A partire dall'analisi di due casi studio di (ri)appropriazione e riconversione temporanea a fini "pubblici" di aree inutilizzate, quali le appropriazioni/(ri)appropriazioni dell'ex-aeroporto di Tempelhof a Berlino e del "laghetto" in via Prenestina a Roma, l'articolo si propone di esplorare alcuni interrogativi quali: E' possibile costituire una alternativa reale alla riduzione/sostituzione dello spazio pubblico, dovuta in gran parte ai problemi di bilancio che minacciano l'operatività delle amministrazioni locali, valorizzando le esperienze di auto-organizzazione, auto-gestione e partecipazione emerse nelle nostre città? Come interpretare/tradurre in strategie e metodi operativi la pressante domanda di partecipazione invocata da una cittadinanza attiva che oggi nuovamente reclama il riconoscimento del "diritto alla città"? Come progettare uno spazio pubblico che conservi il suo (carattere) plurale e riconosca l'inevitabile dimensione di conflitto che si sviluppa nel determinare la dimensione pubblica dello spazio tra i diversi elementi della pluralità? ; Starting from the analysis of two case studies of temporary (re)appropriation and reconversion of urban unused areas for public purposes, such as the appropriations / (re) appropriation of the former Tempelhof airport area in Berlin and the ex-industrial area where a natural "pond" is emerged in Rome, the article aims to explore some questions such as: Is it possible to individuate a real alternative to the reduction/replacement of public space, largely due to budget problems that threaten the operations of local governments, enhancing the experience self-organization, self-management and participation emerged in these cities? How to interpret / translate into operative strategies and methods the urgent demand of participation invoked by an active citizenship that today is once again claiming the recognition of his "right to the city"? How to plan a public space that preserve its (character) plural and recognizes the unavoidable dimension of the conflict that develops in determining the public dimension of the space between the different elements of the plurality?
The article develops a key to understanding about the relationships between social representations of disability and inclusive culture. First, thinking differently disability conditions requires an analysis of the cultural models that underlie the languages and representations that derive from them. In this perspective, the school has a significant impact to favor a co-evolutionary process of knowledge and cognitive decentralization for developing of adequate recognition of human differences. Effective educational and training projects should make use the Media Education for linking the personal experiences of students to encourage the construction of knowledge and meaningful interpretative models about disability and difference. It is necessary deconstruct media products and languages to explain stereotypes and prejudices and be aware of the normalization processes underlying the "politically correct" practices. At the same time, the development of a critical sense and an aptitude for deepening by young generations passes through the fruition and making of self-representations messages. The pedagogical and didactic use of the various media languages, both in terms of a critical use and the conscious retrieval of authoritative sources, and in the perspective of self-representation and self-production of original contents can increase the dialogue between alterity and human differences. Being aware of the languages and elements underlying the universe of meanings that they convey is an indispensable step in the evolution of thought and therefore of actions towards inclusive cultures and societies. ; L'articolo delinea una chiave di lettura sulle relazioni tra rappresentazioni sociali della disabilità e cultura dell'inclusione. Pensare differentemente le condizioni disabilità richiede innanzitutto un'analisi dei modelli culturali alla base dei linguaggi e delle rappresentazioni che riflettono. In tale prospettiva, la scuola ha un impatto significativo nel favorire processi co-evoilutivi di conoscenza e un ...
We investigate how cooperative firms reacted to the current crisis. This allows us to compare the behavior of cooperative and conventional firms facing exogenous shifts in demand. After a short survey of a stream of theoretical literature, we analyze a large group of Italian production cooperatives in the periods 2003-2010 and 1994-2011 and we contrast co-ops behavior with the overall trend in the industries in which they operate. Our sample's evidence suggests that the cooperative's behavior has a stabilizing effect on employment with respect to shocks in output demand. Unlike profit-maximizers, cooperative firms seem to be adjusting pay more than employment when facing shocks. Production co-ops look better equipped than their profit-maximizing counterparts in tackling the long recession also because they have been very cautious in their profit policies over time. Unlike conventional firms, they have significantly increased their own equity during "good" years instead of distributing large dividends to their members.
