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The paper analyzes job turnover in the Russian economy on the basis of aggregate data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) since 2008. It describes main trends in job creation and job destruction in the Russian labor market over 2008-2012 and explores variation in intensity of these processes by types of ownership, sectors and regions. Cross-country comparisons indicate that job turnover in the Russian economy remains low. However, its private sector demonstrates much higher job creation and job destruction rates.

This thesis consists of four self-contained papers on job turnover, productivity and state- local finance. Paper [I] deals with the determinants of the rate of job turnover defined as the change in distribution of employment between and within industries in Swedish manufacturing. The rate of inter-industry job turnover is driven by the dispersion of profit changes among industries. Shifts in international competitiveness among industries seem to play a central role in the explanation of this pattern. The rate of intra-industry job turnover has been higher in industries with many small plants, low profit margins and high import penetration. Paper [II] analyzes the impact of openness on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Using Swedish industry level data the results show that economically integrated industries tend to be more engaged in research and development (R&D) and have more entry and exit activity than other industries. The domestic R&D intensity does not contribute to the TFP growth rate. Instead, the results imply that openness to international markets, which helps facilitate technology spillovers, has a significant impact on the growth rate. There is also some evidence suggesting that producers exiting the market are less productive, implying that such exits will increase the average productivity of the industry concerned. The purpose of Paper [III] is to design and implement a test of whether the external effect from tax base sharing among local and regional governments is internalized via the intergovernmental transfer system. The test is based on the observation that if the external effect is internalized, an increase in the income tax rate at one level of government will induce the other level to reduce its income tax rate by the corresponding amount, leaving the effective tax rate unchanged. By using panel data for the Swedish local and regional public sectors, we estimate the reaction function for the local income tax rate. The results imply that an increase in the regional income tax rate induces the municipalities in the region to decrease their income tax rates. In addition, we are able to reject the null hypothesis that the external effect from tax base sharing is internalized. Paper [IV] concerns risk-sharing, in terms of how the central government smooths personal income among municipalities via the tax and transfer systems. Using Swedish panel data, the results show that the national tax and transfer systems mitigate an adverse shock to income of one krona so that disposable income falls by 67 öre, on average. However, there are large differences across regions, where the effect on disposable income varies between 32 and 78 öre in the krona. ; digitalisering@umu

"This paper explores the effects of tariffs, trade costs, and firing costs on firm dynamics and labor markets outcomes. The analysis is based on a general equilibrium model with labor market search frictions, wage bargaining, firing costs, firm-specific productivity shocks, and endogenous entry/exit decisions.Firing costs reduce firms' profits and discourage them from quickly adjusting their employment levels in response to idiosyncratic shocks. Tariffs and other trade costs reduce rents for efficient firms and increase rents for inefficient firms, as in Melitz (2003). These well-known effects interact with idiosyncratic productivity shocks and with scale economies in hiring costs to determine the equilibrium size distribution of firms, entry/exit rates, job turnover rates, rate of informality, and cross-firm wage distributions. After fitting this model to Colombian micro data on establishments and households, we use counter- factual simulations to isolate the effects of that country's trade liberalization and labor market reforms circa 1990. We find that Colombia's tariff cuts, in isolation, would have shifted jobs toward large, stable firms, reducing job turnover and informality in the long run. Further, since firms pay higher wages when they wish to rapidly expand, the shift of jobs toward such firms would have compressed the top end of the wage distribution. On the other hand, Colombia's firing costs reductions, in isolation, would have led some large inefficient producers to contract, driving up job turnover rates and informality. Finally, however, the combination of tariff cuts and reduced firing costs that was implemented led to larger increases in turnover and informality than would have occurred if tariffs had been held fixed. The reason is that reduced firing costs made firms adjust their sales more dramatically in response to productivity shocks, while openness amplified this effect by making adjustments on the export margin more important"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

State laws requiring employers to verify workers' employment eligibility may reduce employment and earnings among unauthorized workers and make it difficult for them to switch jobs. Using data from the 2005–2014 Quarterly Workforce Indicators, we find evidence of a reduction in employment and job turnover among Hispanics as a whole in states that require all employers to verify employment eligibility. These adverse effects become larger as the share of likely unauthorized Hispanic workers falls. The drop in job turnover may be due to the laws trapping some Hispanic workers in their jobs. There is little effect on employment or job turnover among non‐Hispanic whites or blacks. There is no effect on average pay for all groups of workers. (JEL J15, J61, J68)

Die Autoren gehen, bezogen auf die USA, von empirischen Arbeiten aus, die einen großen Umfang von Job-turnover nachweisen, und beschreiben diesen Prozeß in einem allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodell. Dabei analysieren sie insbesondere die Folgen einer Politik, die Arbeitsplatzabbau auf Firmenebene mit Steuern "bestraft", und finden negative Konsequenzen einer solchen Politik für Beschäftigung und Wohlfahrt. Sie stellen ihre Schlußfolgerungen in den allgemeinen Zusammenhang der Arbeitsmarktregulierung und der Funktionsweise europäischer und amerikanischer Arbeitsmärkte. (IAB2)

This paper explores the combined effects of reductions in trade frictions, tariffs, and firing costs on firm dynamics, job turnover, and wage distributions. It uses establishment-level data from Colombia to estimate an open economy dynamic model that links trade to job flows and wages. Counterfactual experiments imply that Colombia's integration with global product markets increased its national income at the expense of higher unemployment, greater wage inequality, and increased firm-level volatility. In contrast, contemporaneous labor market reforms dampened the increase in unemployment and aggregate job turnover. The results speak more generally to the effects of globalization on labor markets. (JEL F13, F16, F66, J31, J63, O15, O19)

This paper investigates the effects of Greece's European Union (EU) accession and European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) entry, as well as R&D intensity and industry concentration on job creation and job destruction in the Greek manufacturing sector. The study is based on firm-level economic data of 1418 firms and covers the time period from 1995 to 2004. The econometric model, besides other firm-level determinants used in similar studies, incorporates variables that capture the potential impact of EU accession and EMU entry. In addition, the effects of variables, such as R&D, size, age, exports, new investment, profitability and industry concentration ratios are examined. The study reveals that EMU has a substantial negative effect on employment growth in the Greek manufacturing sector. However, it strengthens the effect of exports, new investmentsin tangible assets and R&D expenditures on the creation of new work positions.