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A studyof Edmund Burke's theory of history has not, to my knowledge, been undertaken before. There are two principal justifications for it. The first is that since Burke is, as some have claimed, "the principal founder" of the Romantic theory of history, his theory of history, as one aspect of the complicated association of thought and feeling called Romanticism, is important in the history of ideas. The second reason is that almost all of Burke's politics depends on his view of history or, at least, can be explained by it.

Considering the importance of political science as an academic subject in our time, it is surprising that more attention has not been given, until now, to the history of political study and teaching. As Professor Anderson's book makes clear, an understand

Our knowledge is still insufficient to allow us to assess the overall significance of the mestizo in Philippine history. But on the basis of what we now know we can make some generalizations and some hypotheses for future study. It is clear, in the first place, that the activities I have described are those of Chinese mestizos – not Spanish mestizos. While the Chinese mestizo population in the Philippines exceeded 200,000 by the late nineteenth century, the Spanish mestizo population was probably never more than 35,000. Furthermore, those who commented at all on the Spanish mestizo noted that he was interested in military matters or the "practical arts" – never in commerce. The aptitudes and attitudes of the Chinese mestizo were in sharp contrast to this.Secondly, the Chinese mestizo rose to prominence between 1741 and 1898, primarily as a landholder and a middleman wholesaler of local produce and foreign imports, although there were also mestizos in the professions. The rise of the mestizos implies the existence of social change during the Spanish period, a condition that has been ignored or implicitly denied by many who have written about the Philippines. It needs to be emphasized that the mestizo impact was greatest in Central Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo. We cannot as yet generalize about other areas.Third, the renewal of Chinese immigration to the Philippines resulted in diversion of mestizo energies away from commerce, so that the mestizos lost their change to become a native middle class, a position then taken over by the Chinese.Fourth, the Chinese mestizos in the Philippines possessed a unique combination of cultural characteristics. Lovers of ostentation, ardent devotees of Spanish Catholicism – they seemed almost more Spanish than the Spanish, more Catholic than the Catholics. Yet with those characteristics they combined a financial acumen that seemed out of place. Rejecters of their Chinese heritage, they were not completely at home with their indio heritage. The nearest approximation to them was the urbanized, heavily-hispanized indio. Only when hispanization had reached a high level in the nineteenth century urban areas could the mestizo find a basis of rapport with the indio. Thus, during the late nineteenth century, because of cultural, economic, and social changes, the mestizos increasingly identified themselves with the indios. in a new kind of "Filipino" cultural and national consensus.Those are my conclusions. Here are some hypotheses, which I hope will stimulate further study:1. That today's Filipino elite is made up mostly of the descendants of indios and mestizos who rose to prominence on the basis of commercial agriculture in the lattetf part of the Spanish period. That in some respects the latter part of the Spanish period was a time of greater social change, in terms of the formation of contemporary Philippine society, than the period since 1898 has been.2. That in the process of social change late in the Spanish period it was the mestizo, as a marginal element, not closely tied to a village or town, who acted as a kind of catalytic agent. In this would be included the penetration of money economy into parts of the Philippines. There were areas where the only persons with money were the provincial governors and the mestizos.3. That the Chinese mestizo was an active agent of hispanization and the leading force in creating a Filipino culture characteristic now of Manila and the larger towns.4. That much of the background explanation of the Philippine Revolution may be found by investigating the relationships between landowning religious orders, mestizo inquilinos, and indio kasamahan laborers.It is my hope that these hypotheses may stimulate investigation into this important topic which can tell us so much about economic, social, and cultural change during- the Spanish period of Philippine history.

