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This article is an introduction to "cultural journalism," a specialised type of professional journalism that covers and debates the broad field of arts and culture. The article points to some of the research traditions that have engaged with the news media's coverage of arts and culture and inspired contemporary cultural journalism research, among them cultural sociology and the sociology of journalism. Furthermore, the article outlines the institutional roles and epistemology of cultural journalism, which in several respects differ from dominating normative conceptions of Western journalism. At the same time, the article shows that contemporary journalism shares many similarities with the approaches found in culural journalism, such as interpre- tation, emotionality, and subjectivity. Finally, the article points to important future paths for cultural journalism research, including comparative perspectives and the politi- cal dimensions and potentialities of cultural journalism.

7 pages ; This entry seeks to synthesize the many definitions of journalism. Struggles over defining what qualifies as journalism and who qualifies as a journalist are more than discursive disputes; they are key points of departure for understanding the societal roles as well as social meanings of journalism in the twenty‐first century. In a basic sense, journalism refers to the systematic gathering, filtering, and circulating of information deemed to be news and in the public interest. But, as this entry shows, definitions of journalism are also complex normative, political, and ideological statements that may appear quite differently from different perspectives. This entry reviews how journalism was defined historically, what it came to represent in late modern times, and why it may need to be redefined to capture the complex realities of producing and consuming news in an information environment that challenges supposedly stable notions of what journalism is and why it matters.

The study examines perceptions of watchdog journalism in three European countries: Britain, Denmark, and Spain, and shows that the general public's appreciation of the watchdog model is evident, regardless of critics' fears that it may eventually lead to cynicism and disaffection with politics. The study further suggests that citizens tend to have similar expectations of the media that determine their level of contentment with political news coverage, despite the important differences in what they actually get from the news and how satisfied they are.

Repr.: Amer. Acad. of Political and Social Science. Annals. July, 1906. ; Cover-title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This article argues that constructive journalism scholarship should look to service journalism and its subfields, cultural journalism and lifestyle journalism, to understand key characteristics of this newer type of journalism. Though constructive journalism is typically associated with the reporting of political and social issues, it is also seen to challenge traditional ways of writing about such hard news topics due to its positive and solution-oriented approach. In this respect, constructive journalism seems to reuse some of the approaches known from service journalism, especially in terms of audience address and an expanded social role for journalists. However, service journalism emerged in the increasingly commercialized and globalized media landscape of the post-WW2-period, whereas constructive journalism has emerged in the digital media landscape of the 2010s. These historical contexts provide particular circumstances for both types of journalism. ; This article argues that constructive journalism scholarship should look to service journalism and its subfields, cultural journalism and lifestyle journalism, to understand the key characteristics of this newer type of journalism. Though constructive journalism is typically associated with the reporting of political and social issues, it is also seen to challenge the traditional ways of writing about such hard news topics due to its positive and solution-oriented approach. In this respect, constructive journalism seems to reuse some of the approaches known from service journalism, especially in terms of audience address and an expanded social role for journalists. However, service journalism emerged in the increasingly commercialized and globalized media landscape of the post-World War II period, whereas constructive journalism has emerged in the digital media landscape of the 2010s. These historical contexts provide particular circumstances for both types of journalism.

