Suchergebnisse

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit dem nach langer Zeit der Stagnation einsetzenden konjunkturellen Aufschwung in Japan und beleuchtet dabei insbesondere die immer noch fortbestehenden fundamentalen Schwächen der japanischen Volkswirtschaft. So ist der binnenorientierte Teil z.B. im Vergleich zu internationalen Wirtschaften wenig leistungsfähíg und weist dennoch ein hohes Preisniveau auf. Die Staatsverschuldung ist exorbitant hoch. Zudem lässt die ungünstige demographische Struktur der japanischen Gesellschaft starke Belastungen der Sozialsysteme erwarten. Reformen sind nicht zu vermeiden, aber dafür haben sich im politischen Umfeld die Aussichten stark eingetrübt. Auf diesem Hintergrund gibt der Beitrag eine Bestandsaufnahme der Probleme der japanischen Wirtschaftspolitik und Analyse der schwierigsten Aufgaben des Reformprozesses. Abschließend werden die zwischen der Fukuda-Regierung und Opposition bestehenden Machtkämpfe und die diesbezüglichen politischen Hintergründe einer Reformfatigue beleuchtet, die dazu führen könnten, dass die Verschiebung von Strukturreformen und Haushaltskonsolidierung für Japan teuer zu stehen kommen. In einem solchen Szenario dürfte der Zuwachs an Wohlstand und der ökonomische Verteilungsspielraum sehr stark eingeschränkt sein. (ICH)

In the span of the first few years after Japan's defeat in World War II, five of Japan's leading earth scientists came forward to warn the nation that major earthquakes would soon occur. They (almost) never did. This article focuses on those predictions to highlight the debates that shaped early postwar efforts in Japan to make scientists, and earth scientists in particular, guardians of the public's safety. It draws on multiple archival collections, participant accounts and popular media coverage to explore the tensions between individual scientists and newly formed, officially sanctioned bodies charged with coordinating earthquake prediction research. These tensions, I argue, reflect both a long-standing ambivalence within the field toward prediction's legitimacy, and the emergence of a new set of research and policy imperatives for Japan's earth scientists that privileged it. The legacies of the Occupation-era encounters with prediction include the 1962 publication of Earthquake Prediction: Current Status and a Plan for Development, the formation of the Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction in 1969 and the passage of the Large-Scale Earthquake Countermeasures Act in 1978.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- THE IMPACT OF CONSUMPTION TAX INCREASES AND THEIR POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR JAPAN -- A. Introduction -- B. Impact of VAT Rate Increases on the Japanese Economy -- C. Japan: Policy Changes and Uncertainty -- D. Cross-country Evidence on VAT Rate Increases -- E. Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- FINANCING THE COSTS OF JAPAN'S DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION -- A. Introduction -- B. Framework of Analysis -- C. Financing Options -- D. Complementary Reform Options -- E. Conclusions -- References: -- INEQUALITY IN JAPAN: GENERATIONAL, GENDER, AND REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- A. Introduction -- B. Inequality and Generations -- C. Inequality and Gender -- D. Regional Inequality -- E. Findings and Policy Discussion -- References -- JAPAN-MACROECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATION -- A. Introduction -- B. Overview of Automation and its Prospects in Japan -- C. Industrial Robots and Their Impacts on Productivity and Labor Market -- D. Automation in the Services Sector of Japan -- E. Macroeconomic Implications of Automation with a Declining Labor Force -- F. Policy Implications -- References -- UNDERSTANDING WAGE GROWTH IN JAPAN -- A. Cyclical and Structural Drivers of Wage Growth in Japan -- B. Estimating Wage Phillips Curves Augmented with Structural Drivers -- C. Conclusion -- References -- WHAT DRIVES RAPID YEN APPRECIATIONS? -- A. Main Drivers of Short-run Yen Dynamics -- B. Three Distinct Episodes of Large and Rapid Yen Appreciations -- C. Disentangling Exchange Rate Drivers Using a VAR Model -- D. Results -- E. Conclusions -- References -- JAPAN-OPTIONS FOR HEALTHCARE REFORM -- A. Introduction -- B. Japan's Healthcare System in Perspective -- C. Fiscal Dimensions of an Aging Population and Healthcare Spending -- D. Potential Reform Options and Future Health Spending -- E. Conclusions -- References.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICIES: NAVIGATING DEMOGRAPHIC HEADWINDS -- A. Fiscal Policy-Near-Term Support and Long-Term Sustainability -- B. Macro-Structural Agenda-Reinvigorated Reforms -- C. Monetary Policy-In for the Long Haul -- D. Financial Sector Policies-Containing Risks -- E. External Position and Spillovers -- F. Efforts in Tackling the Supply-Side of Corruption -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. What Explains Low Inflation Expectations in Japan? -- 2. Challenges for Regional Banks in Japan -- 3. Demographics and Structural Reforms -- 4. Demographics and the Natural Rate of Interest in Japan -- 5. Crypto-Asset Regulation in Japan -- 6. Yen Appreciations, Safe Havens, and the Carry Trade -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Economic Developments -- 2. Inflation Developments -- 3. Monetary Policy Transmission -- 4. Financial Market Developments -- 5. Japanese Government Bond (JGB) Market Liquidity -- 6. Labor Market and Wage Developments -- 7. Fiscal Developments and Sustainability -- 8. Demographic Headwinds, Gender and Inequality -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2012-19 -- 2. Monetary Authority Accounts and Monetary Survey, 2012-19 -- 3. External Sector Summary, 2012-19 -- 4. General Government Operations, 2012-19 -- 5. Medium-Term Projections, 2014-23 -- 6. Financial Soundness Indicators, 2010-18 -- 7. Sustainable Development Goals Monitoring -- 8. Monthly Economic Indicators -- ANNEXES -- I. Estimating Japan's Potential Output -- II. Financial Conditions and the Credit Cycle in Japan -- III. Model-Based Growth and Inflation Projections for Japan -- IV. Risk Assessment Matrix -- V. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- VI. Progress on 2017 FSAP Key Recommendations -- VII. Assessment of Japan's External Sector -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Improving the performance of youth on the labor market is a crucial challenge in many OECD countries and first experiences on the labor market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on Japan surveys the main barriers to employment for young people in Japan, assesses of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school to work in the country, and presents set of policy recommendations.--Publisher's description

