Suchergebnisse

Renewed mobility policies have been developed since the mid-2000s in French rural areas, which are particularly car dependent. Local authorities have chosen to offer alternatives to automotive mobility. This thesis analyzes the emergence of public electric mobility policies, while national or European incentives encourage their development (cars, bicycles, charging stations). Do rural actors seize these incentives? And how? This study questions therefore the particular ways in which the incentive mechanisms related to electromobility in small rural communities are taken advantage of and how local authorities consent to this encouragement to change. The main hypothesis of this research is that the emergence of e-mobility in rural territories is elaborated and shaped by both local stakeholders and external actors, not always in consensual ways. With a multidisciplinary approach, we study the gradual deployment of e-mobility in two French territories, the Manche department and the Aveyron department. This study is based on the monitoring of several projects, and on interviews of local stakeholders.Our results show how e-mobility is used by local stakeholders to negotiate the turn toward a more sustainable rural transportation network and to reconsider the automobility system. It is seized, discussed, tested or rejected and might be integrated into a territorial strategy, depending on the resources and on the role of local actors.E-mobility is undertaken in several ways. First, it is implanted in a diversity of local public policies (tourism, social inclusion, environment), within smaller projects such as electric bike rental or electric car sharing system. It emerges through practical initiatives which stakeholders come up with in search of new mobility systems for the territory.Secondly, we show that e-mobility is a strategic tool, in larger projects (hydrogen, charging stations) in order to promote an energy system for the territory. In two territories historically shaped by electrical production (nuclear power and hydroelectric power), we demonstrate that e-mobility represents a powerful tool in the context of an energy transition, as it enables stakeholders to secure their role within these territories.The movement toward this innovation is made in the continuity of the rural and local policies, targetting isues such as tourism or local economy, and in connection with the national energy policies of energy transition. Finally, we hypothesize that these projects can also lead to discontinuities, to a reinvention of the rural, toward a new energy network, and new mobilities. ; Les sociétés rurales sont caractérisées par des modes de vie et de déplacement quotidiens particulièrement dépendants du mode automobile, et la mobilité est, depuis longtemps déjà, un enjeu central des politiques publiques qui leur sont destinées. Les collectivités rurales sont prises dans une tension entre l'injonction à adopter des mobilités plus diversifiées, plus économes, et, en même temps, un climat d'incertitudes et des contraintes politiques et budgétaires qui freinent les choix de rupture. La thèse analyse les conditions d'émergence d'une offre de publique en faveur de l'électromobilité alors qu'une multitude de dispositifs encouragent l'introduction de voitures électriques, de vélos à assistance électrique et de bornes de recharge. Les acteurs ruraux s'en saisissent-ils pour autant ? Et de quelle manière ? La recherche questionne donc les modalités particulières du saisissement des instruments d'incitation liés à l'électromobilité dans les petites collectivités rurales et étudie la manière dont celles-ci acceptent, en la reformulant, cette injonction à la modernité et au changement. L'hypothèse centrale de cette thèse est que l'émergence de l'offre électromobile dans le monde rural fait l'objet d'une construction et d'une mise en forme conjointe, mais loin d'être consensuelle, entre le monde local (usagers, élus, opérateurs privés) et les acteurs extérieurs. En mobilisant une approche pluridisciplinaire, le déploiement très progressif de l'électromobilité est analysé dans le cadre d'une démarche de recherche menée dans la Manche et en Aveyron. Après une contextualisation de l'émergence des politiques électromobiles dans les deux territoires étudiés, la thèse montre comment ce nouveau champ de l'action publique permet aux élus ruraux d'adopter avec prudence et sans renier l'automobilité auxquels ils restent attachés, un nouveau référentiel de mobilité durable. L'électromobilité est une proposition saisie ou détournée, discutée et expérimentée avant d'être éventuellement intégrée à une stratégie territoriale en fonction des ressources et du rôle de l'acteur local. Ensuite, après avoir constaté la très grande diversité des thématiques qui introduisent l'offre politique de l'électromobilité dans les territoires ruraux, la thèse propose une typologie pour mieux comprendre le foisonnement de micro-projets électromobiles et les visées auxquelles est censé répondre du point de vue des élus. L'appropriation de l'électromobilité est engagée via une pragmatique locale par des acteurs à la recherche d'un nouveau modèle d'aménagement rural. Nous montrons, à travers quelques projets de plus grande envergure visant à déployer des bornes de recherche ou des véhicules à hydrogène, que le déploiement électromobile est aussi un objet de pouvoir. Dans deux départements marqués historiquement par la production électrique (l'une d'origine nucléaire, l'autre hydroélectrique) et donc par les proximités historiques de l'industriel et du monde politique local, la thèse montre le saisissement stratégique de l'électromobilité par des acteurs locaux, comme les syndicats départementaux d'énergie. Il s'agit de promouvoir un nouveau modèle économico-énergétique territorial tout en maintenant les proximités politico-industrielles de toujours. L'un des principaux résultats est le constat de l'écart entre l'apparence d'intense renouvellement que relaient les discours et la mise en scène de l'offre politique et le saupoudrage presque anecdotique des projets réels. Ces démarches semblent porter les ferments d'une réinvention économique, territoriale et sociale du monde rural très ambiguë. D'un côté, l'électromobilité est utilisée au profit de stratégies de conservation de rapports de pouvoir, même si certaines formes d'appropriation de l'électromobilité reconfigurent discrètement les cadres de production des politiques publiques d'aménagement rural, débouchant sur une image de la transition mobilitaire rurale plurielle, sinon divergente

Forests in the European Union grow by 1.2 billion m³ per year. Half of this volume stays in the forest, in particular for sustainable forest management purposes. The other half flows into three industrial sectors: wooden material, paper products and wood energy. These industrial product flows are set into motion and paid for by diverse final consumers. Since 2000, consumption is undergoing important structural changes which cause large disturbances in material, paper and fuel flows. To predict the impact of these changes, economists model relationships between raw material supply, final products demand, prices, production and international trade. This thesis uses panel data econometrics to estimate parameters of empirical models. An introductory chapter sets the policy context of forest resources and forest products of interest at a macroeconomic level. Then I review major forest sector models and I focus on issues encountered while estimating parameters of demand models. A second chapter investigates the potential impact of a trade agreement between the EU and the US on the forest sector. We found that total welfare would increase in the region of the agreement, in addition the agreement benefits more to consumers than to producers. Results show that third party countries are impacted by the agreement too, which highlights the importance of using a global trade model in analysing the impacts of the agreement. In a third chapter I estimate revenue and price elasticities of demand for forest products on a panel of European countries. I deal with non stationarity issues and estimate demand elasticities within cointegrated panels. I demonstrate that revenue elasticities of demand are lower than previous estimates from the literature. Simulations using these robust elasticities in a forest sector model, show a lower demand over a 20 years time horizon. In a fourth chapter, I analyse structural changes in paper products consumption. For this purpose, I use a panel threshold model to estimate the relationship between information technology use and paper products consumption: newsprint, printing and writing paper. I show how paper demand elasticities depend on internet penetration in the population. Thresholds occur once a majority of the population has access to the internet. After the threshold, coefficients between paper consumption and its explanatory variables revenue and price become smaller in absolute terms or even change sign. Based on projections of the number of internet users per country, paper consumption projections could be updated with this type of thresholds models. From a policy perspective, lower demand for graphics paper would free resources and make them available for innovative forest products and services. ; Les forêts de l'Union Européenne croissent de 1.2 milliards de m³ par an. La moitié de ce volume reste en forêt. L'autre moitié alimente trois filières industrielles: la filière matériaux, la filière papiers et la filière énergie. Ces flux de produits industriels sont mis en mouvement et financés par divers consommateurs. Or depuis 2000, la consommation change de régime, au point de perturber fortement certains flux de bois et d'impacter l'emploi et la balance commerciale du secteur. Pour prévoir l'impact de ces changements, les économistes modélisent les relations entre l'offre de matières premières, la demande de produits finis, les prix, la production et le commerce international. Cette thèse construit un modèle empirique à même d'évaluer l'impact de ces changements pour le secteur forêt-bois en Europe.Un chapitre introductif définit le contexte des ressources forestières et des produits analysés au niveau macroéconomique. Puis je présente les principaux modèles en équilibre partiel utilisés pour les études prospectives du secteur forêt-bois. A partir d'un cadre général incluant la production et le commerce international, je détaille les problèmes spécifiques rencontrés lors de l'estimation des fonctions de demande. Un deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact potentiel d'un accord commercial entre l'Union Européenne et les États-Unis sur le secteur forestier. Nous avons trouvé que le bien-être total augmenterait dans la région de l'accord et diminuerait légèrement ailleurs. De plus l'accord est plus avantageux pour les consommateurs que pour les producteurs. Les résultats montrent aussi que des pays tiers sont impactés par l'accord, ce qui souligne l'importance d'utiliser un modèle mondial. Dans un troisième chapitre, j'estime les élasticités prix et revenu de la demande en produits forestiers sur un panel de pays européens. Je traite des problèmes de non stationnarité en panel et j'estime les élasticités au sein de panels cointégrés. Les élasticités de demande sont inférieures aux estimations précédentes dans la littérature. Ces élasticités robustes insérées dans un modèle secteur forêt-bois projettent une demande plus faible sur une période de 20 ans. Dans un quatrième chapitre, j'analyse les changements structurels dans la consommation de papier. J'utilise un modèle économétrique sur données de panel permettant d'estimer les effets de seuil dans la relation entre l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et la consommation de papier: papier journal, papier d'impression et papier d'écriture. Je montre comment l'élasticité de demande de papier dépend de la pénétration d'internet dans la population. Un effet de seuil a lieu lorsque la majorité d'une population a accès à internet. Après le seuil, les coefficients liant la consommation et ses variables explicatives (prix et revenu) diminuent en valeur absolue ou changent de signe. A partir d'une projection du nombre d'utilisateurs d'internet par pays, les projections de consommation de papier pourraient être mises à jour avec ce type de modèles à transition. Une plus faible demande de papier libère des ressources et les rend disponibles pour le développement d'autres produits et services forestiers innovants.