Major changes have been challenging journalism in the last two decades, in the context of the 'digital age'. The technological possibilities developed in the 'information society', together with the social and cultural trend for more participation, opened this field to new actors, which caused professional journalists to lose their traditional monopoly of searching, gathering, editing and diffusing news in the public sphere. At the same time, these new possibilities of communicating are increasingly forcing the old actors to play new roles in the media. The digital techniques and the Internet gave birth to a big diversity of new media and of new forms of dealing with journalism and public information. 'Citizen journalism', 'participatory journalism', 'user-generated content', 'crowdsourcing', 'weblogs',' Twitter', 'Facebook', etc., are words and expressions rather common these days, all of them somehow calling the attention to the fact that journalism-as-a-professional-activity seems to coexist more and more with various forms of journalism-as-a-civic-activity, performed by very different people, under very different conditions and with very different levels of involvement and expertise. As a consequence, questions are being raised about the ethical implications of this new scenario, both in what regards the activity of professional journalists in new (online) media and the active commitment of 'laypersons' in the process of gathering, editing and diffusing information. In this paper we will try to analyze and to discuss these questions, with reference, among others, to Eliot Freidson (2004) and his distinction between 'practice ethics' and 'institutional ethics'. Furthermore, we'll try to discuss what really makes journalism distinctive from other practices that nowadays coexist with it in the public sphere, strongly increasing the possibilities of communication between people but not necessarily following the purposes of public interest and of civic democratic participation. In this context, the concept of ...

Political journalism comprises one of the most unmistakable spaces of journalism and is basic for the working of the majority rules system. Preferably, political journalism should work as a data supplier, guard dog, and gathering for political conversations, accordingly helping residents cmprehend political issues and help forestall maltreatment of intensity. The degree to which it does is, notwithstanding, discussed. Aside from regularizing beliefs, political journalism is formed by factors at a few degrees of examination, including the framework level, the media authoritative level, and the individual level. Not least significant for political journalism is the nearby, associated, and combative relationship with political entertainers, forming both the cycles and the substance of political news-casting. As far as substance, four key ideas in the examination on political journalism in Western vote-based frameworks are the outlining of governmental issues as a vital game, interpretive versus straight news, struggle to outline and media cynicism, and political or sectarian inclination.

In summary one-third of the political coverage analyzed in the 16 countries was found to contain interpretive journalism, with some countries - including France and the United States - making use of it much more than the rest. Indeed, the story genres and the interpretive journalism used in the various countries differ substantially, indicating distinct motives and news cultures. A multivariate analysis conducted to identify the most powerful predictors of interpretive journalism finds that, first, upmarket newspapers and mass-market newspapers are more likely to be interpretive than online news; second, commercial television news is more likely to be interpretive than public service television news; and third, interpretive journalism is further boosted by high competition among television channels. The chapter concludes with a cautionary note warning against overhasty conclusions about the international prevalence of interpretive journalism and the linkage between it and media types or outlets without first examining specific contexts.

Blockchain, like the internet, or democracy, or money, is many overlapping things. It is a decentralized record of cryptocurrency transactions. It is a peer-to-peer network of computers. It is an immutable, add-on-only database. What gets confusing is the way in which these overlapping functions override one definition or explanation of blockchain, only to replace it with an altogether different one. The conceptual overlaps are like glass lenses dropped on top of one another, scratching each other's surface and confusing each other's focal dimensions. This guide takes apart the stack of these conceptual lenses and addresses them one by one through the reconstruction of the basic elements of blockchain technology. The first section of this report gives a short history of blockchain, then describes its main functionality, distinguishing between private and public blockchains. Next, the guide breaks down the components and inner workings of a block and the blockchain. The following section focuses on blockchain's journalistic applications, specifically by differentiating between targeted solutions that use blockchain to store important metadata journalists and media companies use on a daily basis, and hybrid solutions that include targeted solutions but introduce cryptocurrency, therein changing the journalistic business model altogether. Finally, the report speculates on the proliferation of what are known as Proof-of-Stake blockchain models, the spread of "smart contracts," and the potential of enterprise-level and government-deployed blockchains, all in relation to what these mean to newsrooms and the work of reporters.

