Suchergebnisse

The subject. The article is devoted to different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil, their analyzing, depending on main goal of coercion.The purpose of the paper is to extend constitutional knowledge about measures of constitutional legal enforcement and to demonstrate generic character of constitutional legal enforcement theory for different countries.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and legal methods.The main results and scope of their application. The author describes different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil. Constitutions of foreign countries contain various measures of constitutional coercion as the main way to resolve constitutional conflicts.Among the measures of constitutional and legal coercion enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution are: holding the President accountable for abuse of power; temporary termination of the powers of the President of the Republic during the process of bringing him to justice; prohibition of the President and Vice-President of the Republic to leave the territory of the country for a certain period without the approval of the Parliament; recognition by the National Congress of the positions of the President and Vice-President as vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days of taking office;holding new elections when the positions of the President and Vice-President are declared vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days from the date of taking office.Conclusions. Depending on the constitutional system, the history of the state, measures of constitutional coercion may be different in content, but it remains possible to classify such measures depending on the main purpose of their application. The system of measures of constitutional legal enforcement, including measures of prevention, suppression, restoration, responsibility and security is applicable not only for the Russian constitutional law, but also for constitutional law of foreign countries, in particular, Brazil. ; Рассматриваются различные меры конституционно-правового принуждения, существующие в конституционном праве Бразилии. Утверждается, что действующая Конституция Бразилии представляет собой подробный и самобытный акт конституционного права, содержащий в себе различные меры по разрешению конституционно-правовых конфликтов, изучение которых расширит научные представления о системе мер конституционно-правового принуждения в целом.

The article considers the issues of accounting psychological characteristics of a person with the individualization of the punishment appointed by minors. The complexity of studying the personality of the teenager, the perception of information, and behavioral aspects in terms of the crime situation due to age-related features, which are characteristic of juvenile age. The importance of accounting for individual characteristics is determined by the fact that any, including atypical behavior of a minor, both in terms of the crime, and after that, depends on the properties of the identity of the juvenile, which are often neglected in practical enforcement.It is pointed out the need to consider not only the socio-demographic, but psychological aspects of personality, which affect consciousness (awareness) of one's own actions and the consequences that they may lead to, as well. This accounting treatment requires special psychological knowledge that makes appropriate use of psychological expertise or involvement in the investigation of criminal cases against a child psychologist. Psychologist can competently give a psychological retrospective and prognostic assessment of the personality as a whole and separate relevant to the case of psychological properties to establish the degree of public danger of minors, establish responsibility and the need to apply subsequent corrective action.The article considers not found legislative regulation of the issue of assessment of personal characteristics stipulated in the list of circumstances mitigating and aggravating criminal liability in relation to the realization of these circumstances a minor. Consciousness (awareness) of the juvenile face of certain circumstances as mitigating (aggravating) are determined by the conditions of education and disabilities of minors. Analysis of the extent of awareness has practical value from the point of view of the effectiveness of juvenile correctional impact and prognostic assessment. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы учета психологических особенностей личности при индивидуализации наказания, назначаемого несовершеннолетним. Сложность изучения личности подростка, специфики восприятия им информации, а также поведенческого аспекта в условиях криминогенной ситуации обусловлена возрастными особенностями, которые свойственны несовершеннолетнему возрасту. Значимость учета индивидуальных особенностей определяется тем, что любое, в том числе атипичное, поведение несовершеннолетнего лица, как в условиях совершения преступления, так и после него, зависит от свойств личности несовершеннолетнего, которые зачастую не учитываются в практической правоприменительной деятельности.Акцентируется внимание на необходимости учета не только социально-демографических, но и психологических аспектов личности, оказывающих влияние на осознание (возможность осознания) лицом собственных действий и последствий, которые они могут за собой повлечь. Такой учет требует наличия специальных психологических знаний, что делает целесообразным использование возможностей психологической экспертизы либо привлечение психолога к расследованию уголовных дел в отношении несовершеннолетних. Специалист–психолог может компетентно дать психологическую ретроспективную, а также прогностическую оценку личности в целом и отдельных, имеющих значение для дела, психологических свойств с целью установления степени общественной опасности несовершеннолетнего, определения меры ответственности и необходимости применения к нему последующего коррекционного воздействия.Рассматривается не нашедший законодательного регулирования вопрос оценки личностных характеристик, предусмотренных в перечне обстоятельств, смягчающих и отягчающих уголовную ответственность, применительно к осознанию этих обстоятельств несовершеннолетним лицом.Осознание (степень осознания) несовершеннолетним лицом тех или иных обстоятельств в качестве смягчающих (отягчающих) обусловливается условиями воспитания и особенностями развития несовершеннолетних. Анализ степени такого осознания имеет практическое значение с точки зрения эффективности применяемых к несовершеннолетнему мер исправительного воздействия и прогностической оценки личности.

