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SUMMARY: EU's Information Society Programmes in the Context of Knowledge Economy Globalization and rapid Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development are main reasons for information and knowledge becoming of a great importance. In the present day market scenario of intense competition, every country needs to know what they know and be able to leverage on its information and knowledge base to gain competitive advantage. Because of the rapid information use in the society's everyday life, every country has to create new information society, which is able effectively use information and ICT. One of the European Union (EU) objectives is to make sure that Europe's business, governments and citizens continue to play a leading role in shaping and participating in the global knowledge and information based economy The world economy is moving from a predominantly industrial society to a new set of rules - the information society. What is emerging is often referred to as the new economy. It has tremendous potential for growth, employment and inclusion. Yet Europe is not fully exploiting this potential as it is not moving fast enough into the digital age. The underpinning dynamics of the new economy are strong. Digital technologies make accessing, processing, storing and transmitting information increasingly cheaper and easier. The sheer scale of information available creates huge opportunities for its exploitation through the development of new products and services. Transforming digital information into economic and social value is the basis of the new economy, creating new industries, changing others and profoundly affecting citizens' lives. However, technologies and markets today move at a much faster pace than perhaps ever before in economic history. There is no time to wait until these policies deliver. The change happening now will reshape the European economy and society within the lifetime of this Commission. A major effort has to be made to advance certain policies ahead of the current schedule. This is why an initiative – eEurope - needs to be taken now. The objective of the eEurope initiative is ambitious. It aims to bring everyone in Europe - every citizen, every school, and every company - online as quickly as possible. In launching the partnership for growth and jobs as a new start for the Lisbon strategy, the 2005 Spring European Council called knowledge and innovation the engines of sustainable growth and stated that it is essential to build a fully inclusive information society, based on the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in public services, SMEs and households. Information and communication technologies are a powerful driver of growth and employment. Differences in economic performances between industrialised countries are largely explained by the level of ICT investment, research, and use, and by the competitiveness of information society and media industries. ICT services, skills, media and content are a growing part of the economy and society.

SUMMARY: EU's Information Society Programmes in the Context of Knowledge Economy Globalization and rapid Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development are main reasons for information and knowledge becoming of a great importance. In the present day market scenario of intense competition, every country needs to know what they know and be able to leverage on its information and knowledge base to gain competitive advantage. Because of the rapid information use in the society's everyday life, every country has to create new information society, which is able effectively use information and ICT. One of the European Union (EU) objectives is to make sure that Europe's business, governments and citizens continue to play a leading role in shaping and participating in the global knowledge and information based economy The world economy is moving from a predominantly industrial society to a new set of rules - the information society. What is emerging is often referred to as the new economy. It has tremendous potential for growth, employment and inclusion. Yet Europe is not fully exploiting this potential as it is not moving fast enough into the digital age. The underpinning dynamics of the new economy are strong. Digital technologies make accessing, processing, storing and transmitting information increasingly cheaper and easier. The sheer scale of information available creates huge opportunities for its exploitation through the development of new products and services. Transforming digital information into economic and social value is the basis of the new economy, creating new industries, changing others and profoundly affecting citizens' lives. However, technologies and markets today move at a much faster pace than perhaps ever before in economic history. There is no time to wait until these policies deliver. The change happening now will reshape the European economy and society within the lifetime of this Commission. A major effort has to be made to advance certain policies ahead of the current schedule. This is why an initiative – eEurope - needs to be taken now. The objective of the eEurope initiative is ambitious. It aims to bring everyone in Europe - every citizen, every school, and every company - online as quickly as possible. In launching the partnership for growth and jobs as a new start for the Lisbon strategy, the 2005 Spring European Council called knowledge and innovation the engines of sustainable growth and stated that it is essential to build a fully inclusive information society, based on the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in public services, SMEs and households. Information and communication technologies are a powerful driver of growth and employment. Differences in economic performances between industrialised countries are largely explained by the level of ICT investment, research, and use, and by the competitiveness of information society and media industries. ICT services, skills, media and content are a growing part of the economy and society.