Citation: Finley, Emma. Woman in journalism. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1897. ; Morse Department of Special Collections ; Introduction: Not many years ago there were in the popular mind, but three professions—law, theology and medicine, more recent thought however has added two more, teaching and journalism. The latter is included because the times demand that not only the pulpit and bar, but the journalists chair as well, shall be filled by men of education. The readers of Mr. Frederic Hudson's entertaining history of journalism in the U.S. from 1690 to 1872 have learned, long since, what the modern newspaper is, how it originated and where it is tending. It is a common saying in England that America is governed by newspapers and this by way of sneer. But long ago Jefferson anticipated and met this reproach, when he said "I would rather live in a country with newspapers and without a government than to live in one with a government and without newspapers." Nowadays it has been found easier to overthrow a government at Paris-Madrid, Mexico, or Rome, than to stop a well-managed newspaper. The steam press, the electric telegraph, the enormous development of commerce and industry in the last half century have gen newspapers a position and a responsibility but little understood even by those who have the most to do with them.

The study investigates how journalists construct the rise of data journalism discursively within the specific political and economic conditions of Italy, and whether data journalists describe it as able to promote transparency at the level of both journalism and society as a whole. Italy is an interesting case for four different reasons: (1) to date, few analyses have been carried out on Mediterranean countries; (2) the Italian media system and its traditional journalism culture appear to be reluctant to innovate; (3) Italian data journalists are generally freelancers linked to small news agencies rather than established newsrooms; (4) the research reported in this paper was accomplished while the Italian government was approving a Freedom of Information Act. From the end of 2015 to the beginning of 2017, we carried out 15 interviews with data journalists working full-time for both established news organizations and specialized agencies. The findings show that data journalism in Italy is a highly professional sub-field, although journalistic education is not well developed. Data journalism is still largely determined by the availability and accessibility of public datasets. However, data journalists have developed certain strategies with which to generate and collect their own data, for instance collaborations and networks.

WOS: 000443598800002 ; The term "data journalism" arrived to newsrooms some time ago, and now every news media wants be part of it. In a small country like Uruguay - despite the isolated efforts of some companies, NGOs and government agencies - it has still not found its place in the media. This research tries to clarify the concept of data journalism in order to break down the state of the art in Uruguay, through interviews with journalists, members of NGOs and members of the academic staff of the universities where the future journalists are being formed. Thus being able to point out the impulses and obstacles data journalism has encountered in order to foresee its possible future.

There is a widespread perception that the market is failing to ensure the provision of high quality, impactful journalism, especially investigative work and in‐depth coverage of governmental and international affairs. One answer to that market failing has been the development of philanthropy‐supported journalism. Some writers see this as a potentially important, if partial, solution to journalism's problems, strengthening the editorial focus on creating social and policy impacts. Others have expressed concern that philanthropic support draws journalists toward elite orientations, with both funders themselves and their desired audiences representing the socioeconomic upper tiers.

Egypt's revolutionary uprising raised pressing questions about the kind of journalism that would be viable in the country's changing political dynamics. Suddenly the output of bloggers, online radio and social media news operations, which had all formed part of the groundswell of action against dictatorship and repression, posed an explicit challenge to journalists in state-run and commercial media companies more directly subject to government controls. What visions of the profession are emerging as the struggle for power and influence intensifies among Egypt's different interest groups? This study charts recent transformations in Egyptian journalism, analysing diverse approaches to converged media and the place of participatory cross-media networks in expanding and developing the country's body of professional journalists. It considers journalists' initiatives for restructuring publicly-owned media and securing a safe and open environment in which to work.

Discussion about the role of journalism in universities too often leaves the impression that our main, and even only game, should be producing employees for major media corporations. This issue of Pacific Journalism Review assumes much more than that. The theme for the issue is investigative journalism, particularly material presented at the 'Back to the Source' investigative journalism conference hosted by the Australian Centre for Independent Journalism (ACIJ) and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Sydney in September 2011. This was the second regional investigative journalism conference; the first, hosted by the Pacific Media Centre, provided the theme for PJR (MIJT, 2011). These conferences, and indeed Pacific Journalism Review, are based on the notion that the goal of university based journalism is to develop links between journalists—whether full-time employees of major companies, freelancers, academics or students—in order to promote a more independent and critical culture of journalism in our region, without which democracy cannot flourish. This goal suggests a relationship much wider and more challenging than simply the production of qualified journalists.