The subject of research is the study of mediation procedure and embedding of mediation techniques in such a specific area of relations, the participants of which are the tax authority and the taxpayer. The settlement of tax disputes is quite understandable, since this mechanism allows to keep an economic entity on the market, on the one hand, and to replenish the state budget on the other.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the current mechanism of pre-trial settlement of disputes established in the Russian Tax Code does not correspond to the techniques of the mediation process. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific methods of cognition, which include the principles of objectivity and system analysis of the information collected during preparation of the publication. At the same time private scientific methods were also used in the work, including descriptive and comparative legal methods, which made it possible to use the practices of foreign states in terms of the use of mediation procedures. The author analyzes the official data published by the tax authority, regarding the number of disputes considered over the period of the past three years.The main scientific results, scope of application. The study made it possible to gain new knowledge in the field of legal regulation of mediation. The presented foreign experience demonstrates that at present Russia is only at the stage of formation of mediation. Most people do not yet understand what exactly the advantages of mediation. The existing procedure for the judicial settlement of a dispute attracts its participants due to the fact that the current state fees are very low compared to their foreign counterparts. All kinds of legislative transformations lead to an ambiguous interpretation of legal norms, which often defy literal interpretation, followed by conflicts in law enforcement. Since the practice of using mediation sessions is not widespread at present, a large number of debatable questions arise about the procedure for conducting mediation, the possibility of fiscal body participation, determining the categories of disputes in which negotiation techniques can be applied.Conclusions. Mediation is a systemic process that allows constructive negotiations between the parties involved in the dispute in order to resolve the problem and possibly reach an agreement on the settlement of the dispute. At the same time, it is emphasized that the lack of law enforcement practice complicates the process of researching the institution of tax mediation. The role of a mediator in legal relations (with the tax authority as a participant) is a person who must create a constructive atmosphere for discussing the conflict; adhere to the principles of mediation; assist in finding solutions without expressing his opinion on the agenda. This role of mediator is not adequately reflected in the legislation in relation to tax disputes. ; Предметом исследования является изучение процедуры проведения медиации и встраивание медиативных техник в специфическую область отношений, участниками которых являются налоговый орган и налогоплательщик. На примере налоговой медиации в процессе изучения эмпирического материала, а именно официальных данных, опубликованных налоговым органом, в части количества споров, рассмотренных в течение последних трех лет, было проанализировано, насколько действующий механизм досудебного урегулирования споров, установленный в Налоговом кодексе РФ, не соотносится с техниками медиативного процесса. Отмечено, что, поскольку в настоящее время не распространена практика применения медиативных сессий, то возникает большое количество спорных вопросов относительно процедуры проведения медиаций, возможности участия фискального органа, определения категорий споров, в которых могут быть применены медиативные техники.