En Colombia, a finales de la primera década del siglo xxi, se produjo un auge de literatura testimonial del secuestro, cuyos autores eran políticos, miembros de la Fuerza Pública y extranjeros vinculados a la lucha contra el narcotráfico. Ellos constituyeron un grupo nombrado comúnmente como los "canjeables", puesto que su cautiverio respondió a una estrategia de la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (farc), establecida durante las negociaciones de paz del Caguán (1998-2002); esta consistía en secuestrar durante largo tiempo a personajes públicos, militares y policías, con el fin de presionar un intercambio humanitario. El artículo se orienta a delinear las condiciones de producción del auge de literatura testimonial del secuestro de los "canjeables", en el contexto político y mediático de Colombia, entre el 2002 y el 2010, así como la estrecha relación de la industria editorial globalizada con la publicación de testimonios, difundidos ampliamente en el ámbito internacional. De modo que la principal presunción analítica de este trabajo es que los textos testimoniales son construcciones culturales enmarcadas en un contexto social y cultural específico de producción, y que responden a la manera como se organiza simbólicamente la sociedad. Junto a esto, fue necesario entender cómo el auge de la memoria induce a que se creen productos culturales volcados hacia el pasado y que revelan eventos traumáticos de la historia del conflicto armado en Colombia. La metodología consistió en la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias escritas y la realización de entrevistas a periodistas y a conocedores del mundo editorial, con la finalidad de establecer un contexto de producción de los libros testimoniales considerados objetos culturales.Uno de los principales hallazgos fue que el auge de la literatura testimonial del secuestro de los "canjeables" respondió al clima ideológico del país durante la presidencia de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, periodo en el que las farc llegaron a ser el enemigo interno de la nación, por lo cual, los testimonios que denunciaron sus crímenes tuvieron un eco masivo en los medios informativos de carácter privado y, en general, en la opinión pública colombiana ; In Colombia, at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, there was a rise of kidnapping testimonial literature whose authors were politicians, members of the Armed Forces and foreigners involved in the fight against drug trafficking. Theyconstituted a group commonly known as "the exchangeables" since their captivity responded to a strategy of the guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) established during the Caguan peace negotiations (1998-2002) to kidnap publicfigures, soldiers and police in order to press for a humanitarian exchange. The article aims to outline the conditions of production of a boom in kidnapping testimonial literature by these "exchangeables" in the political and media context of Colombia between 2002 and 2010, and the close relationship of the global publishing industry with the publication of testimony, widely disseminated internationally. The main analytical assumptionof this work is that the testimonial texts are cultural constructions framed in a specific social and cultural context of production and respond to the way society is symbolically organized. Along with this, it is necessary to understand how the rise of memory induces cultural products turned towards the past that reveal traumaticevents in the history of the armed conflict in Colombia. The methodology consisted of a review of written primary and secondary sources and interviews with journalists and experts of the publishing world to establish a production context of testimonial booksconsidered cultural objects. One of the main findings was that the rise of kidnapping testimonial literature by the "exchangeables" was a response to the ideological climate of the country under PresidentAlvaro Uribe, a period in which the farc became the enemy of the nation; therefore, the testimony denouncing their crimes echoed massively in privately owned media and in general in Colombian public opinion. ; Na Colômbia, no final da primeira década do século xxi, produziu-se um auge de literatura testemunhal do sequestro, cujos autores eram políticos, membros da Força Pública e estrangeiros vinculados à luta contra o narcotráfico. Eles constituíram um grupo nomeado comumente de "los canjeables" ("os intercambiáveis"), visto que seu cativeiro respondeu a uma estratégia da guerrilha das Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (FARC), estabelecida durante as negociações de paz do Caguán (1998-2002); esta consistia em sequestrar, durante longo tempo, personagens públicos, militares e policiais, a fim pressionar um intercâmbio humanitário. Este artigo se orienta a delinear as condições de produção do auge de literatura testemunhal do sequestro dos "intercambiáveis" no contexto político e mediático da Colômbia, entre 2002 e 2010, bem como a estreitarelação da indústria editorial globalizada com a publicação de testemunhos, difundidos amplamente no âmbito internacional. Assim, a principal pretensão analítica deste trabalho é demonstrar que os textos testemunhais são construções culturais delimitadas num contexto social e cultural específico de produção, e que respondem à maneira como a sociedade se organiza simbolicamente. Para isso, foi necessário entender como o augeda memória induz a que sejam criados produtos culturais direcionados ao passado e que revelam eventos traumáticos da história do conflito armado na Colômbia. A metodologiaconsistiu na revisão de fontes primárias e secundárias escritas e a realização de entrevistas a jornalistas e a conhecedores do mundo editorial, com o objetivo de estabelecer um contexto de produção dos livros testemunhais considerados objetos culturais. Um dos principais achados foi que o auge da literatura testemunhal do sequestro dos "intercambiáveis" respondeu ao clima ideológico do país durante a presidência de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, período no qual as farc chegaram a ser o inimigo interno da nação, razão pela qual os depoimentos que denunciaram seus crimes tiveram um eco massivonos meios informativos de caráter privado e, em geral, na opinião pública colombiana.

