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Criminal investigation is a dynamic endeavor impacted by changes in human nature, statutory and constitutional laws, and methods of operation. New challenges are constantly posed for the investigator and the investigation of drug offenses is no exception. It takes advanced skills to keep pace with the criminal mind. Unfortunately, the skills acquired in basic police training are just that: basic. In order to stay ahead of their criminal counterparts, drug enforcement officers must seek extensive, ongoing training and knowledge, not just to secure a lawful conviction but to keep themselves and

Surveillance Systems have become increasingly powerful. Conventional camera based Systems are extended with all kind of sensors (RFID, GPS, etc.), the number of data sources increases, hardware and algorithms improve, and data can potentially be shared between interlinked networks. The technological progress does not threaten solely the protection of privacy; it also provides an opportunity to achieve data and privacy protection on a new level. In this work we propose privacy and security mechanisms to achieve data protection in surveillance systems while providing the best possible functionality. The suggested methods are included in an Object-Oriented World Model (OOWM) that serves as central information hub. It has been developed as a part of the semi-autonomous surveillance system NEST. All member states of the European Union must obey the directive on the protection on personal data. Hence the suggested approach enforces mechanisms to be compliant with the directive that cannot be bypassed. To allow flexible handling of data, the privacy concept for personal data is task-oriented and granular access controls are enforced according to the principle of least privilege. To ensure personal rights, an observed individual can request and access data collected about him. All data related to him can then be corrected or deleted on request with minimal influence to the surveillance tasks. To achieve non-repudiation all changes in the world model are logged. This also helps to ensure data freshness. The approach also aims at data minimization. A minimal amount of information is collected and irrelevant data are deleted as quickly as possible. Processed data are also minimized; i.e. only relevant objects, attributes, and prior knowledge are processed. Concluding, only relevant data is stored outside the world model. The persistent information is linked to the world model and appropriate access controls are enforced to realize multiple access levels.

This book explores issues of law enforcement cooperation across borders from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. In doing so it adopts a comparative framework hitherto unexplored; namely the EU and the Australsian/Asia-Pacific region whose relative geopolitical remoteness from each other decreases with every incremental increase in globalisation. The borders under examination include both macro-level cooperation between nation-states, as well as micro-level cooperation between different Executive agencies within a nation-state. In terms of disciplinary borders the contributions demonstrate the breadth of academic insight that can be brought to bear on this topic. The volume contributes to the wider context for evidence-based policy-making and knowledge-based policing by bringing together leading academics, public policy-makers, legal practitioners and law enforcement officials from Europe, Australia and the Asian-Pacific region, to shed new light on the pressing problems impeding cross-border policing and law enforcement globally and regionally. Problems common to all jurisdictions are discussed and innovative best practice solutions and models are considered. The book is structured in four parts: Police cooperation in the EU; in Australia; in the Asia-Pacific Region; and finally it considers issues of jurisdiction and due process/human rights issues, with a focus on regional cooperation strategies for countering human trafficking, organised crime and terrorism. The book will be of interest to both academic and practitioner communities in policing, criminology, international relations, and comparative Asia-Pacific and EU legal studies.

The use of criminal sanctions to punish or deter violations of environmental law is debated. Arguments favoring the criminalization of such laws point to their deterrent capacity & reflect the desire of some to exact moral retribution on offenders. Arguments against penalties & punishments focus on potential for overkill, procedural complexity, & high implementation costs. In weighing these arguments, a balance must be struck in evaluating the legal & organizational advantages/disadvantages against alternative measures for gaining compliance. These include publicizing the polluter's activities, economic incentives, civil sanction, equity fines, the pass-through fine, educational strategies, internal restructuring, cooperative lawmaking, external investigations, & community service orders. Adapted from the source document.

In recent years, policymakers in the United States and worldwide have paid great attention to the criminal sanction as a tool for reaching environmental objectives. This article offers several arguments for the application of this penalty to behaviors that degrade the natural environment. Some are based on its deterrent capacity; some are less practical, focusing on a moral imperative to punish those who threaten human health or destroy natural resources. But arguments against criminalizing environmental law are also numerous. They emphasize its high costs, procedural complexity, and potential overkill effects. Decisions about the appropriate applicability of criminal sanctions need to be based on an evaluation of their actual legal and organizational advantages and disadvantages and a knowledge of other promising ideas to foster compliance. Such ideas range from subsidizing the polluter to publicizing his or her good or ill deeds.

While illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a premier issue facing ocean sustainability, characterizing it is challenging due to its clandestine nature. Current approaches can be resource intensive and sometimes controversial. Using Chile as an example, we present a structured process leveraging existing capacity, fisheries officers, that provides a monitoring tool to produce transparent and stand-alone estimates on the level, structure, and characteristics of illegal fishing. We provide a national illegal fishing baseline for Chile, estimating illegal activity for 20 fisheries, representing ~ 70% of annual national landings. For four fisheries, we also estimate the relative importance of illegal activities across sectors, stakeholders, and infrastructure. While providing new information, our results also confirm previous evidence on the general patterns of illegality. Our approach provides an opportunity for government agencies to formalize their institutional knowledge, while accounting for potential biases and reducing fragmentation of knowledge that can prevent effective enforcement. Estimating illegal activity directly from fisheries enforcement officers is complementary to existing approaches, providing a cost-effective, rapid, and rigorous method to measure, monitor, and inform solutions to reduce IUU fishing.

AbstractMajor disasters represent infrequent events that often require response organizations to vicariously learn from the experiences of others in order to improve their operations. A primary mechanism for such knowledge diffusion is the different practitioner and empirical journals for the organizational fields that comprise disaster response. A review of the literature for the law enforcement field, however, reveals that little attention is given to how these organizations manage actual disasters. In particular, the presentation of organizational experiences, whether through case studies or other methodologies, is very limited in the practitioner and empirical literature of this field. This represents a considerable problem for improvements of disaster response operations given that law enforcement agencies represent a key component in such efforts. The research presented in this article is an effort to fill this knowledge gap and thereby facilitate organizational learning to improve future law enforcement disaster response activities. The authors traveled to Mississippi and Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina to examine the response efforts of state and local law enforcement agencies to the storm. The findings from this research are reported here in a lessons‐learned format to inform law enforcement disaster response policy.

ABSTRACTThe implementation structure approach was developed for research in the area of human services delivery as an alternative to the traditional top‐down model of implementation. A preliminary test of the general applicability of this perspective to other policy types and instruments is presented in this article, which describes the design and assumptions of an international comparison of the implementation of regulatory programmes in the area of air quality control. On the basis of field work and preliminary results, some observations are offered with regard to the contribution the implementation structure approach can make to that comparative analysis on which the cumulative knowledge of implementation processes across policy areas and in different institutional contexts depends. While it is suggested that more work must be done on conceptualizing the analytic unit 'implementation structure', experience in this project indicates that the level of analysis demarcated by the bottom‐up perspective, and the general focus on the pattern of interactions through which regulatory outputs are produced, are useful points of departure for description and analysis of implementation in this policy area.