The subject of the research is the principle of proportionality as an intersectoral principle of legal responsibility. It has a constitutional nature and guarantees fairness in resolving the cases of constitutional responsibility. This principle provides individualization of constitutional-legal sanction and its proportionality to the constitutional tort, circumstances, reasons, conditions and consequences of its commission. The purpose of the article is to confirm or dispute the hypothesis that the principle of proportionality should be taken into account both in the description of the constitutional torts of elected officials in the legislation, and in the application of the rules on constitutional responsibility Methodology. The method of legal comparison is the main method of the research. The authors carry out the comparative analysis of practice of the foreign constitutional courts, the European Court of Human Rights concerning the subject of research. Traditional methods of legal academic knowledge – the analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and a formal legal interpretation – were used also. The main results of the research and the scope of their application. The authors research the theoretical foundations, foreign experience, problems of applying the principle of proportionality in the process of implementing the constitutional-legal responsibility of elected officials in order to formulate the proposals for improving the Russian legislation and the law enforcement practice. The principle of proportionality of constitutional responsibility should be reflected in the legislation and implemented in the law enforcement practice. The measures of constitutional liability to elected officials can be based not on any, but only on a serious, gross violation of the Constitution and laws, indicating the guilty conduct. Such constitutionally punishable conduct should cause damage to the protected constitutional values or pose a threat of such damage and therefore be incompatible with the further exercise of the public legal duties and powers. Conclusions. The composition of constitutional torts should be formulated with a certain degree of abstraction in such way that conditions are created for the enforcer to take into account the repetition, systematic, duration, severity or insignificance of the committed tort and the other factors that can individualize the constitutional responsibility. Judicial and the other enforcement bodies should enforce early termination of the powers of an official as an exceptional, extreme measure of constitutional responsibility based on the principle of proportionality. The nature and severity of the constitutional offence committed, the causes, conditions and consequences thereof, the degree of guilt of the offender, consequences of the sanction for the further exercise by the person of his constitutional rights and freedoms in the political and legal sphere and the other important circumstances must be considered in case of early termination of the powers of an official. The law enforcement body should assess each time whether such measure is proportionate to the constitutional offence committed, and whether it was strictly necessary to protect the constitutional values. ; В статье анализируется принцип пропорциональности (соразмерности), применяемый зарубежными конституционными судами и Европейским судом по правам человека при рассмотрении дел, связанных с досрочным прекращении полномочий выборных должностных лиц. Делая вывод о несоответствии демократическим стандартам российского законодательства и судебной практики в данной сфере, авторы формулируют предложения по их совершенствованию.

The subject. The article analyzes the conflict of norms of the current legislation, the materials of law enforcement practice in terms of establishing the powers of local governments to issue permits for flights.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the powers of local governments to issue permits for flights are not based on the law and are established only in by-laws.The research was carried out with use of main scientific methods (analysis, induction and deduction), special (statistical) method as well as the method of interpretation of the legal acts.The main results and scope of their application. Monitoring of legislation and law enforcement shows that local governments are more likely to be an additional barrier to business activity than a body with the necessary competence to make the appropriate decision.Local self-government bodies are empowered by a secondary normative act to issue a permit for certain actions in the airspace of the Russian Federation over populated areas. It is a question of exclusively state powers which were assigned to local governments by the will of the by-law.A number of provisions of secondary legislation regulating the peculiarities of use of airspace of the Russian Federation does not have clarity and certainty. For example, it is not clear what kind of legislation should regulate skydiving (physical culture legislation or regulation of organization of flights); hot air ballooning (is it sphere of leisure activities or organization of flights). More precise legal regulation is needed for such cases.One of the purposes of imposing the functions of flight permits on local governments is to ensure the security of the population, its life, health and safety of property. But local governments have almost no own security tools. The legislation on local self-government does not contain requirements for employees of local self-government bodies related to the availability of specialized knowledge, sufficient competence to assess the degree of risk or threat. The adoption of a significant number of municipal legal acts concerning flight permits is initiated by the transport Prosecutor's office, which considers the relevant activities of local governments as a municipal service. Analysis of law enforcement practice shows its great diversity. Some courts decide that local governments have no right to regulate the issuance of flight permits. The most numerous are court decisions when the court compels local governments to adopt administrative regulations for the provision of the relevant municipal service concerning flight permits. A certain group of court cases consists of decisions taken by the court on the basis of refusal of the claim in connection with the voluntary issuance of flight permits.Conclusions. It is shown that powers of local governments to issue permits for flights are not based on the law and are contained only in by-laws. The information possessed by the local self-government bodies can be transferred to the relevant state authorities for operational decision-making in the order of interdepartmental interaction. This power has no real impact on improving the security of residents of cities and other settlements. ; Анализируются коллизии норм действующего законодательства, материалы правоприменительной практики в части установления полномочий органов местного самоуправления по выдаче разрешений на полеты. Показывается, что данные полномочияне основаны на законе и содержатся только в подзаконных актах. Мониторинг законодательства и правоприменения показывает, что органы местного самоуправленияявляются скорее дополнительным барьером для предпринимательской деятельности, чем инстанцией, обладающей необходимыми компетенциями для принятия соответствующего решения. Информация, которой обладают органы местного самоуправления, может быть в порядке межведомственного взаимодействия передана в соответствующие органы государственной власти для принятия оперативных решений. Это полномочие реально не влияет на повышение безопасности жителей городов и иных населенных пунктов.

