in northern, specifically the Khabur Triangle (KT), and southern Mesopotamia (SM) using a spatial interaction entropy maximization (SIEM) modeling and simulation method. Regional settlement patterns are investigated in order to understand what feedback levels for settlement benefits, or incentives, and abilities to move or disperse between sites in a landscape and period could have enabled observed settlement structures to emerge or be maintained. Archaeological and historical data are then used to interpret the best results. We suggest that in the Late Chalcolithic (LC) and first half of the Early Bronze Age (EBA), the KT and SM appear to have comparable urban patterns and development, where settlement advantage feedbacks and movement are similarly shaping the two regions for those periods. Within period variations, such as restrictions to population diffusion or movement in the EBA, are possible. In the KT during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA), multiple centers begin to emerge, suggesting a lack of social cohesion and/or political fragmentation. This is similar to SM in the MBA, but we also see the emergence of a single, dominant site. In the Iron Age (IA), movement in the KT likely becomes the least constrained in all assessed periods, as socio-political cohesion facilitates this process, with small sites now the norm and dominance by one state over the region is evident. For the same period in SM, a single site (Babylon) obtains significant settlement advantages relative to its neighbors and easy movement enables it to become far larger in size and likely socially, economically, and politically dominant. Overall, the results demonstrate that the method is useful for archaeologists and social theorists in allowing them to compare different archaeological survey results, with varied spatial dimensions and diachronically, while providing a level of explanation that addresses empirical settlement patterns observed.