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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- 1 Background and History -- Introduction -- The Development of Childhood -- Juvenile Justice in the United States: The Beginnings -- Houses of Refuge -- Training Schools or Reformatories -- Child Savers and Other Nineteenth-Century Juvenile Justice Reform Efforts -- Treatment Programs for Institutionalized Juvenile Offenders -- Contemporary Organizations, Programs, and Developments -- Juvenile Justice Today: A Quick Look -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions -- Introduction -- Problems -- Misperceptions and Misunderstandings -- Youth in Crisis: Problems Facing Juveniles -- Kids and Guns -- The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System -- Controversies -- Complexity of the System -- Serious Juvenile Offenders and Status Offenders: Transfers and Divestiture -- Overrepresentation of Minorities -- Legal Challenges to the Juvenile Justice System -- Possible Solutions -- Restorative Justice and Other Alternatives to Incarceration -- Evaluations of Incarceration Alternatives -- Delinquency Prevention Programs -- Gang Prevention Programs -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Perspectives -- Introduction -- Preparing Youth for the Future: Kimberly Booth -- We Must Improve Education for Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Katherine Burdick -- Adolescence, Incarcerated: Josh Gravens -- The Lines We Draw: Deborah L. Johnson -- Community Restorative Justice Hub: A Model of Hospitality and Accompaniment: David A. Kelly -- A Teacher, Not a Judge: Thomm Quackenbush -- The Hall: Heidi Lynn Smith -- What Should We Do with Juvenile Murderers?: John T. Whitehead -- 4 Profiles -- People -- Jane Addams (1860-1935) -- Freda Adler (1934- ) -- John Augustus (1785-1859) -- Howard Becker (1928- ) -- Louise Bowen (1859-1953).

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chronology -- 1. Reforming Juvenile Justice -- 2. Juvenile Offenders Must be Granted Due Process Rights Under the Fourteenth Amendment -- 3. Juvenile Criminal Proceedings should Restore Focus on Minors' Due Process Rights by Returning to Standards Set in In re Gault -- 4. Neither the Sixth nor Fourteenth Amendment Guarantees a Juvenile Offender the Right to a Trial by Jury -- 5. The Withholding of Jury Trials from Juvenile Offenders is Outdated in a More Punitive Juvenile Justice System -- 6. Juveniles should be Tried As Adults When They Have Committed Violent Crimes -- 7. Juveniles should not be Tried or Sentenced As Adults -- 8. The Mother of a Son Incarcerated in an Adult Prison Tells Why the System Fails Young People -- 9. Rates of Juvenile Incarceration should be Reduced -- 10. A Woman Who Spent Time in a Youth Detention Facility Recounts the Poor Treatment She Received There -- 11. Juveniles should not be Exempted from the Death Penalty As a Group, but Judged on an Individual Basis -- 12. Sentencing a Juvenile Offender to the Death Penalty Violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments -- 13. Minors should be Sentenced to Life in Prison Without Parole Under Certain Circumstances -- 14. It is Unconstitutional to Sentence Minors to Life in Prison Without Parole for Crimes Less than Homicide -- 15. A Prisoner Explains How He Has Grown to Understand the Significance of His Crime -- 16. A Mother of a Murder Victim Argues That Minors should not be Sentenced to Life Without Parole -- 17. The Sister of a Murder Victim Urges Legislators not to Abolish the Life Without Parole Sentence for Juvenile Murderers -- Organizations to Contact -- For Further Reading -- Index -- Back Cover

Cover -- Front Matter -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Patterns and Trends in Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice -- 3 The Development of Delinquency -- 4 Preventing Juvenile Crime -- 5 The Juvenile Justice System -- 6 Race, Crime, and Juvenile Justice: The Issue of Racial Disparity -- References -- APPENDIX A Definition of Offenses Used in Uniform Crime Reporting -- APPENDIX B The Indeterminacy of Forecasts of Crime Rates and Juvenile Offenses -- APPENDIX C Workshop Agendas -- APPENDIX D Biographical Sketches -- Index.