Humans have been cultivating land for approximately 12,000 years. As such, most countries worldwide have considered crop waste as a global issue linked with environmental protection, economic development, and healthy living. Many varieties of straw are produced all over China in massive quantities (more than 900 million tons per year). Although banned by the government, stubble burning is widely applied by Chinese farmers as an easy and cheap way to remove stalks after harvests. However, this practice significantly contributes to China's carbon dioxide emissions and health risks associated with the thick mists it produces. As a renewable biomass resource, straw can be used to make new marketable materials, but its full potential has yet to be realized. Thus, future studies should be directed toward the isolation and rational use of agricultural waste. In addition to the pollution caused by agricultural waste, water shortage, particularly in northern and northwestern China, severely hinders agricultural production. This region accounts for half of the total surface of China but has less than 20% of the total national available water resources. Despite the severity of the water shortage in this region, the efficiency of irrigation water use is only 40%. Many strategies have been applied to promote a water-saving agriculture. One such strategy is the use of water-saving materials, such as plastic mulching films and superabsorbent polymers. However, these two materials are non-biodegradable, and their mechanical properties are unsatisfactory. A systematic analysis of the literature revealed that agricultural waste is a cheap and promising source of raw materials that could be used to obtain cellulose and nanocelluloses. Nanocelluloses can be used for the industrial production of super-strong but lightweight nanocomposite materials. The first step involved the isolation of cellulose, cellulose nanocrystallines (CNCs), and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from wheat straw. First, four CNCs were isolated from four commercial microcrystalline celluloses (MCCs) through sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The effects of the characteristics of the MCC on the morphology, structure, and properties of the resulting CNCs were assessed. The results revealed that both particle size and dispersity influenced the isolated CNCs. Second, cellulose was isolated from wheat straw through a microwave-assisted chemical treatment process that reduced chemical use. The reaction conditions and promoting effect of microwave on the resulting fibers were investigated. The results indicated that temperature played the most important role in cellulose isolation, and that microwave can reduce either the reaction time or the chemical use during the microwave-assisted alkali hydrolysis process. High-purity (94%) CNFs were isolated from wheat straw through an environmentally friendly, multi-step treatment process that combined steam explosion, microwave-assisted hydrolysis, and microfluidization. Chemical identification and characterization were performed to study the effect of each treatment step and investigate the potential utilization of CNFs in nanocomposites. Chemical analysis showed that the cellulose content increased from 44.81% to 94.23%, whereas the hemicellulose and lignin contents significantly decreased from 33.41% and 8.75% to 5.54% and 1.68%, respectively. Long and loose 10–40 nm wide nanofiber bundles and an entangled network of cellulose fibers with an average individual diameter of 5.42 nm were observed during this eco-friendly process. In the last part of this study, nanocelluloses were introduced into superabsorbent polymers and mulching films used in agriculture to improve their performance. The effects of nanocelluloses on their structure, properties, and mechanical performance were investigated. First, superabsorbent polymers of acrylamide–acrylate copolymers and others with CNFs, CNCs, or MCC were synthesized. The swelling capacities in pure water and in various solutions, the capacities for repeated water absorption, the water-retaining capacities in soil, and the mechanical properties of the hydrogels were compared. The results revealed that the 3D structures of the acrylamide–acrylate–CNF and acrylamide–acrylate–CNC hydrogels were strengthened by the nanocellulose. These two polymers exhibited excellent capacities for repeated water absorption. By contrast, the biodegradable agricultural mulching film did not present satisfying mechanical and barrier properties as an alternative for ordinary polyethylene film. In this thesis, CNC was introduced into the film of poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) /polylactic acid composites. Poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate)/polylactic acid/CNC films with various contents of CNC were prepared, characterized, and tested as for their properties. Compared with the film without CNC, poly (lactic acid) / poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephtalate)/3% CNC film showed an increased deformation by 188.80%. The barrier performance of the films increased with increasing CNC content. However, the tensile properties decreased when the CNC content exceeded 3%. Both the mechanical and barrier properties were promoted. These results highlighted that (i) wheat straw is a cellulose-rich natural resource of CNF and CNC; (ii) microwave can reduce either the reaction time or the chemical use during the cellulose-isolation process; (iii) high-purity CNF could be obtained through an environmentally friendly method; and (iv) nanocellulose could improve the mechanical properties of both superabsorbent polymers and mulching films, and enhance their performances in agricultural applications. In a broader perspective, microwave and other techniques should be further explored in the context of green isolation processes. Agricultural biomass natural fiber-based composites must be further investigated to maximize their applications. Approaches that could offer significant cost savings for the industrial production of nanocellulose and new nanocellulose-based materials should be developed further. We aim to promote the research interest for the isolation and application of agricultural-waste-based nanocellulose, which deserve further research and documentation. This thesis is only the beginning of a greater endeavor.

Renewed mobility policies have been developed since the mid-2000s in French rural areas, which are particularly car dependent. Local authorities have chosen to offer alternatives to automotive mobility. This thesis analyzes the emergence of public electric mobility policies, while national or European incentives encourage their development (cars, bicycles, charging stations). Do rural actors seize these incentives? And how? This study questions therefore the particular ways in which the incentive mechanisms related to electromobility in small rural communities are taken advantage of and how local authorities consent to this encouragement to change. The main hypothesis of this research is that the emergence of e-mobility in rural territories is elaborated and shaped by both local stakeholders and external actors, not always in consensual ways. With a multidisciplinary approach, we study the gradual deployment of e-mobility in two French territories, the Manche department and the Aveyron department. This study is based on the monitoring of several projects, and on interviews of local stakeholders.Our results show how e-mobility is used by local stakeholders to negotiate the turn toward a more sustainable rural transportation network and to reconsider the automobility system. It is seized, discussed, tested or rejected and might be integrated into a territorial strategy, depending on the resources and on the role of local actors.E-mobility is undertaken in several ways. First, it is implanted in a diversity of local public policies (tourism, social inclusion, environment), within smaller projects such as electric bike rental or electric car sharing system. It emerges through practical initiatives which stakeholders come up with in search of new mobility systems for the territory.Secondly, we show that e-mobility is a strategic tool, in larger projects (hydrogen, charging stations) in order to promote an energy system for the territory. In two territories historically shaped by electrical production (nuclear power and hydroelectric power), we demonstrate that e-mobility represents a powerful tool in the context of an energy transition, as it enables stakeholders to secure their role within these territories.The movement toward this innovation is made in the continuity of the rural and local policies, targetting isues such as tourism or local economy, and in connection with the national energy policies of energy transition. Finally, we hypothesize that these projects can also lead to discontinuities, to a reinvention of the rural, toward a new energy network, and new mobilities. ; Les sociétés rurales sont caractérisées par des modes de vie et de déplacement quotidiens particulièrement dépendants du mode automobile, et la mobilité est, depuis longtemps déjà, un enjeu central des politiques publiques qui leur sont destinées. Les collectivités rurales sont prises dans une tension entre l'injonction à adopter des mobilités plus diversifiées, plus économes, et, en même temps, un climat d'incertitudes et des contraintes politiques et budgétaires qui freinent les choix de rupture. La thèse analyse les conditions d'émergence d'une offre de publique en faveur de l'électromobilité alors qu'une multitude de dispositifs encouragent l'introduction de voitures électriques, de vélos à assistance électrique et de bornes de recharge. Les acteurs ruraux s'en saisissent-ils pour autant ? Et de quelle manière ? La recherche questionne donc les modalités particulières du saisissement des instruments d'incitation liés à l'électromobilité dans les petites collectivités rurales et étudie la manière dont celles-ci acceptent, en la reformulant, cette injonction à la modernité et au changement. L'hypothèse centrale de cette thèse est que l'émergence de l'offre électromobile dans le monde rural fait l'objet d'une construction et d'une mise en forme conjointe, mais loin d'être consensuelle, entre le monde local (usagers, élus, opérateurs privés) et les acteurs extérieurs. En mobilisant une approche pluridisciplinaire, le déploiement très progressif de l'électromobilité est analysé dans le cadre d'une démarche de recherche menée dans la Manche et en Aveyron. Après une contextualisation de l'émergence des politiques électromobiles dans les deux territoires étudiés, la thèse montre comment ce nouveau champ de l'action publique permet aux élus ruraux d'adopter avec prudence et sans renier l'automobilité auxquels ils restent attachés, un nouveau référentiel de mobilité durable. L'électromobilité est une proposition saisie ou détournée, discutée et expérimentée avant d'être éventuellement intégrée à une stratégie territoriale en fonction des ressources et du rôle de l'acteur local. Ensuite, après avoir constaté la très grande diversité des thématiques qui introduisent l'offre politique de l'électromobilité dans les territoires ruraux, la thèse propose une typologie pour mieux comprendre le foisonnement de micro-projets électromobiles et les visées auxquelles est censé répondre du point de vue des élus. L'appropriation de l'électromobilité est engagée via une pragmatique locale par des acteurs à la recherche d'un nouveau modèle d'aménagement rural. Nous montrons, à travers quelques projets de plus grande envergure visant à déployer des bornes de recherche ou des véhicules à hydrogène, que le déploiement électromobile est aussi un objet de pouvoir. Dans deux départements marqués historiquement par la production électrique (l'une d'origine nucléaire, l'autre hydroélectrique) et donc par les proximités historiques de l'industriel et du monde politique local, la thèse montre le saisissement stratégique de l'électromobilité par des acteurs locaux, comme les syndicats départementaux d'énergie. Il s'agit de promouvoir un nouveau modèle économico-énergétique territorial tout en maintenant les proximités politico-industrielles de toujours. L'un des principaux résultats est le constat de l'écart entre l'apparence d'intense renouvellement que relaient les discours et la mise en scène de l'offre politique et le saupoudrage presque anecdotique des projets réels. Ces démarches semblent porter les ferments d'une réinvention économique, territoriale et sociale du monde rural très ambiguë. D'un côté, l'électromobilité est utilisée au profit de stratégies de conservation de rapports de pouvoir, même si certaines formes d'appropriation de l'électromobilité reconfigurent discrètement les cadres de production des politiques publiques d'aménagement rural, débouchant sur une image de la transition mobilitaire rurale plurielle, sinon divergente