The investigation identifies its problematic field in the public space, "synecdoche of the urban dimension" and considers the project, understood as a poetic, poietic and political act, in the perspective of the engagement of citizens. A triangulation in which the production of urban space as a social and collective act is also reflected in architectural practice; a "doing with" that can be evoked through the "poetic of with": to co-conceive, co-design, co-build, co-manage, hybrid practices which contemplate a multiplicity of actors, processes and tools. The theoretical hypothesis identifies in these practices the coexistence of three knowledge: expert, common and political. This convergence feeds projects characterized by a potential persistence of engagement and to do this it refers to the double nature of form: digital and physical form. With the same potential of digital dynamics, also the physical form can accept and promote modifications capable of address the inclusion of the inhabitants towards prolonged temporalities in an incremental, adaptive, polyvalent and non-linear way. The research methodology assumes a hypothetical-deductive investigation system, with an interpretative-comparative approach and an experimental-operational approach. The research is structured in two parts: a theoretical corpus and an experimental part of case studies analysis which, starting from the identification and interpretation of some design paradigms, leads to the identification of possible operational practices. The main case study is the project Réinventons nos places!, a rethinking of seven important Parisian squares, characterized by an experimental design approach aimed at collective participation in the conception, design, construction and evolution phases. Two further case studies were also investigated in a complementary manner: El Campo de Cebada in Madrid and Santa Teresa-cantiere aperto in Cagliari.The different nature of the case studies made it necessary to define a relationship matrix for the construction of a broad and comprehensive reasoning framework. Aim and innovative result of the research were the identification and systemisation of multiple scenarios, design practices, and methods of intervention for collective engagement in spatial modification projects.
none ; Sviluppo Sostenibile e Cooperazione Internazionale ; Knowledge production, power and practices in international aid system; Women's political participation and citizenship rights; Rethinking 'gender' in development; Policy analysis ; open ; D'Ippolito, Barbara ; D'Ippolito, Barbara
Digital has transformed the way to produce, transmit and share knowledge. The increasingly widespread diffusion of digital methods and techniques in all the social and cultural levels of the communities, in fact, brings an unheard democratization of knowledge and culture, making the citizen a privileged and intelligent actor in the sustainable development of the new smart societies which are based on the process of digitization, digital co-creation and digital design. The art. 2 of the UE "Council conclusions of 21 May 2014 on cultural heritage as a strategic resource for a sustainable Europe" (2014/C 183/08) states: "Cultural heritage consists of the resources inherited from the past in all forms and aspects - tangible, intangible and digital (born digital and digitized), including monuments, sites, landscapes, skills, practices, knowledge and expressions of human creativity, as well as collections conserved and managed by public and private bodies such as museums, libraries and archives. It originates from the interaction between people and places through time and it is constantly evolving. These resources are of great value to society from a cultural, environmental, social and economic point of view and thus their sustainable management constitutes a strategic choice for the 21st century". It is therefore inevitable to rethink digital and digitization as social and cultural expressions of the contemporary age. This implies the need to rethink data as cultural entities and no longer as mere tools for simplifying administration management, or as extemporary surrogates for enhancing the fruition of tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The current process for archiving and storing data, although they generate from the awareness of the need to preserve them, don't solve the problem of their both current and historical reuse, because they are still strongly conditioned by the instrumental function that presides over their production and use.
This article presents a review of the first course held by Michel Foucault at the Collège de France: La volonté de savoir (1970-1971). The first part of the article rivisits some of the most important themes of the course, while the second part develops extensively the topics and analyzes the relation between Nietzsche's and Foucault's thought, the unnecessary co-implication of knowledge and truth, and the crucial question about the etichal and political role of the philosopher in the contemporary society.