The main purpose of the law enforcement agencies of Azerbaijan Republic is to prepare highly qualified specialists for fighting against criminality. Nowadays one of the main objectives of an educational institution is to develop practical activity officers of anti-terror organizations. It is necessary to conduct trainings at the law enforcement agencies of the Azerbaijan Republic for the formation of practical action, knowledge and skills, effective execution of military service assignments and promotion of professional qualities at the officers. ; Одной из целей правоохранительных органов Азербайд- жанской Республики является подготовка высококвалифици- рованных специалистов для борьбы с преступностью. В на- стоящее время одной из главных задач образовательного уч- реждения становится формирование практических навыков офицеров, работающих в антитеррористических организациях. В статье подчеркивается необходимость проведения тренин- гов в правоохранительных органах Азербайджанской Респуб- лики для формирования практических навыков, эффектив- ного выполнения военных заданий, обслуживания и продви- жения профессиональных качеств у офицеров.

The article is devoted to the analysis of evaluation method and its impact on legal policy development in governance, including in the area of law enforcement.The author outlines the importance of question whether, when and how the evaluation results of public policies, programs and measures has been utilized (or not utilized) in policy making and policy implementation.In the pursuit of this guiding question the article will come in five steps.First, major variants of evaluation will be briefly presented particularly with an eye on their respective "utilization potential".Second, different concepts will be sketched that have been forwarded to capture the utilization of social science generated knowledge by political, administrative and social actors. The author outlines a detailed description of types of evaluations: a retrospective, prelimi-nary, ongoing, interactive, – as well as existing concepts of application of its results.Third, looking at Germany, Switzerland and the European Union as "cases in point" perti-ent research findings will be discussed. The article also subjected to a detailed analysis of the experience of Germany, Switzerland and the European Union in the field of utilization of evaluation results.Fourth, a summary and conclusion will be given.Fifth, some remarks on pertinent research needs will be made.The author comes to the conclusion that that the rate of the utilization of evaluation-generated knowledge has so far turned out be, by and large, scarce. The author says that re-garding the politically crucial decisions the political rationality and its underlying political will of the decision-makers prevail while concerning less important decisions evaluation-generated evidence does show some effect and, hence, a dose of scientific rationality comes to the fore.There is also a need for further research on the subject of how should (and should not) use assessment results when making legal and political decisions. ; УДК 340.115Статья посвящена анализу метода оценки и его влиянию на правовую разработку политики в сфере управления, включая область правоприменительной деятельности. Автором дана детальная характеристика видам оценки: ретроспективной, предварительной, текущей, интерактивной, – и существующим концепциям использования ее результатов. В статье также подвергнут детальному анализу опыт Германии, Швейцарии и Европейского Союза в сфере использования результатов оценки. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что степень использования знаний, генерируемых оценкой, оказалась, по большому счету, невысокой.При этом существует потребность в дальнейших исследованиях на предмет того, каким образом должны (и не должны) использоваться результаты оценки при принятии правовых и политических решений.

The review presents the manuscript of the textbook "Criminalistics", which is being prepared for publication. In the manuscript, the authors of the textbook, based on the established traditional approaches to criminology textbooks that have developed in Russian science, consistently present the material that is conceptually linked by the table of contents of the publication. It pays special attention not only to the already established and well-established educational knowledge, but also to the knowledge relevant to the current situation in which the law enforcement agencies of Russia function. Consistently in the sections of the criminalistics system in the textbook, the issues of criminalistic identification, forecasting, situational modeling and the basics of information and methodological use of criminalistics data in other types of law enforcement activities are revealed. The textbook reflects almost all the institutes of technical support of the investigation, including the issues of genetic identification of the individual, the study of computer information, the basics of the use of "artificial" intelligence in the investigation of crimes, expert activity in the investigation. Special attention is paid to the tactics of verbal and non-verbal investigative actions. For the first time, the issue of establishing causal relationships in the process of investigating crimes is considered. In the system of private forensic techniques, the authors have included both traditional and current methods of investigating crimes against public security and state power, terrorist and extremist orientation, official and official crimes, as well as crimes committed in the field of computer information.