The present master thesis analyzes REDD+, a market-based climate mitigation instrument designed by the UNFCCC to reduce and prevent carbon dioxide emissions from tropical regions. The analysis presented hereafter aims at both understanding the preconditions for REDD+ to be implemented globally, and at examining the impacts of REDD+ on peoples' everyday lives in rural Indonesia. While scientific research about advantages, limitations and impacts of REDD+ is diverse and abundant, this thesis presents a novel approach to analyze REDD+ by using Henri Lefebvre's theory on "the production of space" as theoretical background. Bringing in Lefebvre's conceptualization of "space" as being actively produced by various actors across various scales, allows for an encompassing analysis of REDD+ from global to local scale, linking politicoeconomic dynamics with everyday micro-social processes. Literature review was chosen as a method to analyze processes at the global scale. To assess micro-social processes at the local scale, an ethnographic three-month field research was conducted at a REDD+ project site "Kalimantan Forest and Climate Partnership" in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Open participative observation, ethnographic interviews and focused interviews represent the pillars of the empirical data collection. Analysis of literature shows that tropical forest and peatland regions to be successfully inserted into a global carbon market, must at first undergo a discursive, scientific and technological transformation which turns them into abstract space: UNFCCC politics discursively evokes a spatial imagination of tropical regions of being exposed to a win-win-win-situation (local development, cost efficient climate protection, and nature conservation). Carbon arithmetic and remote sensing technology create quantifiable representations of tropical landscapes, marking them as so-called carbon sinks. These produced spaces then are given an exchange value by being converted into the fictitious commodity "CO2e". Hence tropical regions become tradable on the international carbon market which, in turn, justifies the international control of local peoples' daily use of these very same regions. Results from empirical data analysis show that REDD+ project implementation strongly impacts the way villagers produce their social space locally. Practical use, conception and perception of space are influenced and altered. While before, spatial practice was focused on cultivation and resource exploitation for daily income, it then was turned into project-compliant performance engaging all available local workforce for REDD+ ends. New concepts of space, propelled by both (inter)national carbon sequestration proponents and their opponents defending customary land rights, enter the local scene. In consequence, new discourses, new land use maps as well as new laws on customary land rights are imposed, giving power to those ones who introduced them. Prior to REDD+, (physical) space was primarily used and not conceived of, and hence ideas about space and its (customary) use were strictly bound to the body, thus remaining fluid and uncodified. Spatial perception changed insofar as villagers now hope for the restoration of the village's degraded forests. Those ones actively involved in the REDD+ project hope for convergence with "city culture" due to increased wealth and the village's internationalization. Still, there is distrust amongst local citizens and a major perception that REDD+ will not change the living conditions on the ground, just as any other project hasn't done before. The depicted changes in the local production of space eventually lead to accelerated rural class formation, an increased recurrence on local adat identity in a multiethnic village, and the marginalization of local people in the carbon trade profit, conceding them, if ever at all, an extremely small amount of carbon rights (400ha in a project region of 120.000ha). On a meta-level, the afore-mentioned results lead to the conclusion that REDD+ changes the relationship between man and nature at selective locations in rural tropical regions whereas global economic structures, and hence the societal relationship with nature, remain unchanged. Nature is turned into an abstract sign and prohibition of resource use is imposed. Responsibilities for climate protection are shifted from global North to global South, justifying the subordination of people's everyday life at REDD+ project sites to a carbon sequestration rationale. Nature itself is being fetishized, becoming a tradable good only if untouched, voided by human use and submitted to highly technologized and scientifically elaborate quantification. This all serving the goal to achieve a "frenetic mobilization of space" (Lefebvre) which now is extended from the city to nature, serving to buffer worldwide overaccumulation of capital. To conclude, this research has shown that i) REDD+ is a very powerful instrument both in the international arena by evoking hope for easy and cost-efficient climate protection to feed the global carbon economy with cheap CO2e-certificates, and in places of project implementation where it causes domination of peoples' daily land and resource use; ii) Despite of the REDD+ project's failure, Indonesia with its vast territory of tropical forests and peatlands will probably adhere to its REDD+ policy. Given the unclear situation of customary land rights throughout the country and the strong pressure of REDD+ projects on the codification of land rights, there is a real danger that local peoples' access to resources will be strongly limited, while at the same time giving them no secure access to carbon rights; iii) Lefebvre's theory of the "production of space" has proven to be fruitful for the analysis of socio-economic processes across scales. Theory use can be developed by further elaborating on Lefebvre's concept of "nature" and by applying additional concepts/theories to look at micro-social interaction from different viewpoints.

This work aims to assess the market potential of hydrogen fuel for cars. The results are based on a detailed description and analysis of the past, current and future market environment, of the stakeholders as well as the driving and inhibiting factors for the market introduction of hydrogen fuel. In more specific terms, the thesis is targeted at describing conditions for the market entry of hydrogen fuel in Germany for the prognosis horizons of 2020, 2030 and 2050. Facts are developed on the grounds of binding framework conditions and user acceptance assumptions, rather than based on political ideas, media hype or messages spread by the marketing departments of the car industry. Assumptions are verified by an evaluation of the conditions set by the institutional framework, a literature, a patent and a stakeholder analysis. Finally, assumptions are discussed with experts in a Delphi analysis and results are summarised using an adapted version of Porter's Model of Five Competitive Forces. European regulation has been identified as a main driving factor. It includes several measures to support renewable energies as well as the implementation of the EU energy efficiency and climate targets. However, the extent of the future use of biofuels is unclear due to the sustainability debate; the positive impact of the currently applicable (car) CO2-standards will have phased out by 2035. By 2050, due to increasing traffic, CO2-emissions caused by cars are projected to increase by 19% compared with 1990 levels without any further action in the EU. In principle, clean car technologies, which could attain values of less than 40 gCO2/km, are ready for market implementation, including hydrogen fuelled fuel cell vehicles (H2FCVs). FCVs and an H2-infrastructure have to be introduced to the market in parallel. The balanced positioning of the H2-stations may be organised by the stakeholders in Germany. The costs for the erection of a network of one thousand H2-station would add up to less than one billion Euros. In particular during the market launch phase, a strong increase in FCV-sales is necessary to utilise the capacity of the developing network. In addition, investments in H2-production and distribution are necessary. With current fuel consumption and projected fuel costs between 4 USD/kgH2 and 6.70 €/kgH2 delivered and dispensed by 2020, the fuel costs without taxes would be reasonable. However, the problem of FCVs is that in the near term, they are expensive. In addition, the market transformation to FCVs requires drastic changes in vehicle technologies, in energy production, distribution and fuelling infrastructure as well as in stakeholder capabilities. The timeline for these changes will have to respect regular vehicle and equipment substitution cycles to keep transformation costs affordable. H2FCV market success requires well-timed concerted actions between all stakeholders. The task is tremendous; coordination and cooperation effort as well as investments still to be made will be very high, but the reward could be a significant contribution to the change towards a sustainable energy system. The main H2FCV deployment pathway is described as follows: - H2FCV-technology has a high degree of compliance with societally-desired targets. - FCVs as well as H2-production and distribution technologies have reached a high degree of technical readiness for market introduction. - A stable, predictable and demanding legislative GHG-reduction framework along with state incentives will encourage industries and customers to invest. - Implementation of an H2-infrastructure and stricter CO2-fleet standards could lead to the success of H2FCV-technology. - High FCV-costs could be reduced by scale effects and further technology development. ; Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Marktpotenzial von Wasserstoff als Pkw-Kraftstoff zu beurteilen. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf einer detaillierten Beschreibung und Analyse der Vergangenheit, des aktuellen und zukünftigen Marktumfelds der Stakeholder sowie der treibenden und hemmenden Faktoren für die Markteinführung von Wasserstoff als Kraftstoff. Konkret werden die Bedingungen für die Markteinführung von Wasserstoff als Kraftstoff in Deutschland für die Prognosehorizonte 2020, 2030 und 2050 beschrieben. Fakten werden nicht auf der Grundlage politischer Ideen, Medien-Hypes oder Mitteilungen der Marketing-Abteilungen der Automobilindustrie, sondern nach Beurteilung bindender Rahmenbedingungen und Nutzeranforderungen entwickelt. Annahmen werden durch einen Abgleich mit den institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen, eine Literatur-, eine Patent- und eine Stakeholder-Analyse überprüft und werden mit Experten in einer Delphi-Analyse diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Hilfe einer adaptierten Version des Porter Modells der fünf Wettbewerbskräfte zusammengefasst. Die europäische Gesetzgebung wurde als wichtiger Antriebsfaktor identifiziert. Diese enthält verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung erneuerbarer Energien sowie der Umsetzung der EU Energieeffizienz- und der Klimaziele. Allerdings ist das Ausmaß der künftigen Nutzung von Biokraftstoffen aufgrund der Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte unklar; die positiven Effekte der aktuell geltenden (Pkw)-CO2-Standards laufen bis 2035 aus. Insgesamt erhöhen sich die projizierten CO2-Emissionen des Pkw-Verkehrs in der EU -ohne zusätzliche Maßnahmen- aufgrund des angenommenen Anstiegs des Verkehrsaufkommens bis zum Jahr 2050 um 19% gegenüber 1990. Grundsätzlich sind saubere Fahrzeugtechnologien, mit Emissionen von weniger als 40 gCO2/km, bereit für die Markteinführung. Dies umfasst auch Wasserstoff betriebene Brennstoffzellen-Fahrzeuge (H2FCVs). FCVs und eine H2-Infrastruktur müssen parallel in den Markt eingeführt werden. Die ausgewogene Positionierung der H2-Tankstellen könnte in Deutschland von den Stakeholdern organisiert werden. Die Kosten für die Errichtung eines Netzwerks von tausend H2-Tankstellen belaufen sich auf weniger als eine Milliarde Euro. Insbesondere während der Markteinführungsphase ist ein starker Anstieg des FCV-Absatzes notwendig, um die Kapazität des sich entwickelnden Netzwerks zu nutzen. Darüber hinaus sind Investitionen in die H2-Produktion und -verteilung notwendig. Mit einem aktuellen Energieverbrauch und projizierten Kraftstoffkosten zwischen 4 USD/kgH2 und 6,70 €/kgH2 (ausgeliefert und verteilt) bis 2020, ergeben sich vor Steuern angemessene Kraftstoffkosten. FCVs sind jedoch kurzfristig noch sehr teuer. Darüber hinaus erfordert die Marktumstellung auf FCVs drastische Veränderungen in der Fahrzeugtechnik, in der Energieproduktion und –distribution, der Betankungsinfrastruktur sowie bei den Anforderungen an die Kompetenzen der Stakeholder. Diese Veränderungen müssen sich zeitlich an den Fahrzeug- und Geräteersatzzyklen orientieren, damit die Umstellungskosten im Rahmen gehalten werden können. Der H2FCV-Markterfolg erfordert zur rechten Zeit ein abgestimmtes, konzertiertes Handeln aller Beteiligten. Die Aufgabe ist enorm. Der Aufwand für Koordination, Zusammenarbeit, sowie noch ausstehende Investitionen ist groß, kann aber einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Wandel hin zu einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem leisten. Der grundlegende H2FCV Implementierungspfad kann wie folgt beschrieben werden: - H2FCV-Technologie hat einen hohen Übereinstimmungsgrad mit gesellschaftlich erwünschten Ziele. - FCVs sowie H2-Produktions- und Distributionstechnologien haben ein hohes Maß an technischer Reife für die Markteinführung erreicht. - Ein stabiler, berechenbarer und anspruchsvoller gesetzlicher THG-Reduktionsrahmen zusammen mit staatlichen Anreizen kann Industrie und Kunden ermutigen zu investieren. - Die Implementierung einer H2-Infrastruktur und strengere CO2-Flottenstandards können den Erfolg der H2FCV-Technologie ermöglichen. - Hohe FCV-Kosten können durch Skaleneffekte und weitere Technologieentwicklung reduziert werden.

