Suchergebnisse

The use and sale of smokeless tobacco (SLT) is prohibited in Uganda under the Tobacco Control Act (TCA), 2015. Nonetheless, SLT products remain available, and there are limited and inconsistent data on SLT users. Additionally, the perceptions of tobacco control stakeholders on SLT are unknown, making it difficult to determine barriers to enforcing the ban. This study examined perceptions of tobacco control stakeholders regarding SLT in Uganda. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders who were purposively selected from ministries, semi-autonomous government agencies and Civil Society Organizations. Interviews explored knowledge, attitudes, perceptions of SLT appeal, and user demographics. Data were analysed using Nvivo V.12 software. Participants demonstrated a general lack of awareness of SLT product types and the extent of their use. They believed SLT use was increasing among females and minors and was as harmful to health and the economy as smoking. SLT products were thought to be cheaper than cigarettes and to appeal to minors. Discreet use was thought to help users overcome the cultural aversion towards tobacco use among women and youth in Uganda. There is an urgent need to strengthen the implementation of the SLT ban whilst also increasing efforts to reduce tobacco smoking.

Illegal exports of waste electrical and electronic equipment -WEEE - from industrial to developing countries is a growing criminal phenomena posing serious threats to the human health and the environment. Several loopholes in the current jurisdictional systems along the supply chain in the European Union; deficiencies in law enforcement capacity, knowledge and training; and other supply chain related weaknesses prevent an effective response to such criminal activity. This paper identifies the vulnerabilities along the supply chain, the shortcomings in the legislative framework around WEEE, and its limited implementation and enforcement that facilitate leakages from the legal WEEE streams. An understanding of the weaknesses will enable the governmental bodies to develop appropriate counter-measures to improve the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of WEEE violations. This paper presents a comprehensive gap analysis across the EU member states, Norway and Switzerland. It focuses on the key issues surrounding the international and national legislative frameworks and the implementation thereof, law enforcement capacity, knowledge and training, information management, and penalties and prosecution. The study helps to identify the underlying problems and the key concerns faced by national authorities - and, this information will lead to a set of recommendations for the European Commission and the EU member states to address the problem of illegal e-waste exports.

Traditionally, governments seek to mobilize tax revenues by expanding their enforcement of existing tax regimes and facilitating tax payments. However, enforcement and facilitation can be costly and produce diminishing marginal returns if citizens are unwilling to pay their taxes. This paper addresses gaps in knowledge about tax compliance, by asking a basic question: what explains why citizens and businesses comply with tax rules? To answer this question, the paper shows how the voluntary adoption of two different types of participatory governance institutions influences municipal tax collection in Brazil. Municipalities that voluntarily adopt participatory institutions collect significantly higher levels of taxes than similar municipalities without these institutions. The paper provides evidence that moves scholarship on tax compliance beyond enforcement and facilitation paradigms, while offering a better assessment of the role of local democratic institutions for government performance and tax compliance.

THE USE OF HEROIN, AND ITS ACCOMPANYING SOCIAL PROBLEMS IS FACILITATED BY AN ILLEGAL MARKET PROCESS WHICH OPERATES MUCH LIKE ECONOMIC MARKETS IN GENERAL. 3 DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL CONTROL ARE EVALUATED: CONTROLLING SUPPLY THROUGH LAW ENFORCEMENT, CONTROLLING DEMAND BY DETAINING ADDICTS, AND REDUCING MARKET ACTIVITY BY INTRODUCING AN EFFECTIVE SUBSTITUTE FOR MARKET SERVIGES.

This text integrates knowledge on DMST from the scholarly literature with interviews with those working directly in the field. Interviews with survivors, social workers, psychologists, law enforcement professionals, and others help educate the reader as to why and how this crime occurs, how to fight it, and how to help survivors recover

This article aims to determine the factors that cause money politics in the general election in Ponorogo Regency, in addition to knowing how law enforcement is carried out by law enforcement officials against money politics in general elections and the appropriate regulations to overcome money politics. Problems with the factors that cause money in Ponorogo Regency, in addition to law enforcement carried out in general elections and appropriate regulations to overcome this. To approach these problems, empirical juridical research is used with a conceptual approach and the provisions of the law. Data collection was done by interview and observation and literature study. Data were collected and analyzed descriptively qualitatively by reducing data, displaying data and verifying data. This study concludes that the factors that cause money in the implementation of general elections in Ponorogo Regency are: the existence of tradition, community economic factors, lack of knowledge from the community and law enforcement that has not been optimal. Money politics law enforcement is regulated by Law Number 1 of 2015 concerning Supervision of Government Nets, replacing Law Number 1 of 2014 concerning the Election of Governors and Regents. Even though there are laws that regulate, money politics still happens. Therefore, to overcome this, it is necessary to evaluate the rules in elections.