I / Philosophical Foundations -- 1. Phenomenology: A Viewing -- 2. Phenomenology and Existentialism: Husserl and Sartre on Intentionality -- 3. Phenomenology and the Natural Attitude -- 4. The Empirical and Transcendental Ego -- 5. Being-in-Reality -- 6. Jean-Paul Sartre's Philosophy of Freedom -- II / Aesthetics and Literature -- 7. Toward a Phenomenology of the Aesthetic Object -- 8. Phenomenology and the Theory of Literature -- 9. Existentialism and the Theory of Literature -- 10. Existential Categories in Contemporary Literature -- 11. The Privileged Moment: A Study in the Rhetoric of Thomas Wolfe -- 12. Albert Camus: Death at the Meridian -- III / History and the Social Sciences -- 13. A Study in Philosophy and the Social Sciences -- 14. Knowledge and Alienation: Some Remarks on Mannheim's Sociology of Knowledge -- 15. History as a Finite Province of Meaning -- 16. History, Historicity, and the Alchemistry of Time -- 17. Causation as a Structure of the Lebenswelt -- 18. Death and Situation.

AbstractThe study of the history of man's knowledge of plants and animals is all the more necessary in that it has been neglected in favor of the study of the development of tools. For instance, as Lewis Mumford has pointed out 1), knowledge of the modes of reproduction and growth of plants was more necessary to the development of agriculture in Neolithic times than was the invention of such tools as the spade, the hoe, and the plow, around which most conventional notions of "technological history" revolve. In presenting a paper, then, on attitudes towards the preservation of living things and their habitat in medieval China, I hope to redress the balance of interest, if only slightly, in favor of man's direct involvement with the natural world, and away from study of artifacts preserved in museums. It is, of course, necessary to do this through the study of documents. This paper is divided into two parts. In the first I will discuss some cultural factors which seem to have influenced policy relating to the conservation of nature, and in the second I will discuss some of the particular measures undertaken to make policy effective.

During the proletarian revolution (1918-1919 years) a fight took place between bourgeois training and scholasticism, for education and life relationships in Lithuanian schools. The native language has become important in primary education. Together with that, priority was given to the integrated teaching system: the native language was not the most important thing in school; the education policy surrounding environment of knowledge extraction out of the native language. The value of reading lessons that relate to environmental knowledge, wasn't sufficiently assessed. This methodical direction also prevailed during the bourgeois dictatorship, but ideological familiarization with the surrounding environment fundamentals were different—bourgeois. As a result, in bourgeois Lithuania environmental knowledge issues were dissociated from the native language lessons system, and although some methodological advice received the attention, they generally did not constitute systems. Methodological interpretative reading guidelines have poorly addressed the question of reading lessons and environmental communications knowledge. Interpretative reading was little used in expanding children's horizons. ; Proletariato revoliucijos laikotarpiu (1918-1919 metais) Lietuvos mokyklose vyko kova su buržuaziniu mokymu, prieš scholastiką, už mokymo ir gyvenimo ryšius. Pradiniame mokyme tapo svarbi gimtoji kalba. Kartu su tuo pirmenybė buvo teikiama kompleksinei mokymo sistemai, gimtoji kalba nebuvo svarbiausias dalykas mokykloje, buvo vykdoma supančios aplinkos pažinimo išskyrimo iš gimtosios kalbos mokymo politika. Nepakankamai buvo vertinama skaitymo pamokų, kurios siejasi su aplinkos pažinimu, reikšmė. Tokia metodinė kryptis vyravo ir buržuazinės diktatūros metu, bet idėjiniai supažindinimo su supančia aplinka pagrindai buvo kiti – buržuaziniai. Dėl to buržuazinėje Lietuvoje aplinkos pažinimo klausimai buvo atsieti nuo gimtosios kalbos pamokų sistemos, ir, nors kai kurie metodiniai patarimai susilaukdavo dėmesio, bendrai jie nesudarė sistemos. Metodiniuose aiškinamojo skaitymo nurodymuose prastai buvo sprendžiamas skaitymo pamokų ir aplinkos pažinimo ryšių klausimas. Aiškinamasis skaitymas buvo mažai naudojamas, plečiant vaikų akiratį.