The economy of the Ukrainian SSR and the western region, according to most indicators, continued to develop on its own basis, solving ordinary socio-political and socio-economic challenges. In 1960-1980s of the twentieth century the two types of reproduction were combined: extensive sources of growth (exploitation of new natural and labour resources), and intensive ones which improved production structure and management system. Western region of the republic developed rapidly, engineering and instrumentation grew, as well as oil and gas and chemical industries, together with consumer goods and food industry, local industry. However, low quality, inadequate technologies reduced the positive impact of these industries on economic efficiency. In addition, other problems arose. As a result tasks of economic development planned by the third Programme of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union turned out to be unfulfilled. Despite a slight increase in industrial growth its rate declined. A large-scale restructuring of the economy on resource conservation, introduction of new technologies began in industrialized countries. Scientific progress in the USSR stalled. It should be noted that attempts to improve the situation were done over and over, but they were not in the economic and scientific spheres but in the political one. The crisis in industry and agriculture of the USSR in the second half of 1980s went far beyond purely production problems, took on socio-economic character and became threatening as for the provision of the country with necessary goods and food, creating social tension. In the late 1980s food consumption per capita decreased, and deficit in manufactured goods increased. Investing activities of villages almost stopped. Employees from the village began to massively lose stable jobs and reliable source of income. The decline in agricultural production led to idle capacity of the food and consumer goods industry, decline in employment. Executives and government officials, fearful of losing power over the peasants showed negative attitude to transformations in village households. Violation of labor discipline and theft of public property became widely spread due to a relentless deterioration of economic indicators. ; Економіка Української РСР і західного регіону за більшістю показників продовжувала розвиватися на власній основі, розв'язуючи чергові суспільно-політичні та соціально-економічні завдання. У 60 – 80-х роках ХХ ст. поєднувалися два типи відтворення: екстенсивних джерел зростання (експлуатація нових природних багатств, трудових ресурсів) та інтенсивних, що вдосконалювало структуру виробництва і систему управління. Західний регіон республіки розвивався прискореними темпами, зростали машинобудування та приладобудування, нафтогазовидобувна і хімічна промисловість, а також легка та харчова індустрія, місцева промисловість. Проте низький рівень їх якості, недосконалість технологій знижували позитивний вплив цих галузей на економічну ефективність. Крім того, постали й інші проблеми, внаслідок чого виявилися невиконаними завдання з розвитку економіки, заплановані третьою Програмою КПРС. Незважаючи на деяке збільшення масштабів промислового зростання, темпи його знижувалися. У промислово розвинених країнах світу почалася масштабна структурна перебудова економіки щодо ре- сурсозбереження, впровадження новітніх технологій. У СРСР науково-технічний прогрес загальмувався. Необхідно зазначити, що спроби змінити ситуацію на краще робили неодноразово, але вони знаходилися не стільки в економічній та науковій сфері, скільки у політичній. Криза в промисловості і сільськогосподарському виробництві СРСР у другій половині 1980-х років виходила за рамки суто виробничих проблем, набувала соціально-економічного характеру й ставала загрозливою щодо забезпечення країни необхідними товарами і продовольством, створювала соціальну напруженість. Наприкінці 80-х років ХХ ст. знизилось споживання продуктів харчування на душу населення, зріс дефіцит на промтовари. Майже припинялася інвестиційна діяльність села. Працівники села почали масово втрачати стабільні місця роботи й надійні джерела прибутку. Скорочення обсягів виробництва сільгосппродукції призводило до простоювання потужностей підприємств харчової і легкої галузі, зниження зайнятості. Негативне ставлення до трансформаційних процесів у селі демонстрували керівники господарств і державні службовці, побоюючись втратити владу над селянами. Як наслідок – в умовах невпинного погіршення економічних показників набувало поширення порушення трудової дисципліни, розкрадання суспільного майна. ; Економіка Української РСР і західного регіону за більшістю показників продовжувала розвиватися на власній основі, розв'язуючи чергові суспільно-політичні та соціально-економічні завдання. У 60 – 80-х роках ХХ ст. поєднувалися два типи відтворення: екстенсивних джерел зростання (експлуатація нових природних багатств, трудових ресурсів) та інтенсивних, що вдосконалювало структуру виробництва і систему управління. Західний регіон республіки розвивався прискореними темпами, зростали машинобудування та приладобудування, нафтогазовидобувна і хімічна промисловість, а також легка та харчова індустрія, місцева промисловість. Проте низький рівень їх якості, недосконалість технологій знижували позитивний вплив цих галузей на економічну ефективність. Крім того, постали й інші проблеми, внаслідок чого виявилися невиконаними завдання з розвитку економіки, заплановані третьою Програмою КПРС. Незважаючи на деяке збільшення масштабів промислового зростання, темпи його знижувалися. У промислово розвинених країнах світу почалася масштабна структурна перебудова економіки щодо ре- сурсозбереження, впровадження новітніх технологій. У СРСР науково-технічний прогрес загальмувався. Необхідно зазначити, що спроби змінити ситуацію на краще робили неодноразово, але вони знаходилися не стільки в економічній та науковій сфері, скільки у політичній. Криза в промисловості і сільськогосподарському виробництві СРСР у другій половині 1980-х років виходила за рамки суто виробничих проблем, набувала соціально-економічного характеру й ставала загрозливою щодо забезпечення країни необхідними товарами і продовольством, створювала соціальну напруженість. Наприкінці 80-х років ХХ ст. знизилось споживання продуктів харчування на душу населення, зріс дефіцит на промтовари. Майже припинялася інвестиційна діяльність села. Працівники села почали масово втрачати стабільні місця роботи й надійні джерела прибутку. Скорочення обсягів виробництва сільгосппродукції призводило до простоювання потужностей підприємств харчової і легкої галузі, зниження зайнятості. Негативне ставлення до трансформаційних процесів у селі демонстрували керівники господарств і державні службовці, побоюючись втратити владу над селянами. Як наслідок – в умовах невпинного погіршення економічних показників набувало поширення порушення трудової дисципліни, розкрадання суспільного майна.