In recent years, climate change and energy issues have become prominent in public life. Governments have initiated extensive research into the large-scale production of alternative liquid transportation fuels from renewable resources to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels. Generally, biofuels used in the transportation sector are currently represented mainly by bioethanol and biodiesel. Second and third generation fuels are produce by non-edible crops, as Arundo donax, Populus nigra and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and residues from industry, as sewage sludge. Biological catalysts (bacteria and yeasts) play significant roles in the conversion lignocellulosic biomass in bioethanol: degrade the cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin and ferment the monosaccharides. The pretreated biomass can be processed using a variety of process configurations: Prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF). Advantages from bioethanol production: produced from a variety of raw materials; it is non-toxic; easily introduced into the existing infrastructure. Two principal techniques used for biodiesel production are acid esterification followed by basic transesterification and enzymatic esterification followed by basic transesterification. Moreover, the extraction and transformation of the lipids from organic wastewater sludge represent a cheap and readily available feedstock for biodiesel production. This research project was focused on the selection of new microorganisms able to hydrolyse and ferment renewable resource as lignocellulose biomass and on the evaluation and optimization of parameters in different configuration process for bioethanol and biodiesel production. The microbial isolation was performed from chipped vegetable biomass piles of Arundo donax, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Populus nigra processed to degradation under natural conditions. Cellulolytic, pectinolytic, hemicellulolytic, ligninolytic and yeasts microorganisms were isolated by differential selective solid substrates. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessments were performed to determinate endo- and exo- cellulase, ß-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinase, ligninase, peroxidase and laccase enzymatic activities. Moreover, xylose and glucose fermentation tests were performed. Furthermore, PSSF, SSF and SSCF experiments were carried out to evaluate and selected the optimal enzyme concentration, solid amount and process configuration for bioethanol production. In addition, different acid and enzymatic esterification, and basic transesterification were performed to biodiesel production using sewage sludge. 540 endo-cellulolytic, 678 exo-cellulolytic, 709 hemicellulolytic, 385 pectinolytic and 248 ligninolytic microorganisms were isolated (total 1291 isolates) of which 753 showed multi-enzymatic activities. Some isolates were able to convert all the principal components of vegetable biomasses such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin. Moreover, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NA227, Pichia caribbica NS117 and Cyberlindnera maclurae E41L were selected to ability glucose and xylose ferment, respectively. The complex experiments of saccharification and fermentation carried out, allowed to define the best conditions for the second generation bioethanol production: 15% of pretreated A. donax biomass, 69.63 FPU g-1 of cellulose, temperature of 37°C, inocula separated of S. cerevisiae NA227 and P. caribbica NS117 (about 108 CFU mL-1 for each strain) and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation process (SSCF) as process configuration. The best performances, in biodiesel production from sewage sludge, were obtained using sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide as catalysts. In conclusion: many procariotyc and eucariotic strains were characterised, identified and selected for their multi-enzymatic activities. They represent a precious biological and genetic source to upgrade the feasibility of lignocellulose conversion for the 'greener' technology of second-generation biofuel. The optimization of the bioethanol production required to find the best performances that were enhanced by modifying the biotechnological parameters of the fermentation process such as the temperature, the enzymes concentration, the amount of pretreated vegetable biomass, the configuration process as well as the selection of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast strains. Moreover, preliminary results in biodiesel production could give an important indication about the performances obtained using different catalysts.
The increasing widespread of digital technologies, enabled by the Internet and by new kind of rising market, is beginning to influence the global social-economical fabric and the already known production models. In this context, Toyota model early identified those typical relational factors of artisan production, that revealed their extremely high competitiveness in every field of industrial production, regardless of culture background of implementation. The widespread adoption of Pull logic is progressively undermining fordist model and strengthening a production model that could satisfy highly variable, for typology and volume, custumer requirements: Mass Personalization. A network of private and university FabLabs, composed by Digital Artisan, miscellaneous for competences and functions, could be the exponent of such a model and could go beyond the craftsmanship limits, through the capability of doing activity such as research and development. Cultural reflection of MIT, widespread laboratory for research and invention, answer to a grassroots demand, promoting sharing, international solution for the decrease of Digital Divide and knowledge democratization, aimed at the encouragement of local entrepreneurship, exponent of a general revalue of craftsmanship and self-production activities, FabLab is the most innovative institution in the present overview and probably the repository of an advanced Lean approach.