The history of agrarian reform is as long as the history of the world, extending back into medieval, ancient, and biblical times. Like many other socio-economic and political movements, agrarian reform movements have been sporadic and discontinuous, although the last two centuries have witnessed almost continuous reform attempts commencing with the French Revolution. These attempts have become very common during the last two decades and have become part and parcel of United Nations programs. Though the literature on reform is extensive, there has been no endeavor to review reform movements in a historical perspective, or to synthesize the knowledge that can be derived therefrom and utilize it in guiding or evaluating reform. The need for this cannot be overestimated.

SummaryBetter specifications through better communicationThe object of this publication is to show that the preparation of good specifications requires not only a thorough knowledge of the object, but also a good internal communicaton between the actual user, the technical specialists, the {statistical) quality specialists and the purchasing department of a company.It has appeared that also an open communication between this group and a corresponding group of specialists of the company from which the object is obtained is extremely valuable.The most rapid way to a sound knowledge is to apply a systematic procedure in which a series of well‐designed experiments gives the additional information required.The coordination of effort and knowledge on the part of buyer and seller {consumer and producer) is to the mutual benefit of both. The problem is discussed with the aid of a case history concerning spinning pumps.

A Prerequisite for Rational Philosophical Discussion -- Epistemology and Logic -- Zur Rolle der Sprache in Erkenntnistheoretischer Hinsicht -- Some Remarks Concerning Languages, Calculuses, and Logic -- Carnap and Logical Truth -- Extension and Intension -- The Present Situation in the Philosophy of Mathematics -- A Counterpart of Occam's Razor in Pure and Applied Mathematics Ontological Uses -- Towards a General Theory of Computability -- Inductive Inconsistencies -- Einige Beiträge zum Problem der Teleologie und der Analyse Von Systemen Mit Zielgerichteter Organisation -- Beleuchtung Von Anwendungen der Logistik in Werken Von Rudolf Carnap -- Typology of Questionnaires Adopted to the Study of Expressions with closely Related Meanings -- Permissible and Impermissible Locutions -- Non-cognitive Synonymy and the Definability of 'Good' -- On the History of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science.

As others before him, the late Humphrey House once remarked upon the paucity of our knowledge concerning sexual behavior in Victorian England. For House the extreme reticence of the Victorians magnified the value of every fragment of evidence pertaining to sexual behavior that scholars uncovered. To fathom the meaning of the extreme reticence itself does not seem to have been particularly relevant to the problem for House. In this paper, which is an analysis of late-Victorian Sexual Respectability, not only the fragmentary sorts of knowledge that House alluded to, but a comparatively unexplored source, medical books, have been made meaningful and interpreted within the frame of reference of the Respectable Social System prevailing in England roughly between 1859 and 1895.

Among the most obvious and durable monuments to the colonial age in Asia are the great engineering projects which have permanently transformed the physical and economic geography of the continent. Many of these have an interesting history of their own, both in the political and commercial history of the country building them and on the level of international politics. This is true not only for such successfully completed projects as the Suez Canal or the Trans-Siberian Railway, but also for great schemes which were never realized. In Southeast Asia the long-discussed Kra Canal is the most famous instance of the latter, but it is not unique. Throughout most of the second half of the Nineteenth Century the British Government and especially the British business community dallied with the idea of a rail link between the Bay of Bengal and the interior provinces of China. Those familiar with the building of the Burma Road will understand the enormous engineering problems involved in such a plan. But for most of the Nineteenth Century geographic knowledge of Southeast Asia was extremely vague and the lure of a several thousand mile shortcut to the perennially fascinating markets of China exerted a strong pull on the imagination of a commercial nation. Ultimately, international political complications and sound economic logic killed ven the idea of such a railway. But the light it throws on government — business relations within the British Empire and on imperial rivalries in Southeast Asia makes the story of the first Burma Road, the one that was never built, well worth the telling.