Acknowledgments We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFNCNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide. ; Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb−1 of s√=8 TeV data collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are required to have at least one jet with pT>120 GeV and no leptons. Nine signal regions are considered with increasing missing transverse momentum requirements between EmissT>150 GeV and EmissT>700 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model expectations. The results are translated into exclusion limits on models with either large extra spatial dimensions, pair production of weakly interacting dark matter candidates, or production of very light gravitinos in a gauge-mediated supersymmetric model. In addition, limits on the production of an invisibly decaying Higgs-like boson leading to similar topologies in the final state are presented. ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWFW, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; NRC, Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; CERN ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; DNRF, Denmark ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; Lundbeckfonden ; European Union (EU) European Research Council (ERC) ; European Union (EU) ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France ; GNSF, Georgia ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; HGF, Germany ; Max Planck Society ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; NSRF, Greece ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; Israel Science Foundation ; MINERVA, Israel ; German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; I-CORE, Israel ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; CNRST, Morocco ; FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; BRF, Norway ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; GRICES, Portugal ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; MES of Russia ; NRC KI, Russian Federation ; JINR ; MSTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; MINECO, Spain ; SRC, Sweden ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SER, Switzerland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Canton of Bern, Switzerland ; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland ; National Science Council of Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; Royal Society of London ; Leverhulme Trust ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France GNSF, Georgia Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) German Research Foundation (DFG) HGF, Germany Max Planck Society Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT NSRF, Greece Hong Kong Research Grants Council Israel Science Foundation MINERVA, Israel German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development I-CORE, Israel Benoziyo Center, Israel Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science CNRST, Morocco FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government BRF, Norway RCN, Norway Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland NCN, Poland GRICES, Portugal Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology MNE/IFA, Romania MES of Russia NRC KI, Russian Federation JINR MSTD, Serbia MSSR, Slovakia Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia MIZS, Slovenia DST/NRF, South Africa MINECO, Spain SRC, Sweden Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden SER, Switzerland Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Canton of Bern, Switzerland Canton of Geneva, Switzerland National Science Council of Taiwan Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Royal Society of London Leverhulme Trust United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Science Foundation (NSF)

U kulturi binarnih sustava, digitalnih sadržaja i tehnoloških praksi autorska prava i zakon o autorskom pravu prolaze kroz određene promjene. Tehnološki razvoj postupno potiče razvoj novog koncepta autorstva i autorskih prava, promovirajući slobodni internet i digitalno tržište te stvarajući novo suvremeno iskustvo kulture utemeljene na digitalnoj tehnologiji, masovnoj komunikaciji i svijetu multimedije i virtualnosti. Unatoč tomu što računalna i digitalna tehnologija na različite načine služe i autoru i korisniku, obje su tehnologije ujedno i vrlo plodno tlo za razmjenu zaštićenih autorskih djela, što dovodi do pojave različitih oblika kršenja autorskih prava. Cilj je ovoga rada identificirati i analizirati načine na koje računalna i digitalna tehnologija potiču razvoj novih trendova u području proizvodnje (npr. kultura remixa) i konzumacije i distribucije (npr. peer-to-peer tehnologija za razmjenu podataka) digitalnih kulturnih sadržaja, ali i utvrditi kako novi oblici distribucije i korištenja digitalnih sadržaja mijenjaju i oblikuju percepciju autorstva u 21. stoljeću. Kako bi analizirali prirodu, strukturu i dinamiku utjecaja novih digitalnih i mrežnih tehnologija na koncept autorstva i autorskih prava te kako bi ispitali konzistentnost postavljenih hipoteza, autori su proveli anketu među općom hrvatskom populacijom u dobi od 15 do 60 i više godina. Prikupljeno je ukupno 535 ispunjenih upitnika. Podaci su analizirani pomoću alata SPSS i metode kvantitativne analize. Posebna je pozornost posvećena konceptu autorstva u digitalnom okružju kao i konceptu peer-to-peer tehnologije za razmjenu podataka koja je, unatoč tomu što je prisutna već dulje vrijeme, još uvijek popularna mrežna arhitektura za distribuciju, korištenje i razmjenu digitalnih sadržaja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da većina ispitanika koristi peer-to-peer tehnologiju za razmjenu podataka kako bi pristupila digitalnim kulturnim sadržajima (npr. filmovima, glazbi, knjigama i sl.) te kako bi ih konzumirala i/ ili dalje dijelila putem mreže, kršeći pritom prava autora, odnosno nositelja autorskih prava. To je ujedno jedan od glavnih razloga zašto nositelji autorskih prava i kreativna industrija neprestano pokušavaju pronaći nove načine kako se boriti protiv peer-to-peer tehnologije, posebice kada je u pitanju komercijalna distribucija kulturnih sadržaja, čime ponekad ograničavaju kulturnu proizvodnju i tehnološki napredak. To dovodi do zaključka da novo dinamično, decentralizirano i distribuirano mrežno okružje utemeljeno na principima digitalne demokracije i participirajuće kulture prosumera traži određene izmjene zakona o autorskom pravu i nova rješenja o pitanju njegova kršenja. Istraživanje je pokazalo da se temeljno razumijevanje autorstva, tj. prava autora i drugih kreativnih djelatnika u kontekstu internetske kulture i digitalnih medija nije značajno promijenilo, no uslijed pojave novih načina digitalne proizvodnje i konzumacije kulturnih sadržaja, stavovi, navike i prakse korisnika doživjele su određene promjene. Sukladno tomu zakonodavstvo mora pronaći nove i drugačije mehanizme kako bi uspostavilo ravnotežu između potreba i prava autora i potreba i prava korisnika. ; Author's rights and copyright law have gone through quite a few changes in the 'post-print' culture of binary systems, digital formations and techno-practices. Technological development supports a new concept of author's rights by promoting a free internet and digital market, as well as new contemporary experience of culture that is rooted in digital technology, mass communication and the world of multimedia and virtuality. Though computer and digital technology have served both authors and users in various ways, they have also served as a very fertile ground for sharing copyrighted content, thus leading to numerous copyright infringements and conflicts with the copyright law. The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the ways in which computer and digital technology have given rise to new trends in the production (e.g. remix culture) and consumption (e.g. peer-to-peer file sharing technology) of culture, but also to determine how new forms of distribution, use and sharing of digital content changed and shaped the perception of authorship in the 21st century. In order to analyze the dynamic, nature and structure by which new digital and networking technologies are affecting the concept of authorship and author's rights and to test the consistency of previously established hypotheses, we conducted a survey amongst the general public. 535 questionnaires were completed. Data was analyzed using SPSS tool and a quantitative method of analysis. In the analysis special attention was given to both, the concept of authorship in the digital environment and the concept of peer-to-peer file sharing technology as not so new, but still very popular networked architecture for distributing, using and sharing digital content. Results have shown that most of the respondents use peer-to-peer file sharing technology to access, consume and/or share different cultural content (e.g. movies, music, books, etc.) while violating the rights of copyright holders. That is one of the main reasons why copyright holders and creative industry constantly finds new ways to fight peer-to-peer networking technology, especially commercial file sharing, thus sometimes restraining cultural production and even technological development. This leads to the conclusion that this new dynamic, decentralized and distributed networked environment grounded in digital democracy and participating culture of prosumers asks for new legal initiatives and solutions. The research shows that the basic understanding of authorship and the rights of authors and other creative workers in the context of Internet culture and digital media has not changed a lot, but due to new available digital means of production and tools of consumption, users' attitudes, habits and practices towards them have. To resolve this conflict, the law needs to find new mechanisms to establish the balance between the needs and rights of both authors and users.