SUMMARY: EU's Information Society Programmes in the Context of Knowledge Economy Globalization and rapid Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development are main reasons for information and knowledge becoming of a great importance. In the present day market scenario of intense competition, every country needs to know what they know and be able to leverage on its information and knowledge base to gain competitive advantage. Because of the rapid information use in the society's everyday life, every country has to create new information society, which is able effectively use information and ICT. One of the European Union (EU) objectives is to make sure that Europe's business, governments and citizens continue to play a leading role in shaping and participating in the global knowledge and information based economy The world economy is moving from a predominantly industrial society to a new set of rules - the information society. What is emerging is often referred to as the new economy. It has tremendous potential for growth, employment and inclusion. Yet Europe is not fully exploiting this potential as it is not moving fast enough into the digital age. The underpinning dynamics of the new economy are strong. Digital technologies make accessing, processing, storing and transmitting information increasingly cheaper and easier. The sheer scale of information available creates huge opportunities for its exploitation through the development of new products and services. Transforming digital information into economic and social value is the basis of the new economy, creating new industries, changing others and profoundly affecting citizens' lives. However, technologies and markets today move at a much faster pace than perhaps ever before in economic history. There is no time to wait until these policies deliver. The change happening now will reshape the European economy and society within the lifetime of this Commission. A major effort has to be made to advance certain policies ahead of the current schedule. This is why an initiative – eEurope - needs to be taken now. The objective of the eEurope initiative is ambitious. It aims to bring everyone in Europe - every citizen, every school, and every company - online as quickly as possible. In launching the partnership for growth and jobs as a new start for the Lisbon strategy, the 2005 Spring European Council called knowledge and innovation the engines of sustainable growth and stated that it is essential to build a fully inclusive information society, based on the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in public services, SMEs and households. Information and communication technologies are a powerful driver of growth and employment. Differences in economic performances between industrialised countries are largely explained by the level of ICT investment, research, and use, and by the competitiveness of information society and media industries. ICT services, skills, media and content are a growing part of the economy and society.

SUMMARY: EU's Information Society Programmes in the Context of Knowledge Economy Globalization and rapid Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development are main reasons for information and knowledge becoming of a great importance. In the present day market scenario of intense competition, every country needs to know what they know and be able to leverage on its information and knowledge base to gain competitive advantage. Because of the rapid information use in the society's everyday life, every country has to create new information society, which is able effectively use information and ICT. One of the European Union (EU) objectives is to make sure that Europe's business, governments and citizens continue to play a leading role in shaping and participating in the global knowledge and information based economy The world economy is moving from a predominantly industrial society to a new set of rules - the information society. What is emerging is often referred to as the new economy. It has tremendous potential for growth, employment and inclusion. Yet Europe is not fully exploiting this potential as it is not moving fast enough into the digital age. The underpinning dynamics of the new economy are strong. Digital technologies make accessing, processing, storing and transmitting information increasingly cheaper and easier. The sheer scale of information available creates huge opportunities for its exploitation through the development of new products and services. Transforming digital information into economic and social value is the basis of the new economy, creating new industries, changing others and profoundly affecting citizens' lives. However, technologies and markets today move at a much faster pace than perhaps ever before in economic history. There is no time to wait until these policies deliver. The change happening now will reshape the European economy and society within the lifetime of this Commission. A major effort has to be made to advance certain policies ahead of the current schedule. This is why an initiative – eEurope - needs to be taken now. The objective of the eEurope initiative is ambitious. It aims to bring everyone in Europe - every citizen, every school, and every company - online as quickly as possible. In launching the partnership for growth and jobs as a new start for the Lisbon strategy, the 2005 Spring European Council called knowledge and innovation the engines of sustainable growth and stated that it is essential to build a fully inclusive information society, based on the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in public services, SMEs and households. Information and communication technologies are a powerful driver of growth and employment. Differences in economic performances between industrialised countries are largely explained by the level of ICT investment, research, and use, and by the competitiveness of information society and media industries. ICT services, skills, media and content are a growing part of the economy and society.