The article analyzes the issues of legal training of military personnel, the impact of high-quality knowledge of the legislation on the performance and daily life. The author comes to the conclusion that the basic level of right knowledge is necessary for every specialist of the Armed Forces and other law enforcement agencies that do not have specialized legal education. The scope of legal training in military training institutions should be superior to the surface familiarization course with the current legislation. ; В статье анализируются вопросы правовой подготовки военнослужащих, влияние качественного знания законодательства на служебную деятельность и повседневную жизнь. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что базовый уровень правых знаний необходим каждому специалисту Вооруженных Сил и других силовых ведомств, не имеющих профильного юридического образования. Объем правовой подготовки в военных учебных заведениях должен превосходить поверхностный ознакомительный курс с действующим законодательством.

In line with the obligations of joining the Bologna Process in the field of lawenforcement a modern higher education institute of a linear and multiple-cycle system cameinto existence in 2006, in whose first main training cycle it is possible to acquire aBachelor's degree (BA) and a higher education law enforcement qualification. The secondtraining cycle based on the first training cycle can result in a Master's degree (MA) and thelaw enforcement certificate verifying the MA degree.Having acquired a BA qualification, the graduates can start their duty as officers,state or government employees for a law enforcement body or in the civil security sphere, orthey can continue their studies in the Master's programme of the Police College1 or that ofthe cooperating universities.The future strategic objective is to develop itself on the basis of its own achievementsas a multiple-cycle, Eu-conform, law enforcement institute of higher education, which ishighly respected in Hungary and abroad and to ascertain the acquisition of competitive,excellent professional knowledge; the education of an intellectual law enforcement boardwhich is committed to national and European values, to strengthen its features of a scholarly-intellectual centre, and to get involved in the adult training system more closely to providethe chance for lifelong learning to be periodic and objective oriented. ; В результате присоединения к Болонскому процессу в области высшегообразования науки правопорядка в 2006-ом году было создано линейное,многоцикловое, современное высшее учебное заведение, первый учебный цикл которогообеспечивает диплом бакалавра и высшее образование в сфере правопорядка. Второйучебный цикл основывается на первом и по его окончании выпускники получаютдиплом магистра.Обладая образованием бакалавра, выпускники имеют возможность поступатьна службу как кадровые или государственные служащие, а также какправительственные служащие одного из органов правопорядка или в гражданскойсфере или могут продолжать свою учебу на получение степени магистра вПолицейском Институте1 или в любом университете.Будущей стратегической целью Национального университетагосударственной службы является то, чтобы он развивался как многоцикловое,соответствуюшее Европейскому союзу высшее учебное заведение в сфереправопорядка, которое пользуется общим уважением в Венгрии и за рубежом,гарантировал получение конкурентоспособных, выдающихся профессиональныхзнаний; его целью является обучение преданных национальным и европейскимценностям интеллектуальных сотрудников органов правопорядка, укреплениехарактера научного центра, а также более тесная интеграция в системе высшегообразования, предоставляя возможности для образования в течение всей жизни,которые периодичны и целенаправленны.

The problem of use of special knowledge at investigation and judicial review of criminal cases constantly drew to itself attention of scientists and practicians. The existing procedural legislation and the regulatory base regulating judicial and expert activity needs additional scientific research. The told predetermined need of legal analysis at the present stage of development of legislation, identification of topical issues arising in this sphere and the offer of further ways of improvement. Separate aspects which are subject to improvement in the project of the Federal Law About Judicial and Expert Activity in the Russian Federation are revealed. The author takes an initiation of bills on improvement of the existing Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, and also the Federal Law project About EDMS that will allow to solve a number of problems arising at law enforcement officials in the course of implementation of judicial and expert activity. ; Проблема использования специальных познаний при рас- следовании и судебном рассмотрении уголовных дел посто- янно привлекала к себе внимание ученых и практиков. Дей- ствующее процессуальное законодательство и нормативная база, регламентирующая судебно-экспертную деятельность, нуж- дается в дополнительных научных исследованиях. Сказанное предопределило необходимость правового анализа на совре- менном этапе развития законодательства, выявления акту- альных вопросов, возникающих в данной сфере, и предложе- ние дальнейших путей совершенствования. Выявлены отдель- ные аспекты, подлежащие совершенствованию в проекте ФЗ О судебно-экспертной деятельности в Российской Фе- дерации (О СЭД). Автор выступает с законодательной ини- циативой по совершенствованию действующего УПК РФ, а также проекта ФЗ О СЭД, что позволит решить ряд про- блем, возникающих у правоприменителей в процессе осуще- ствления судебно-экспертной деятельности.