International investment—more specifically, foreign direct investment (FDI)—has become the most important vehicle to bring goods and services to foreign markets. In addition, FDI integrates the national production systems of individual countries and is in the process of creating an integrated international production system, the productive core of the globalising world economy. Against the background of the salient features of FDI and the emerging integrated international production system, this paper seeks to do three things—one, to discuss the evolution of national FDI policies; two, to review challenges for the international investment law and policy regime; and, three, to identify options on how some of these challenges can be met. The discussion is broader than focusing on priority issues only; rather, it covers a range of issues that may eventually need to be addressed. The emphasis is on the international governance of international investment in the globalising world economy, which so far has taken place through a myriad of mostly bilateral investment treaties (BITs). The resulting regime—which increasingly sets the parameters for domestic policy-making on international investment—has developed rapidly, remains in flux, and needs to be improved to maintain its effectiveness and legitimacy. National (as well as international) policy-making regarding MNEs and their international investment takes place in the context of sets of tensions for governments seeking to attract FDI and benefit from it as much as possible, and minimise any negative effects. Hence, national policies regarding FDI, and the international regulatory framework within which national policies are formulated, are of key importance for host countries, and they can conflict with the goals of MNEs to maximise their international competitiveness and global profits. In the 1990s, countries began to establish investment promotion agencies with the specific brief to attract as much FDI as possible. Since the turn of this century, however, national approaches in both developed countries and emerging markets towards incoming FDI have become more nuanced. Achieving the right balance has become a key challenge for countries, and it is one that emerging markets, especially with regard to outward FDI by their firms, increasingly need to consider. A defining characteristic of the investment regime is that investors have a private right to action when seeking redress, under the investor-state dispute-settlement (ISDS) mechanism enshrined in the majority of IIAs. From the perspective of international investors, this is a strong and positive feature of the investment regime, but it entails considerable risks for host country governments. A topical and urgent question is whether appeals mechanisms for current ad-hoc tribunals, a world investment court as a standing first-instance tribunal making the decision in any dispute settlement case, or a combination of both should be established. Institutionalising dispute settlement in this manner would be a major step towards improving the investment regime. Difficult as it is to improve the current dispute settlement mechanism, embarking on a process of examining how this could be done, with a view towards bringing a better mechanism into being, would send a strong signal that governments recognise that the ISDS mechanism would benefit from improvement. An independent Advisory Centre on International Investment Law would help to establish a level playing field by providing administrative and legal assistance to respondents that face investor claims and are themselves not in a position to defend themselves adequately. The WTO experience provides useful inspiration. An Advisory Centre on International Investment Law— which would suitably complement a reform of the ISDS mechanism—could do the same thing for the international investment regime. Related questions could be pursued in a working group consisting of representatives from principal stakeholders. It could be serviced by an NGO with a track record of work on the international trading system. It could, hopefully, also draw on the experience of intergovernmental organisations with an interest in this subject. The growing criticism of the investment regime suggests that a new balance is required. This begins with the objectives of IIAs, more and more of which recognise, in their preambles, objectives other than protection, as well as the right to regulate. It also includes the continuing demand that foreign investors, like domestic investors, have responsibilities too, and not only host countries. Unless the regime can be made more holistic, reflecting in a balanced manner the interests of all principal stakeholders and defining the relationships between foreign investors and governments in general, it risks losing its legitimacy in the longer run. There is also the question whether the ideal approach would be to have one instrument that defined the relationships between governments and international investors—a universal framework on international investment that, in a coherent and transparent manner, would provide the predictability and stability that long-term investment needs. If a truly universal framework is considered out of reach at this time, one might want to consider whether a plurilateral framework on international investment could serve as a first step in that direction. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii Concluding, the paper suggests that it would be desirable to launch an informal but inclusive confidence-, consensus- and bridgebuilding process on how the international investment law and policy regime can be improved. Such a process could seek to identify systematically the strengths and weaknesses of the current regime and discuss how to deal with them. It could also consider a number of the issues that were discussed as not being FDI/international investment proper, as many of them are intimately linked to it. It would have to be an inclusive process and hence involve the principal stakeholders to ensure that main interests are taken into account.

В настоящее время в российской экономике произошла значительная девальвация национальной валюты. Главной ее причиной является падение нефтяных цен в условиях низкой диверсификации производства экспортной продукции, практически не ориентированной на другие виды, кроме нефти и нефтепродуктов. В статье проведено исследование влияния девальвации национальной валюты на экономику России, в частности проведен анализ тенденции изменения объема экспорта и импорта, объема инвестиций, валового внутреннего продукта и международных резервов, а также объема внешнего и государственного долга под влиянием снижения валютного курса доллара и евро. По результатам проведенного анализа выявлены как положительные, так и отрицательные стороны девальвации рубля. Положительными сторонами девальвации национальной валюты являются увеличение конкурентоспособности отечественных товаров и услуг, включая туристических на внутреннем и внешнем рынках, снижение дефицита бюджета и увеличение международных резервов России. Также положительной стороной является увеличение инвестиционного потенциала после окончания девальвации национальной валюты и ВВП страны в условиях импортозамещения. Отрицательными сторонами девальвации национальной валюты являются увеличение инфляции на импортные товары и товары, изготавливаемые из импортных компонентов, замедление роста отечественных и снижение иностранных инвестиций в Россию, бегство капитала за границу, снижение ВВП страны в условиях высоких ставок по кредитам и увеличение внешнего долга. В краткосрочной перспективе российская экономика устойчива. Государство имеет значительный объем международных резервов, государственный долг составляет всего 10 % от ВВП, а внешний долг – 70 %. Негативные последствия для российской экономики могут возникать только в случае долгосрочной и медленной девальвации рубля, в частности это глубокий финансовый кризис экономики за счет увеличения внешнего долга РФ, снижения ВВП и инвестиций. Однако такой риск уже не велик. С помощью графического метода и метода сравнения было выявлено, что ВВП России в последнее время замедляется и ожидается в перспективе стагфляция. Результаты проведенного исследования могут быть применены на федеральном уровне власти – в Правительстве и Центральном банке РФ. Для снижения риска дальнейшей девальвации национальной валюты государству и ЦБ РФ предлагается уделять большее внимание производству продукции не нефтегазового сектора. Необходимо ограничить объем покупок иностранной валюты выраженной в долларах и евро для населения и предприятий, если они не связаны с погашением долгов, снизить ключевую ставку ЦБ РФ на прежний уровень – 8,25 %, это позволит легко привлекать кредитные средства для импортозамещения продукции. Для более быстрого проведения импортозамещения, диверсификации производства, повышения ВВП и снижения инфляции государству необходимо международные резервы направлять на создание новых производств с участием частного, в особенности иностранного капитала. При этом также необходимо ускорить процесс создания Единого Центрального банка Евразийского экономического союза с целью ввода единой валюты стран-членов союза. ; Currently, in the Russian economy took a significant devaluation of the national currency. Its main reason is the fall in oil prices in the low diversification of production of export product, virtually not focused on other varieties than oil and petroleum products. In this paper studied the effect of the devaluation of the national currency on the Russian economy, in particular it was held the analysis of trends of changes volume of exports and imports, the volume of investment, GDP and international reserves, as well as of volume of external and of public debt under the influence of reduction of the exchange rate of the dollar and the euro. According to the results of the analysis revealed both positive and negative sides of the devaluation of the ruble. Positive aspects of devaluation of the national currency are increasing the competitiveness of domestic goods and services, including tourism in the domestic and external markets, reducing the budget deficit and the increase in international reserves of Russia. Also, the positive side is to increase the investment potential after endings of the devaluation of the national currency and the country's GDP in terms of import substitution. The negative side of devaluation of the national currency are is an increase in inflation for imported goods and products made from imported components, slowing domestic growth and the reduction of foreign investment in Russia, and the flight of capital abroad, the decline of GDP of the country in the context of high interest rates on loans and an increase in external debt. In the short term, the Russian economy is stable. The state has a significant amount of international reserves, public debt is only 10 % of GDP and the external debt – 70 %. The negative consequences for the Russian economy can arise only in the case of the long and slow devaluation of the ruble, in particular a deep financial crisis of the economy by increasing the foreign debt of the Russian Federation, decline in GDP and investment. However, this risk is not great. The graphical method and comparison method revealed that Russia's GDP slowed down in recent years and is expected in the long term stagflation. The results of the research can be applied at the federal level of authorities – the government and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. To reduce the risk of further devaluation of the national currency, the government and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are invited to pay greater attention to the production of product not of oil and gas sector. Necessary to limit the volume of purchases of foreign currency expressed in dollars and euros for households and businesses, if they are not related to the repayment of debt, lower the key rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to the previous level – 8.25 %, this will give it easy to attract credit funds for import substitution products. For faster of import substitution, diversification of production, increase GDP and reduce inflation, the government needs international reserves to guide the creation of new enterprises with the participation of the private, especially foreign capital. Also necessary to accelerate the establishment of a single central bank of the Eurasian Economic Union to enter the single currency of the Member States of the Union.