The aim of the methodical tool is to improve students' knowledge and give major guidelines on the writing of BA/ MA thesis or a reasearch paper on the history of a military unit (regiment, batallion, company, batery, etc.), military combination (division, brigade, group, file, etc.), military service (engineering, communication, medical, etc.) or subdivisions (company, group, etc.) of paramilitary organizations (Shooters Union, Scouts Association, Young Lithuania).

The aim of the methodical tool is to improve students' knowledge and give major guidelines on the writing of BA/ MA thesis or a reasearch paper on the history of a military unit (regiment, batallion, company, batery, etc.), military combination (division, brigade, group, file, etc.), military service (engineering, communication, medical, etc.) or subdivisions (company, group, etc.) of paramilitary organizations (Shooters Union, Scouts Association, Young Lithuania).

The aim of the methodical tool is to improve students' knowledge and give major guidelines on the writing of BA/ MA thesis or a reasearch paper on the history of a military unit (regiment, batallion, company, batery, etc.), military combination (division, brigade, group, file, etc.), military service (engineering, communication, medical, etc.) or subdivisions (company, group, etc.) of paramilitary organizations (Shooters Union, Scouts Association, Young Lithuania).

The work consists of two main parts: description of Scandinavian literatures and bibliographic data. It analyses translations of fiction from Scandinavian languages (Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) into Lithuanian language. Each country's literature is described separately. The work briefly discusses histories of literatures, literatures for adults and children and presents main translators. Greater attention is paid to more famous authors. Moreover, the work provides bibliographic data on fiction translated from Scandinavian languages. Most of the books published in Lithuanian language are included in the lists. It was noted that the close relation among Scandinavian literatures has no impact on their translations into Lithuanian. Translators who translate from several Scandinavian languages become the connective link. Translations from Scandinavian languages into Lithuanian are closely related to political, economic, ideological factors; however the translator plays a crucial role alongside these factors. Only due to the translators the Lithuanian book space is augmented with especially valuable texts. In its essence, this work is encyclopaedic; therefore it provides various information that could expand reader's knowledge in Scandinavian authors and their works, though it does not repeat universally known or available information on the authors' biographies and published works.

The work consists of two main parts: description of Scandinavian literatures and bibliographic data. It analyses translations of fiction from Scandinavian languages (Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) into Lithuanian language. Each country's literature is described separately. The work briefly discusses histories of literatures, literatures for adults and children and presents main translators. Greater attention is paid to more famous authors. Moreover, the work provides bibliographic data on fiction translated from Scandinavian languages. Most of the books published in Lithuanian language are included in the lists. It was noted that the close relation among Scandinavian literatures has no impact on their translations into Lithuanian. Translators who translate from several Scandinavian languages become the connective link. Translations from Scandinavian languages into Lithuanian are closely related to political, economic, ideological factors; however the translator plays a crucial role alongside these factors. Only due to the translators the Lithuanian book space is augmented with especially valuable texts. In its essence, this work is encyclopaedic; therefore it provides various information that could expand reader's knowledge in Scandinavian authors and their works, though it does not repeat universally known or available information on the authors' biographies and published works.