The subject. The object of research is a principle of proportionality – first as the constitutional principle allowing resolve the conflict arising during the liquidation of political party. This conflict exists between the equally protected constitutional values – freedom of association, democracy, on the one hand, and a need of protection of national interests, national security, the rights and freedoms of the citizens – on another hand. Proportionality is also cross‐sectoral principle of legal responsibility guaranteeing justice at constitutional‐legal responsibility cases and proportionality of the constitutional legal sanction to the constitutional delict, circumstances, the reasons and conditions of its commission.The purpose of the study is to highlight the constitutional principles, concerning the prohibition or dissolution of a political party according to European democratic standards and to refute or confirm the hypothesis that they are not effectively reflected in Russian legislation and law enforcement practice.Methodology. As the main method of this research the author chose the method of legal comparison which allowed carry out the comparative analysis of practice of the foreign constitutional courts, the European Court of Human Rights on the questions raised in the work. Also traditional methods of knowledge of legal matter – the analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and a formal legal analysis were used.The main results of research and a field of their application. Liquidation of political party must be a consequence only of serious constitutional offenses or crimes committed by its members acting on behalf of political party. Organizational violations (a lack of number or regional offices of political party, late submission of the updated data necessary for modification of the Unified State Register of the Legal Entities) can't be the basis for the compulsory termination of activity of the political party. The courts have to be guided by the principle of proportionality when they consider cases about liquidation of political parties. The judges must give an assessment if a liquidation of political party proportional to the constitutional offenses committed by it and whether liquidation is strictly necessary for protection of the bases of the constitutional system, morality, health, the rights and legitimate interests of the people, defense of the country, national security or public order.Conclusions. Constitutional principles, concerning the prohibition or dissolution of a political party according to European democratic standards are not effectively reflected in Russian legislation and law enforcement practice. It is necessary to recognize and reflect exclusive character of such enforcement measure as a liquidation of political party in the legislation. It demands a change of the bases for liquidation. ; Анализируется принцип пропорциональности (соразмерности), применяемый зарубежными конституционными судами и Европейским судом по правам человека при рассмотрении дел о ликвидации (запрете) политических партий. Делается вывод о несоответствии российского законодательства и судебной практики рассмотренным демократическим стандартам, формулируются предложения по их совершенствованию.

The article analyzes the role of legal science and education in the formation of the legal culture of the population, taking into account the tasks set by the Foundations of the state cultural policy. It is concluded that jurisprudence plays an important role in the formation of a high level of legal consciousness of the population and its national identity. Intensive legal education and the possibility of obtaining legal knowledge by a wide range of people will help to create a positive image of the state (including in works of art) and strengthen civil self-identity. The destructive activity of "unfriendly countries" can be overcome by strengthening traditional values, which form the basis of the constitutional system of Russia and are embodied in various legal institutions. The developed legal culture of the population will help to avoid socio-psychological dependence on external influence, will become the basis of unity and cohesion of Russian society, the uni cation of the multinational people of the Russian Federation. The authors of the article propose to popularize legal science and law enforcement practice, to promote youth movements in the eld of patriotic education and legal education, to develop the system of legal education by organizing lectures, seminars, round tables, conferences in order to strengthen the spirit of unity, cohesion, friendship of peoples, as well as traditional values in society.