Analyzes election results and cabinet changes in Japan during 2004. Tables, References.

In addition to the traditional concepts of joinder and authorized representation, Japan permits only injunction claims by consumer organizations against unfair business practice and contract terms, with strong restrictions on approval of such organizations. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

Cover -- CONTENTS -- WHY ISN'T PRIVATE INVESTMENT HIGHER IN JAPAN? -- A. Introduction -- B. What is Holding Back Investment? Hypotheses -- C. Empirical Analysis: Data Description and Summary Statistics -- D. Empirical Analysis: Estimation and Regression Results -- E. Priorities for Reform: Product Market Regulation -- F. Conclusions and Policy Discussion -- FIGURE -- 1. Herfindahl Index for Selected Sectors -- TABLES -- 1. Real Growth and Contribution from Private Gross Fixed Investment -- 2. Descriptive Statistics -- 3. Firms Cash Holdings, 2014 -- 4. Regression Results on the Impact of Market Concentration on Investment -- References -- IS AN UNBACKED FISCAL EXPANSION THE ANSWER FOR JAPAN? -- A. Introduction -- B. Implications of FTPL for Monetary and Fiscal Coordination -- C. Methodology and Assumptions -- D. An Illustrative Example of an Unbacked Fiscal Expansion -- E. Could an Unbacked Fiscal Expansion Work in Japan? -- F. Other Concerns about an Unbacked Fiscal Expansion -- G. Conclusions -- FIGURES -- 1. Simulations under Alternative Policy Regimes (normal time, ZLB not binding) -- 2. Simulations under Alternative Policy Regimes (bad time, ZLB binding) -- 3. The Role of Forward-looking Inflation in the Non-Ricardian Policy Regime -- 4. Front-Loaded Real Debt Accumulation without Timely Reflation -- References -- TAX POLICY CHALLENGES OF AN AGING/DECLINING POPULATION -- A. Background -- B. Raising the Consumption Tax -- C. Other Tax Measures -- References -- JAPAN'S LIFETIME EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER INEQUALITY -- References.

1. Introduction : thinking about anthropology, disability and Japan -- 2. Disability in the Japanese context -- 3. Disability, language and meaning -- 4. Disability policy and law in modern Japan -- 5. Disability and the lifecycle -- 6. Caregiving and the family -- 7. Accessibility and the built environment in Japan -- 8. Conclusion.