The aim of this study was to describe the historical development of pharmaceutical organisations, their tasks and ability to fulfill them. In the XIXth century a rapid development of the science of pharmacy influenced a need for scientific collaboration. Thus, in 1819 Department of Pharmacy of Vilnius Medical Society was founded by Vilnius chemists. The main directions of the activity of the members of this department were the following: scientific investigations, solution of practical tasks, spreading of pharmaceutical information, popularization of the knowledge of pharmaceutical science. However, a progressive dynamic development of pharmacy was hindered by unfavorable political and economic factors. In 1917, Lithuanians working in Russia united in a "Society of Lithuanian Pharmacists". The operation of the society was concerned with nationality, which was the main and the only direction of activity. There were four pharmaceutical organizations acting in the Independent Republic of Lithuania (1918- 1940). In 1940, after Lithuania's annexation to the USSR, all pharmaceutical professional associations were eliminated. In 1948, Lithuanian Scientific Society of Pharmacists was founded. Despite its professional tasks it had also to proclaim ideological aims. Conclusion. Professional activity was influenced by unfavorable political conditions in the country. Independence of social professional associations was limited by czarist Russia, as well as by Soviet authorities. Department of Pharmacy of Vilnius Medical Society had a great influence upon the progress of pharmacy of that time. Associations acting in the Independent Republic of Lithuania were able to defend their business interests, participate in international activity, deal with the affairs of science, the heritage of the pharmacy, and representation of their profession.

The aim of this study was to describe the historical development of pharmaceutical organisations, their tasks and ability to fulfill them. In the XIXth century a rapid development of the science of pharmacy influenced a need for scientific collaboration. Thus, in 1819 Department of Pharmacy of Vilnius Medical Society was founded by Vilnius chemists. The main directions of the activity of the members of this department were the following: scientific investigations, solution of practical tasks, spreading of pharmaceutical information, popularization of the knowledge of pharmaceutical science. However, a progressive dynamic development of pharmacy was hindered by unfavorable political and economic factors. In 1917, Lithuanians working in Russia united in a "Society of Lithuanian Pharmacists". The operation of the society was concerned with nationality, which was the main and the only direction of activity. There were four pharmaceutical organizations acting in the Independent Republic of Lithuania (1918- 1940). In 1940, after Lithuania's annexation to the USSR, all pharmaceutical professional associations were eliminated. In 1948, Lithuanian Scientific Society of Pharmacists was founded. Despite its professional tasks it had also to proclaim ideological aims. Conclusion. Professional activity was influenced by unfavorable political conditions in the country. Independence of social professional associations was limited by czarist Russia, as well as by Soviet authorities. Department of Pharmacy of Vilnius Medical Society had a great influence upon the progress of pharmacy of that time. Associations acting in the Independent Republic of Lithuania were able to defend their business interests, participate in international activity, deal with the affairs of science, the heritage of the pharmacy, and representation of their profession.

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistic competence. Knowledge about a society and its culture is a part of general knowledge about the world. Therefore, it is especially important for a learner of a language to acquire socio-cultural knowledge. There are a lot of stereotypes about a country, its culture and society among its neighbours. Learning Polish in Lithuania promotes a better understanding of Polish culture and helps to overcome stereotypes. Both countries have the common history; however, Lithuanian society's perception of the Poles is not always rational. The public opinion polls show that Lithuanians perceive the Poles worse than they perceive Russians. Does learning the Polish language provide the opportunity to understand the country and the culture as well as to reassess the views on the Poles? The students, who have been learning the Polish language for three semesters (A1-B1) at VMU, were asked to share their opinion. The questions were the following: Why did they choose to learn Polish? What did they know about Poland and Polish culture before the course? What are their insights into Poland after the course? The students were not satisfied with their knowledge about Poland prior to starting the course. It should be noted that they assessed their knowledge on the subject from the perspective of three semesters. In the meantime, some students went to the Summer School of the Polish Language and Culture in Poland and had an opportunity to visit Warsaw. The students, who completed B2 course of the Polish language, have changed their views and perceptions of Poland and its culture. The learning of the language has become an opportunity to learn about Poland and its culture and enabled students to evaluate the country very positively. [.]