Introduction: Pre-1800s to early 19th century -- Early Progressive Era -- Late Progressive Era -- 1920s through 1950s -- 1960s through 1980s -- 1990s through 2000 -- Post-2000 and suggestions for the future

"Juvenile Justice: An Introduction, Tenth Edition, presents a comprehensive picture of juvenile offending, delinquency theories, and the ways juvenile justice actors and agencies react to delinquency. Whitehead and Lab offer evidence-based suggestions for successful interventions and treatment and examine the prospects for rebalancing the model of juvenile court. This new edition includes insightful analysis and the latest available statistics on juvenile crime and victimization, drug use, court processing, and corrections. Special attention is given to female involvement, disproportionate minority contact, and diversity issues. The text also includes extensive discussion of police shootings, the issue of race, probation reform, life sentences for juveniles, recent Supreme Court decisions, and reform suggestions from Currie and Feld. An essential text for undergraduate Juvenile Justice courses, this book offers rich pedagogical features and online resources. Each chapter enhances student understanding with Key Terms, a "What You Need to Know"" section, and Discussion Questions. Links at key points in the text show students where to get the latest information"--

This chapter delineates the history, landmarks and challenges of the juvenile justice system in Russia through several types of government. Education became part of the system in the early 1900s. Under Stalin, juveniles lost their distinctive status in the criminal justice system. It was restored in 1953. The breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1991 correlated with increases in social problems that left many youths without adult supervision. The juvenile justice system allows for early release, expunging of records and special rules about interrogation. The Commission on Juvenile Affairs, which is separate from the criminal justice system, handles "less serious cases" and its role is "more preventative rather than guilt-proving." More serious cases are adjudicated through the criminal justice system. Juvenile detention in Russian penal colonies declined dramatically in recent years. The Commission runs alternative boarding schools. Juvenile justice reform is controversial, though, with a strong faction in favor of punishment.

Juvenile Justice Systems outlines options for shaping the juvenile liability models: welfare, justice, rehabilitative treatment, restorative justice, and mixed models. This comparative work contains descriptions of general issues of juvenile criminal liability and characteristic of mixed models: the Polish, the Brazilian and the Portuguese.

"Juvenile justice is part of a broader human rights movement that is concerned with far more than society's response to juvenile lawbreaking. Indeed, as globalization, urbanization, industrialization, and communications quickly spread across the globe, the world's attention increasingly is directed to the plight of all children, regardless of circumstances. This concern is extremely late in coming. Approximately twenty-five percent of the world's population today is age 15 or younger, and the magnitude of the problems these youths face is staggering. Poverty, racism, sexism, ethnocentrism, and religious differences all influence how children are treated. The reality is that in many societies, children are considered to be economic hindrances and expendable. Local, municipal, state, provincial, territorial, and national governments often lump together the needy, the dependent and neglected, the status offender, those who are mentally ill or violent, and the victims of abuse. These children are discriminated against, victimized, persecuted, and sometimes executed by citizens, police, and paramilitary forces. The problems youths face go to the core of cultural thinking, far beyond the needs of societies simply to fine-tune agencies and the rules already in place for the handling of youths in need. English-speaking countries such as the United States provide many of the ideals that are behind current worldwide efforts to reform the world's approach to juvenile justice. Unfortunately, even world leaders often fall far short of their own ideals. In this regard, the United States is an excellent case study of what is and what could be in juvenile justice in the world today.Evidence-based research provides reason to be positive about the future of juvenile justice in the United States. All of the remaining chapters of this text discuss evidence- based practices in juvenile justice. "Gold standard" programs that have recently been developed to benefit youthful lawbreakers are Blueprints for Violence Prevention developed by Dr. Delbert Elliott, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's Model Programs guide, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices.3 In the midst of these hopeful program innovations in the juvenile justice system, there remains wide criticism of juvenile justice in the United States. Some of the criticism focuses on the juvenile court, as well as on the court's rehabilitative parens patriae ("the state as parent") philosophy. Indeed, one characteristic of juvenile justice today is the proposal, from both liberals and conservatives, to reduce the scope of the juvenile court's responsibilities. Conservatives want to refer more law-violating youths to adult court, while many liberals recommend divesting the juvenile court of its jurisdiction over status offenders ( juveniles who have engaged in behaviors for which adults would not be arrested). Some also believe that the adult court could do a much better job than the juvenile court with youthful offenders"--

Deals with fundamental, and at times, controversial issues in juvenile justice that are universal and go beyond the individual juvenile justice systems of various countries. This book tries to answer questions including - What age groups can be transfered to the adult criminal justice system and for what crimes?