Structural framework, basic principles, and policies -- The international patent system -- The international trademark and identifier system -- The international copyright system -- Competition law and Sui Generis systems of intellectual property protection : traditional knowledge, plant variety protection, undisclosed information, industrial designs, and integrated circuits -- The international system for the enforcement of intellectual property rights.

Introduction: the development of the professional identity of law enforcement officers at the stage of professional training has been considered. A number of factors of subjective nature, psychological and pedagogical conditions, which are based on understanding of the structure, functions, mechanisms and regularities of the development of a person's identity have been highlighted. The author has studied the factors related to the specifics of studying at higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions that are of particular importance in the process of developing the professional identity of future law enforcement officers.Contemporary changes in the social environment need to have increased requirements for a modern specialist, where the professional identity of an individual is one of the main preconditions for the adaptation at the stage of professional formation. The formed professional identity is a significant factor.The urgency of the problem of the professional identity is also due to the fact that the country strives for reliable, well-trained and motivated law enforcement officers in the conditions of a protracted economic, political crisis and active social changes that led to a certain weakening of the socio-psychological mechanisms of society's regulation, for the stabilization of the situation in the country.The purpose is to study and analyze the factors and conditions for the development of the professional identity of future law enforcement officers who are trained at higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions.Methods. Theoretical analysis of scientific literature.Results. Analysis of recent research reveals the peculiarities of criteria for professional psychological selection for studying at higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions, self-actualization at different stages of professional formation, motivational basis for the professional development of law enforcement officers.Originality. There is nowadays the need of a thorough study of the peculiarities of the professional formation of law enforcement officers at the stage of professional training in order to develop psychological methods for training future law enforcement officers that they perform their professional duties as law enforcement officers.Conclusions. The mechanism of formation of the professional identity of cadets includes: the organization of self-comprehension and self-awareness within future professional activities in the process of studying at higher educational institutions; independent decision-making on solving professional tasks; determining life and professional perspectives in the process of training; creation of the conditions for the disclosure of cadets' abilities, development of the needs for mastering professional knowledge, information seeking, and the solution of professionally oriented tasks. Consequently, the analysis of the peculiarities of these factors and the conditions for the development of the professional identity of future law enforcement officers provides grounds to emphasize the special role of the factors in this process related to the specificity of studying at higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions. ; Рассмотрено развитие профессиональной идентичности личности в процессе профессиональной подготовки. Освещен ряд факторов субъективного характера а также психолого – педагогические условия, основанные на понимании структуры, функций, механизмов и закономерностей развития идентичности личности. Рассмотрены факторы, связанные со спецификойобучением в вузах со специфическими условиями обучения, которые имеют особое значение в процессе развития профессиональной идентичности будущих правоохранителей. ; Розглянуто розвиток професійної ідентичності правоохоронців на етапі фахової підготовки. Висвітлена низка чинників суб'єктивного характеру та психолого-педагогічні умови, що ґрунтуються на розумінні структури, функцій, механізмів і закономірностей розвитку ідентичності особистості. Розглянуті чинники, що пов'язані із специфікою навчанням у ВНЗ зі специфічними умовами навчання, які мають особливе значення у процесі розвитку професійної ідентичності майбутніх правоохоронців.