The provision of renewable energy by agriculture – so called agroenergy – is a key element of the Europe 2020 Strategy and has sparked the public and research debates on the bio-based economy. Hot topics involve direct and indirect land use change, as well as the ability of agroenergy to foster or hinder food and energy security. Worldwide research has dealt with those and other issues associated with the sustainability of the diffusion of agroenergy generation systems, but the subject is still open. The agricultural sectors' contribution to the provision of energy is central issue in Horizon 2020 strategies and has shaped the public and research debates on the future of bio economy. The common agricultural policy (CAP) has been one of the main drivers of farmers' behaviour changes and represents the main agricultural policy instrument to address viability of rural areas and maintaining the profitability of the agricultural sector. In addition, the European Commission backs the agricultural knowledge and innovation system (AKIS), being the key to successful implementation of a bioeconomy in the EU. AKIS-specific measures are also included in the rural development policy of the CAP 2014-2020. Then, studying the AKIS is important for policy planning in the EU. Chapter 2 analyses the AKIS behind the adoption of farm biogas in an area of central Italy, thereby describing adopters' and business typologies. The methodology relies on social network analysis of primary data, collected via questionnaire to plant adopters, and focuses on the estimation of three network attributes: cohesion, knowledge co-creation, and brokerage. We highlight three business models: i.e. multifunctional farm, entrepreneurial farm, and Energy Service Company. The latter is the most widespread. Self-education, upstream industry, agronomists, farmer/biogas unions, university, public-funded projects, and public research centres are AKIS' stakeholders, which provide information and know-how. Upstream industry is the most influential node, the one that can help knowledge diffusion across adopters, regardless of their background. Self-accessible resources are the main providers of information at the adoption-decision stage. The networks are centralized on self-education tools, while upstream industry and the Research Centre on Animal Productions is the broker. Policy intervention aimed at improving AKIS in the biogas sector should involve the upstream industry in decision making, while considering the duality self-accessible information vs. physical advisors. To contribute to the ongoing policy debate towards CAP reform, Chapter 3 provides an empirical model to simulate the impact of alternative CAP mechanism on the provision of renewable energy. By applying a dynamic mathematical programming model the paper tests the impact new policy measures design on provision of second-generation of bio fuel crops that represent a relevant option for the Tuscany farmers. Results show that CAP reform positive impacts on the supply of energy crops mainly due to the introduction of greening payments, which allows an enlarging of crops diversification. Model results stress also the income stabilisation effects of energy production introduction at farm level, due to reduction of farm exposure to the market prices fluctuations. Chapter 4 contributes to the ongoing debate on the sustainability of agroenergy. We propose an empirical model to simulate the diffusion of farm biogas installations and estimate a set of indicators covering the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of sustainability at the regional level. Model results show that agroenergy production can help farmers stabilise their income and keep viable rural areas, despite some trade-offs among socio-economic and environmental indicators. Major drawbacks are environmental risks associated with farming intensification.
The review «Geopolitica» has been founded during the 1930s into the sparkling environment of Trieste, thanks to the supportive activity of Ernesto Massi and Giorgio Roletto. It was the most advanced effort to institutionalize the geopolitics as autonomous scientific discipline. Its short-term life - caused by the political involvement in Fascism that allowed its creation - brought new features in the field of Italian geographical research, enriched by different style, methodology and conceptual stage far from the traditional view. «Geopolitica» has been an real attempt to overcome the "academic positivismˮ, which «. divides knowledge from life» as said Carlo Michelstaedter. Final purpose of this analysis is a reconstruction of the IWW interpretation on «Geopolitica», in order to enlighten how this sensitive issue generated new production of knowledge and practice of power
El presente trabajo fue patrocinado por el proyecto Prometeo de la Secretaria de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) de la Republica de Ecuador. ; The proliferation of the so-called cultural studies, post-colonial studies and subordinates constitute a theoretical-methodological questioning of the modern ways of knowledge production. The "South" is these epistemologies' enclave which, through the claim of fighting against the cognitive and social injustices, allowed the academics "other" the consolidation of their practices within the hierarchy of knowledge, due to the integration of new cognitive projects which, in turn, reaccomodate within the academy. The goal of this article is to elevate to the contradiction our intellectual work, which is as placed in the international division of knowledge's contradictions as it is in the mutations and extensions of the modern paradigm.