I / Philosophy Between the Two Wars -- 1 The Lwow School -- 2 The Warsaw School -- 3 Other Schools and Other Philosophers -- 4 Marxian Tradition -- 5 Sociology and Social Philosophy -- Notes to Part I -- II / The Period of Reconstruction and the Rise of Marxism-Leninism -- 6 The Philosophical Revival -- 7 The Beginning of Marxist-Leninist Philosophy -- Notes to Part II -- III / The Years of Militancy -- 8 The Road to Ascendancy -- 9 The Instrumentalist Conception of Philosophy -- 10 Criticism of the Warsaw School -- 11 Phenomenology from the Marxist-Leninist Standpoint -- 12 Criticism of Znaniecki's Sociology and the Decline of Social Inquiry -- Notes to Part III -- IV / Formal Logic and Dialectics -- 13 The Superiority of Dialectics -- 14 Change, Motion, and Contradiction -- 15 The Abandonment of the Logic of Contradiction -- Notes to Part IV -- V / The Materialistic Theory of Knowledge, Theories of Truth and of Universals -- 16 Engels' Representative Realism and Lenin's Theory of Perception -- 17 The Causal Theory of Knowledge -- 18 Anthropological Realism -- 19 The Materialist Conception of Truth -- 20 The Truths of Logic and Mathematics -- 21 Absolute and Relative Truth and the Relativity of Knowledge -- 22 The Doctrine of Partiality of Truths -- 23 The Doctrine of Concreteness of Truths -- 24 The Relevance of the Problem of Universals and the Rejection of the Three Classic Doctrines -- 25 The Marxist-Leninist Theory of Universals -- 26 The Danger of Platonism -- Notes to Part V -- VI / Marxist-Leninist Historicism and the Concept of Ideology -- 27 The Methodological Approach -- 28 The Nature of Historical Laws -- 29 The Technological Conception of History -- 30 The Empirical Meaning of Historical Materialism -- 31 Prediction in the Social Sciences -- 32 The Revision of the Theoretical Framework of Historical&Materialism -- 33 Two Interpretations of the Role of Ideology -- 34 The Reappraisal of the Dual Theory of Ideology -- 35 The New Principles of the History of the Philosophy and their Revision -- Notes to Part VI -- Conclusions -- Abbreviations used in the Bibliography -- Index of Names.

Monsignor romano guardini, preeminent professor in the University of Munich, has had an enormous influence upon generations of German students and citizens. Now, after the steady and effective translation of his works during the past three decades, he has made a profound impact upon the minds and souls of young American scholars and intellectuals, changing, with the strength of conversion, their ways of dealing with knowledge, with ideas and human realities. In an article written for the twentieth-anniversary issue of The Review of Politics, I pointed out ("The Thinker in the Church: The Spirit of Newman," January, 1959) that Guardini is a Newman type of thinker in the twentieth century. This is quite true. Certainly the range of his concerns is reminiscent of Newman's: literature (for instance, his studies of Dante, of Dostoevski, notably the legend of the Grand Inquisitor, and of Rilke's Duino Elegies): history (particularly revelation as history); subtle reflections upon theological questions as well as the critical problems of the contemporary political and social scene.

Professor Miller adds more information to help build up a knowledge of how Lamaist monasteries have functioned in the recent past. Such monasteries performed (and in some cases still perform) not only religious and social functions but political and economic ones. As regards their internal financial systems, they seem to have had similar organizations all of which varied somewhat according to local environments. But Professor Miller comments on one common thread: the uisa system, and appraises its significance for the original spread of Inner Asian monasticism, for the fluctuations in fortunes of individual monasteries, and for the economy as a whole.

If one views economic development as the purposeful management of resources through time, an action program must perforce concern itself with utilizing natural resources as fully as possible; with improving the quality and effectiveness of the present and the future supply of human resources; and with changing and perfecting the technological processes whereby natural and human resources are combined. The keys that can open the treasures of economic progress are therefore forged in the schoolroom, the laboratory, the inventor's shop, and the research institute. We take this for granted today because the burgeoning teaching and research apparatus is now much more evident in a physical, financial, and workforce sense than in any previous context. But the difference between our era and earlier experiences with economic development is not absolute; in the past as in the present, whenever economic progress quickened it was a consequence of new insights and a new knowledge, of novelty in thought and action, in short, it was the usufruct of an educational awakening.