Introduction: the development of the professional identity of law enforcement officers at the stage of professional training has been considered. A number of factors of subjective nature, psychological and pedagogical conditions, which are based on understanding of the structure, functions, mechanisms and regularities of the development of a person's identity have been highlighted. The author has studied the factors related to the specifics of studying at higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions that are of particular importance in the process of developing the professional identity of future law enforcement officers.Contemporary changes in the social environment need to have increased requirements for a modern specialist, where the professional identity of an individual is one of the main preconditions for the adaptation at the stage of professional formation. The formed professional identity is a significant factor.The urgency of the problem of the professional identity is also due to the fact that the country strives for reliable, well-trained and motivated law enforcement officers in the conditions of a protracted economic, political crisis and active social changes that led to a certain weakening of the socio-psychological mechanisms of society's regulation, for the stabilization of the situation in the country.The purpose is to study and analyze the factors and conditions for the development of the professional identity of future law enforcement officers who are trained at higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions.Methods. Theoretical analysis of scientific literature.Results. Analysis of recent research reveals the peculiarities of criteria for professional psychological selection for studying at higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions, self-actualization at different stages of professional formation, motivational basis for the professional development of law enforcement officers.Originality. There is nowadays the need of a thorough study of the peculiarities of the professional formation of law enforcement officers at the stage of professional training in order to develop psychological methods for training future law enforcement officers that they perform their professional duties as law enforcement officers.Conclusions. The mechanism of formation of the professional identity of cadets includes: the organization of self-comprehension and self-awareness within future professional activities in the process of studying at higher educational institutions; independent decision-making on solving professional tasks; determining life and professional perspectives in the process of training; creation of the conditions for the disclosure of cadets' abilities, development of the needs for mastering professional knowledge, information seeking, and the solution of professionally oriented tasks. Consequently, the analysis of the peculiarities of these factors and the conditions for the development of the professional identity of future law enforcement officers provides grounds to emphasize the special role of the factors in this process related to the specificity of studying at higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions. ; Рассмотрено развитие профессиональной идентичности личности в процессе профессиональной подготовки. Освещен ряд факторов субъективного характера а также психолого – педагогические условия, основанные на понимании структуры, функций, механизмов и закономерностей развития идентичности личности. Рассмотрены факторы, связанные со спецификойобучением в вузах со специфическими условиями обучения, которые имеют особое значение в процессе развития профессиональной идентичности будущих правоохранителей. ; Розглянуто розвиток професійної ідентичності правоохоронців на етапі фахової підготовки. Висвітлена низка чинників суб'єктивного характеру та психолого-педагогічні умови, що ґрунтуються на розумінні структури, функцій, механізмів і закономірностей розвитку ідентичності особистості. Розглянуті чинники, що пов'язані із специфікою навчанням у ВНЗ зі специфічними умовами навчання, які мають особливе значення у процесі розвитку професійної ідентичності майбутніх правоохоронців.

Introduction. Reforming of the military education system requires the development and implementation of a number of legal documents governing the activities of higher education institutions, the system of professional training and retraining of military specialists. Among the main legal documents is the development of the Sectoral Framework of Qualifications in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the stages and content of the process of formation of the sectoral framework of qualifications in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security".Methods. The system of general scientific and special methods of theoretical and empirical research (analysis of scientific literature, systematization and generalization of materials, logic and comparative, content analysis) was used in order to realize the article purpose. Results.The issues of formation of the sectoral qualification framework in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security" have been investigated, proposals have been analyzed and developed for amending the relevant legal framework.Content. Analysis of higher education standards in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security" indicates that today there is no single approach to the goals, methods and results of training of servicemen of the Armed Forces and other military formations formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine. The standards developed for the respective specialties in each of the law enforcement agencies differ in essence and are not structurally related. This is especially true of the training of operational-level officers. This is a problem that needs to be addressed, including in the development of the Sectoral Qualifications Framework, as it is directly related to military education and training, in some respects preventing further reform of the entire NATO higher education and training system. Conclusion. The article defined the stages and content of the process of formation of the sectoral framework of qualifications in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security". ; Исследованы вопросы формирования отраслевой рамки квалификации в отрасли знаний «Военные науки, национальная безопасность, безопасность государственной границы», проанализированы и разработаны предложения для внесения изменений в соответствующую нормативно-правовую базу. ; У статті розглянуто теоретичні аспекти побудови та формування галузевої рамки кваліфікацій у галузі знань «Воєнні науки, національна безпека, безпека державного кордону», проаналізовано та надано пропозиції щодо внесення змін до відповідної нормативно-правової бази.