Il testo propone una riflessione che, a partire dall'osservazione dei campi ormai consolidati della partecipazione promossa dalle istituzioni e delle pratiche collaborative nate in seno a movimenti e società, costruisce un terreno di scambio, là dove questi ambiti vengono spesso visti come separati. L'interesse è di porre l'attenzione sulle condizioni per cui si possano generare spazi di confronto e co-progettazione, che richiedono a tutti i soggetti coinvolti di uscire dai propri frame, e quindi di apprendere nel corso del confronto. Questi possono essere ambienti altamente collaborativi, ma anche molto conflittuali, sedi di relazioni di potere, posizionamenti politici a più scale, livelli diversi di rappresentatività. Per questa ragione, la formazione di nuovi orientamenti verso obiettivi comuni non è mai un esito scontato. Enabling spaces in questa prospettiva sono arene in cui sperimentare e formare la capacità politica "di tutti", sfidando così il funzionamento stesso della democrazia locale. The article reflects on the potential relationship among institutional participatory policies and different practices of re-appropriation of space and self-organization. This vast field of activity and experiences, seen not in opposition but in a continuum, challenges the roles and meanings of the institutions and civil society. These experiments are focused on action that simultaneously redefines the modes of social conflict as well as the routines and spaces of citizenship, as well as of the institutional habits and norms. This new collaborative perspective sees pressure for experimentation and consolidation by the institutions, but also by the inhabitants and other actors. The article investigates under what conditions this collaboration in generated, where the production of knowledge is the result of a multiplicity of shared practices. The enabling sites where these shared practices may eventually unfold can be considered as arenas where to experiment and shape political capacity, thus challenging the very functioning of local democracy.
Current concepts of biopoetics deal with the analogy between evolution theory and literature as well as with the mutual challenges of evolution and aesthetics. These approaches do not take into account the fact that the relationship between bios and the scientific, anthropological and cultural knowledge is not given, i.e. it is not necessary in the metaphysical sense of being unavoidable. Bios is life in itself. Through the concept of "bio-poetics" I thus intend to deny the homology of the domains of bios and poetics, in order to find a method that does not capture life through the aprioris of conceptual frameworks. The affirmative biopolitics by Roberto Esposito, referring to the power and politics of life itself, opens up methodological perspectives for conceiving an "aesthetics of living" which, analogously, is not modelled according to exterior rules based on moral, political, social, scientific or poetological frameworks. Thus, the dynamics of living exceeds such schemes revealing itself as exceeding the operations which produce knowledge. Aesthetics means therefore the activity of material techniques that make visible the traces of life inscribed in the materiality of writings or of pictures. From these premises, I reconceive the bond between knowledge and literature referring to contemporary literary theories and analysing poetical processes and figures such as indeterminacy in literary texts of the 19th and 20th century written in Germany, France and Italy. Eventually, this reading of literary texts demonstrates the fictional production of an "other" knowledge about the dynamics of bios, evolving from the aesthetics of literature.
Transport processes between aquaculture facilities activate the stress response in fish. To deal with these situations, the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis releases cortisol, leading to an increase in circulating energy resources to restore homeostasis. However, if the allostatic load generated exceeds fish tolerance limits, stress-related responses will compromise health and welfare of the animals. In this context, anesthetics have arisen as potential agents aiming to reduce negative effects of stress response. Here we assessed the effects of a sedative dose of clove oil (CO) and MS-222 on hallmarks involved in HPI axis regulation and energy management after simulated transport, and further recovery, in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Fish were placed in a mobile setup of water tanks where transport conditions were simulated for 6 h. Sedation doses of either CO (2.5 mg L−1) or MS-222 (5 mg L−1) were added in the water tanks. A control group without anesthetics was also included in the setup. Half of the animals (n = 12 per group) were sampled immediately after transport, while remaining animals were allowed to recover for 18 h in clean water tanks and then sampled. Our results showed that the HPI axis response was modified at peripheral level, with differences depending on the anesthetic employed. Head kidney gene-expressions related to cortisol production (star and cyp11b1) matched concomitantly with increased plasma cortisol levels immediately after transport in CO-sedated fish, but these levels remained constant in MS-222-sedated fish. Differential changes in the energy management of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, depending on the anesthetic employed, were also observed. The use of CO stimulated amino acids catabolism, while MS-222-sedated fish tended to consume liver glycogen and mobilize triglycerides. Further studies, including alternative doses of both anestethics, as well as the assessment of time-course HPI activation and longer recovery periods, are necessary to better understand if the use of clove oil and MS-222 is beneficial for S. aurata under these circumstances. ; This work was funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities - MICINN (AGL2013-48835-C2-1-R and AGL2016-76069-C2-1-R) awarded to JM. IJ-C is currently supported by a contract of Trainee Predoctoral Research Staff from the University of Cádiz (PIF UCA/REC02VIT/2014; 2018-011/PU/AY.PUENTE/CD). The authors (IJ-C, IR-J, JM-S, and JM) belong to the Fish Welfare and Stress Network (AGL2016-81808-REDT), supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MICINN, Spanish Government).