The subject of the paper is legal conditions for realization the constitutional right to education.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that legal measures of realization of the right to education that are used in developed foreign countries can be used in Russia to improve Russian educational legislation.The methodology. General scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison were used. The author also uses the formal legal interpretation of Russian judicial decisions as well as comparative legal method.The main results and scope of their application. The court decisions supporting the principle of territorial consolidation of schools indicate that this principle does not exclude the possibility of citizens not residing in the fixed territory to enter the school of their choice. However, the implementation of this feature, due to the lack of legislative regulations of the procedure, can cause bias, corruption and other abuses of constitutional right to education. Inequality children's opportunities to enter the school due to their place of residence persists in the individual selection process. Situations where there are no clear and consistent rules for the provision school education inevitably generates numerous violations of citi-zens' rights and inequality based on the financial situation of parents. In Russia, there is no "waiting list", when children wishing to enroll in a particular school, would be taken to the vacant place. Accordingly, the adoption of such decisions by school administrations also lies in the plane of subjective discretion and causes corruption risks. China's experience is interesting because there are transparent, equal conditions for legal attraction of extra-budgetary funds to the school system, which do not turn access to education in the best schools into a corruption scheme or competition of parents ' incomes and do not infringe the rights of those who seek to enter them on the basis of their own achievements and knowledge. Speaking about the British experience, it is interesting to note that the lack of vacancies in the school itself can not be a reason for refusing to enroll a child in school.Conclusions. The legal experience of developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Japan, China, in regulating the grounds and procedures for the provision of school education can be successfully applied in order to improve the Russian legislation, which establishes the legal mechanisms for the implementation of the constitutional right to education. ; Исследуются вопросы правотворческой и правоприменильной практики, связанной с выбором гражданами Российской Федерации образовательных учреждений и про-грамм при получении общего образования. Рассматриваются проблемы и конфликты, связанные с недостатками правового регулирования в этой сфере. Анализируется су-ществующая в Российской Федерации «участково-территориальная» модель органи-зации школьного образования, а также предусмотренные законодательством эле-менты конкурсного отбора при зачислении в школы. Охвачены как федеральный, так и региональный уровни правового регулирования, а также опыт зарубежных стран. Использованы материалы судебной практики.

The subject of research is norms of the current administrative and criminal legislation of the Russian Federation applied for violations of anti-epidemic restrictions. In 2020 the array of normative acts applicable in an emergency situation was significantly supplemented and need to be analyzed.The purpose of the study is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that legal certainty norms applied for violations of anti-epidemic restrictions and their position in the hierarchy of administrative-legal and criminal-legal prohibitions look rather dubious.The methodology. The authors choose the hypothetical-deductive method as the main method of this research. This method allowed to create a system of deductively related hypotheses from which statements about empirical facts are derived. The article analyzes the law enforcement practice that developed during the period of high alert.The main results of research and a field of their application. Their relationship between antiepidemic restrictions and permissible restrictions on fundamental human rights and freedoms is considered; an assessment of the proportionality of sanctions for violation of the generally binding rules of conduct is given; the socio-legal conditionality of the repressive legal support for the action of the high alert regime is analyzed. The main trends in law enforcement practice that have developed during the implementation of new administrative and legal and criminal law prohibitions are given. The findings can be useful to optimize law enforcement in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusions. The legitimization of the pandemic alert regime (or high alert regime in other words) took place in a short period of time, as a result of which some defects of legal regulation can be named. So, to date, no clear gradation has been made between the high alert regime and the emergency regime; although the high alert regime has structurally taken shape as a legal concept in conjunction with ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population, its systemic relationship with the categories "quarantine", "prevention of the spread of diseases", "isolation" has not been developed, i.e. with concepts developed in such an area of scientific knowledge as epidemiology, and received partial consolidation in the norms of sanitary and epidemiological legislation. The high alert regime has undergone a significant transformation, turning from a set of recommendations addressed to the subjects of the unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergencies into a wide list of legal provisions of various legal force, the effect of which applies to all groups of the population. In this regard, it is obvious that there is a demand in society for the unification of accepted norms and further structuring of a clear and unambiguous system of rules of conduct applicable in extreme situations that are not of an emergency nature, but require special control and special public attention. It follows from this that extraordinary legal regulation must acquire a consistent form and receive a strictly defined place in the national legal system. ; Исследуются нормы административного и уголовного законодательства Российской Федерации, разработанные для применения в условиях режима повышенной готовности. Предметом критического анализа является правовая определенность этих норм и их положение в иерархии административно-правовых и уголовно-правовых запретов. Рассматривается их взаимосвязь с допустимыми ограничениями фундаментальных прав и свобод человека; дается оценка соразмерности санкций за нарушение общеобязательных правил поведения; анализируется социально-правовая обусловленность репрессивного правового обеспечения действия режима повышенной готовности. Приводятся основные тенденции правоприменительной практики, сложившиеся при реализации новых административно-правовых и уголовно-правовых запретов.