Introduction. Reforming of the military education system requires the development and implementation of a number of legal documents governing the activities of higher education institutions, the system of professional training and retraining of military specialists. Among the main legal documents is the development of the Sectoral Framework of Qualifications in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the stages and content of the process of formation of the sectoral framework of qualifications in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security".Methods. The system of general scientific and special methods of theoretical and empirical research (analysis of scientific literature, systematization and generalization of materials, logic and comparative, content analysis) was used in order to realize the article purpose. Results.The issues of formation of the sectoral qualification framework in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security" have been investigated, proposals have been analyzed and developed for amending the relevant legal framework.Content. Analysis of higher education standards in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security" indicates that today there is no single approach to the goals, methods and results of training of servicemen of the Armed Forces and other military formations formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine. The standards developed for the respective specialties in each of the law enforcement agencies differ in essence and are not structurally related. This is especially true of the training of operational-level officers. This is a problem that needs to be addressed, including in the development of the Sectoral Qualifications Framework, as it is directly related to military education and training, in some respects preventing further reform of the entire NATO higher education and training system. Conclusion. The article defined the stages and content of the process of formation of the sectoral framework of qualifications in the field of knowledge "Military Sciences, National Security, State Border Security". ; Исследованы вопросы формирования отраслевой рамки квалификации в отрасли знаний «Военные науки, национальная безопасность, безопасность государственной границы», проанализированы и разработаны предложения для внесения изменений в соответствующую нормативно-правовую базу. ; У статті розглянуто теоретичні аспекти побудови та формування галузевої рамки кваліфікацій у галузі знань «Воєнні науки, національна безпека, безпека державного кордону», проаналізовано та надано пропозиції щодо внесення змін до відповідної нормативно-правової бази.

Published online: 26 Jan 2018 ; Informal institutions play an important role in the socio-cultural lives of rural communities in Uganda. However, little attention is given in research and development to understanding the influence of informal institutions in efforts to achieve Sustainable Crop Intensification (SCI). Such evidence is, however, pertinent to addressing low crop productivity by designing and implementing interventions that take into account the socio-cultural and institutional barriers and opportunities for SCI. This paper analyzes the influence of informal institutions on farmers' access to land resources, financial resources, and farm inputs. The analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative data collected between January and May 2015 using 61 in-depth interviews, field surveys with 120 farmers and 18 gender-segregated focus group discussions in Eastern and Southwestern Uganda. Results indicate that informal institutions play a central role in enhancing farmers' investment in SCI interventions by facilitating access to land through inheritance, land rentals, and labor sharing arrangements, although they are biased against non-clan members and female members of the communities. Informal institutions also enable access to financial resources by farmers at lower transaction cost compared to formal financial institutions. Yet, the informal institutions face challenges related to poor rule enforcement and limited financial reserves. The contribution of informal institutions in improving farmers' access to (i) external farm inputs, (ii) serving as forums for knowledge sharing and (iii) regulating quality of farm inputs is minimal. Findings imply that development interventions could benefit from using informal institutions as entry points for investment in SCI and building on institutions' strengths in influencing access to land and financial resources. Policies and programs that promote the SCI approach need to recognize the role of informal institutions for increased implementation and impact. ; Government of the Netherlands ; Peer Review

Discrimination on grounds of race, sex, & handicap persists in many local school districts in spite of nearly twenty years of sustained attention from federal policymakers. Because litigation proceeds slowly & expensively, & because administrative attacks on discrimination have been stymied by political controversy, additional policy strategies merit careful consideration. The operation of one such strategy in 9 local districts (4 in Calif & 5 in Mass) -- the mandatory collection of data concerning civil rights matters in schools -- was examined via questionnaire responses of school officials (N not given). It was found that data collection & reporting shaped local compliance with civil rights laws in four ways, by: (1) threatening local officials with future penalties, (2) providing political ammunition to constituencies that care about civil rights, (3) allowing local districts to learn about their own performance, & (4) framing school practices in ways that heighten awareness about equity. In this policy setting, data collection has advantages & disadvantages that complement those of other enforcement strategies. In this & other policy settings, data collection has the power to elicit compliance even in the absence of conventional enforcement. 30 References. Modified HA.

The plight of Vietnamese migrants in the UK has featured prominently in recent media and public policy debates on modern slavery, illegal border crossings, and labour exploitation. Yet little attention has been paid to their subjective experiences of border crossings, nor the wide range of categories they pass between. Vietnamese migrants coming to the UK in search of work face a complex array of decisions surrounding the respective costs and risks related to a chosen migration route which must be weighed against personal and collective expectations. These complex decisions are compounded by a shifting and highly stratified immigration and borders regime which renders migrants more vulnerable through restricting rights and increasing surveillance. This chapter explores the experiences and imaginaries of the UK border among migrants who have crossed the UK border, as well as those who intend to make the journey. We explore the contrast between the expectations and realities of UK borders through in-depth interviews with Vietnamese migrants. We argue, notwithstanding knowledge of the risks involved in border crossings and the hostile border enforcement regime, imaginations of opportunities for transforming local livelihoods remain powerful and deep-seated political and cultural narratives for Vietnamese migrants.