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistic competence. Knowledge about a society and its culture is a part of general knowledge about the world. Therefore, it is especially important for a learner of a language to acquire socio-cultural knowledge. There are a lot of stereotypes about a country, its culture and society among its neighbours. Learning Polish in Lithuania promotes a better understanding of Polish culture and helps to overcome stereotypes. Both countries have the common history; however, Lithuanian society's perception of the Poles is not always rational. The public opinion polls show that Lithuanians perceive the Poles worse than they perceive Russians. Does learning the Polish language provide the opportunity to understand the country and the culture as well as to reassess the views on the Poles? The students, who have been learning the Polish language for three semesters (A1-B1) at VMU, were asked to share their opinion. The questions were the following: Why did they choose to learn Polish? What did they know about Poland and Polish culture before the course? What are their insights into Poland after the course? The students were not satisfied with their knowledge about Poland prior to starting the course. It should be noted that they assessed their knowledge on the subject from the perspective of three semesters. In the meantime, some students went to the Summer School of the Polish Language and Culture in Poland and had an opportunity to visit Warsaw. The students, who completed B2 course of the Polish language, have changed their views and perceptions of Poland and its culture. The learning of the language has become an opportunity to learn about Poland and its culture and enabled students to evaluate the country very positively. [.]

This article is an attempt to overview the recent state of European studies in Lithuania & some problems arising in this field of research. Because of the 'constructivist' essence of contemporary science, the social sciences, including European studies, are exposed to a threat of losing 'a sense of reality.' If this ever growing tendency gets stronger & becomes irreversible, the knowledge acquired in the course of those studies would become only 'doxical' knowledge reflecting daily realities & needs of short-term political conjuncture. One of possible ways to solve the problem of a loss of 'a sense of reality' in the field of European studies is to expand the research horizons by paying more attention to European history & especially to its religious & philosophical heritage. Adapted from the source document.

The article introduces three historical and linguistic approaches on political thought (Anglophonic history of ideas (A. O. Lovejoy, Q. Skinner), German conceptual history (R. Koselleck) and French history of political (P. Rosanvallon)), and have se- veral aims. Firstly, it tries to understand and conceptualize some premises of Western academy that could be easily integrated in Lithuanian socio-humanitarian tradition of political researches. On the one hand, it could help for critical understanding of some historical and political studies done in Lithuania in the past years. On the other hand, it shows what kind of problems should be solved if we want to use historical analysis of political in Lithuania. The article tries to present a mode for relating history and politics while looking at them not as power practices, but highlighting historical researches as methodological tool to understand political action and mea- ning of political. While describing three humanitarian perspectives to political science that are concerned with studying political phenomena we can point out several of their common points. Firstly, utterance and political action are closely interrelated. Secondly, all programs emphasizes historical context – past ideas, conceptions and discussions should be seen as meaningful in specific historic period and contravene to our known meanings. Thirdly, all public ideas are presenting some world view or historical rea- lity. At the same time they are instruments used for expressing thoughts (to firm or to change social world or idea system), and objects that could be changed. Fourthly, thoughts expressed in utterance are rational, e. g. understandable in everyday communication at that historical period. Finally, historicity as important cause for transforming ideas, concepts and discussion issues matters for all three schools. All those presuppositions create programs that could help to understand political thought and debates in the new light of history. A lso there are some significant differences between three approaches that should be taken in to account if we want to use them in practical analysis. Article points out differences in research strategy (for example, micro- and synchronic analysis used by Skinnerian history of ideas; macro- and diachronic analysis common to conceptual history and some kind of middle way is taken by history of political), scope of research (not all of the approaches recognize importance of national or social context), sources used for analysis (not all historical material is used as meaningful), methodological presumptions and aims of the analysis. This all leads to different concept of politics and what is meant by meaningful political analysis in all three approaches. In the last section of the article we introduce context of current studies of political thought in Lithuania and indicates possible trends for future studies while using more historical approaches to political. It is claimed that all three schools could help deepen our knowledge about Lithuanian political culture, tradition of political thought and transformation of main political concepts in Lithuania. While arguing that article also shows four main problems or trends for future analysis of Lithuanian case: relation with other traditions of political thought; question of Lithuanian political vocabulary; the beginning of modernization and change of meaning of concepts; question of continuity or discontinuity in usage of concepts.