"Dans son livre consacré à l'économie des échanges linguistiques, le sociologue Pierre Bourdieu renouvelait – autant qu'il la dépassait – une tradition, notammentissue du philosophe allemand Emmanuel Kant, et concernée par l'étude des interprétations du parler et de la langue. Ce que parler veut dire1 envisage ainsi l'inauguration d'une « herméneutique pragmatique » de la linguistique, en quelque sorte, en considérant celle-ci comme l'un des outils d'une étude beaucoup plus vaste, celle du champ social. Plus encore, Bourdieu est peut-être en France l'un de ceux qui, mettant à profit l'expérience et les leçons de pragmatisme des sciences sociales nord-américaines, amène la linguistique – en même temps qu'il la confronte – aux usages des locuteurs eux-mêmes, autrement dit à leur appartenance au monde social tout autant qu'à leur portée symbolique. Telle une apostrophe, au passage, à ceux qui – quantitativement – ne sont pas supposés lire ses livres. Cependant, Bourdieu dé-conforte et déconstruit - en France - l'idée même d'une langue indépendante des conditions de sa naissance, et aboli de fait le paradigme scientifique de « la plus naturelle des sciences sociales »2, qui avait jusque-là séparé l'instrument linguistique de ses conditions sociales de production et d'utilisation, renvoyant – implicitement – chaque locuteur à sa responsabilité, à sa conscience. « Instrument de communication, la langue est aussi signe extérieur de richesse et un instrument de pouvoir. Et la science sociale doit essayer de rendre raison de ce qui est bien, si l'on y songe, un fait de magie : on peut agir avec des mots, ordres ou mots d'ordre.La force qui agit dans les mots est-elle dans les paroles ou dans les porte- paroles ? ». Or, pour cette modeste tentative d'analyse socio-sémiotique, nous avons été tenté – audacieusement, sans aucun doute – d'éclairer notre sujet (un objet et un instant de communication) sous l'éclairage du « fait de magie », soit encore du point de vue des forces qui agissent lors de la production, de la diffusion et de la réception d'un objet de communication, ici exceptionnel s'agissant du logo je suis Charlie, et nous verrons dans quels termes. A défaut de pouvoir prétendre à fixer exactement le sens d'un tel objet, à l'instar d'une œuvre musicale, par exemple, ou plus généralement d'une œuvre d'art, il s'agit bien pour nous de méditer brièvement sur la complexité du contexte dans lequel des principes de langages et d'images prennent sens, comme autant de manières dont au fond notre monde se raconte. Pour cela, il a été précieux de repérer quelques grilles et modèles théoriques, dans l'histoire récente de l'interprétation des « signes sociaux », afin d'observer au plus près comment se forme aujourd'hui un cas très spectaculaire, si l'on peut dire, de discours - ici un logo - dans les nouveaux médias, et tout particulièrement sur le réseau social Twitter. En effet, le mois de janvier 2015 inaugura l'année nouvelle par une suite de phénomènes médiatiques, politiques et sociaux d'une ampleur tout aussi considérable que les évènements qui les avaient déclenchés, lesquels furent parfois ombragés - voire occultés - par leurs effets eux-mêmes. Le 7 janvier dernier, comme l'on sait, onze contributeurs du journal satirique Charlie Hebdo furent assassinés au siège de l'hebdomadaire par deux français, C. et S. Kouachi, soient deux jeunes frères convertis à une forme minoritaire d'islam radical guerrier se réclamant d'AQPA. Dans leur fuite, les deux criminels allaient se mettre en scène de façon très innovante, en quelque sorte, devant les caméras des téléphones portables de policiers et témoins, poursuivant leur crime en direct et dans l'espace public, invoquant le nom du prophète de l'Islam, dans ce qui semblait constituer pour eux une façon de cri de guerre. Ces scènes, à l'instar de celle de l'assassinat du policier Ahmed Merabet, abattu à terre dans la rue, ont été ainsi retransmises immédiatement sur les principaux réseaux sociaux, en un flux record, et exploitées dès le 8 janvier jusque dans les grands journaux internationaux. internationaux6.Le jour même de l'attentat, un logotype va se distinguer parmi le bruit du Web, pour se diffuser à très grande vitesse virale sur les réseaux, et devenir l'un des principaux symboles de toute cette période fortement anomique.Cette image, Je suis Charlie, est ainsi immédiatement incorporée, désormais, dans l'inscription mémorielle de ces massacres et – nous le verrons – fut probablement très opérante dans l'énonciation d'un deuil national, traduit à la fois en des champs intimes et individuels, mais aussi collectifs et institutionnels. Nous avons donc choisi cette image en vertu de différents critères :• Parce que cette image s'est chargée en tant que « véhicule- signifiant », et de façon extrêmement rapide, elle est devenue paradigmatique, de notre point de vue, révélant tout autant le contexte diffus qui l'a portée, que d'autres signes, différents, comme autant d'indices culturels opérant progressivement à l'insu même de son émetteur.• Parce que, nous le verrons, cette image fut naturellement exploitée, collectivement, institutionnellement, politiquement et médiatiquement, et associée en tant que telle à différents discours de domination sociale, en principe rigoureusement cryptés. Soit une manière d'icône à la fois très simple, et en réalité, nous le verrons, très « agile ».• Enfin, le logo Je suis Charlie est devenu par cette agilité une image « conventionnelle »7 des luttes de forces sociales en France, sa réception ayant été tout autant spectaculaire dans sa version négative, le « ne » prenant alors valeur d'indice identitaire.Concrètement, nous en étudierons donc les conditions de son émergence et de sa production, puis le dispositif lui-même en détail, avant de nous intéresser finalement à sa réception.

En entornos marismeños, el patrimonio natural y humano se simbiotizan hasta formar una identidad muy propia, con unos rasgos que son delimitados en el espacio y tiempo. Y este no es sino el gran argumento de la investigación, el identificar aquellos referentes patrimoniales los cuales, dotados de un simbolismo generado a lo largo del tiempo, han generado una percepción del territorio de una forma muy concreta. Se va a estudiar, por esta razón, la casuística presente en San Juan del Puerto, una población de profunda raigambre marinera y marismeña la cual, debido al devenir histórico, ha cambiado sus estructuras productivas, aunque sigue manteniendo en el tiempo una determinada forma de apreciación de determinados lugares que han sido, y siguen formando parte de su espacio vital más próximo, así como configura una parte de la actual idiosincrasia de la población. Por medio de la etnografía y la etnohistoria, la investigación se profundizará en los referentes identitarios de la población desde el siglo XV hasta la actualidad, al objeto de poder delimitar rasgos pasados, presentes, y quién sabe si futuros entre la población sanjuanera. Igualmente se reformula el espacio cultural a partir de la Teoría del Lugar, es decir, unidades espaciales, bien sean ambientales o humanas, con una significatividad especial entre los usuarios de un contexto cultura! concreto. Entre los objetivos que han guiado la investigación destacan: • Identificar y delimitar los rasgos que identifican el modo de sentir de los sanjuaneros. • Analizar la importancia del río Tinto, y más concretamente de sus marismas, en el devenir histórico de San Juan del Puerto. •Conocer, de manera integral, la relación histórica entre salinas, marismas y puerto con San Juan así cómo esa relación histórica condiciona el sentir actual. •Analizar la evolución de las actividades productivas en el término, así como intentar establecer las relaciones sociales de producción básicas, tanto a nivel diacrónico como sincrónico, bajo la influencia que ha tenido la marisma a lo largo de su historia. • Identificar algunos de los principales riesgos ecológicos que afectan al ámbito territorial elegido, así como conocer las causas que lo provocan (inundaciones, polución y contaminación de las aguas). • Asumir una actitud crítica ante el deterioro de la naturaleza aplicándolo al caso concreto de la destrucción de las marismas del Tinto a su paso por San Juan. •Conocer las propuestas políticas y proyectos que se están llevando a cabo respecto al problema medioambiental del Tinto en su conjunto, así como sus soluciones. • Valorar la necesidad de integrar un desarrollo endógeno con la protección del medio ambiente (desarrollo sostenible). • Aportar un modelo de conocimiento de la realidad circundante, a partir del diseño de un programa didáctico, para la recuperación de los rasos identitarios que conforman el sentir sanjuanero. ; In marsh areas, natural and cultural heritage are engaged in a symbiotic relationship to create a unique identity with features clearly defined by space and time. Once established this key argument, the main aim of the research is to identify those territorial and historical landmarks rich with evolving symbolism that have triggered a perception of the environment in a very specific way. For this clear reason, casuistries of environmental and cultural life in San Juan del Puerto will be studied. Focusing on the target population, the main features are those of a society governed by a long-established seafaring and marsh tradition. Production structures in the area have been restructured due to their evolutional and possible development, even though a particular understanding and appreciation of certain locations, which are also part of the people's nearest living space, are maintained since they are a fundamental constituent of the group idiosyncrasy and uniqueness. By Ethnography and Ethnohistory the recognition of the identitarian bearings of the target population from the 15th century until today will be thoroughly examined in order to define past, present and future features within the above-mentioned community. Similarly, the cultural space is reformulated on the basis of the 'The Theory of the Place', that is to say, basic spatial units, including both environmental and human ones, endowed with a special significance within a specific cultural context. It should be highlighted that the main research objectives are to: • Identify and define the main features that characterize the thoughts and feelings of the target population. • Consider the relevance of the Tinto River, more specifically, the influence of its wetlands on the historical development of San Juan del Puerto. • Learn about the historical relation among valuable salt marshes, marshlands or wetlands and ports with San Juan del Puerto, taking into account the way in which that connection contributes to a large extent to the present way of experiencing and feeling within the community. • Analyse the evolution of production activities in the area and try to establish the social relationships of production, dyachronically and synchronically, under the influence of the marsh environment through history. • Define some of the major enviromental risks in the area, such as floods, air pollution and water pollution among others, and learn about their causes. • Formulate a critical position on damage to nature, specially damage to the Tinto marshes along its course through San Juan del Puerto. • Learn about political proposals and projects aimed at solving the environmental problems of the Tinto ecosystem. • Place value on the need to strengthen endogenous development and other participatory approaches that are closely linked to the protection of the environment (sustanaible development). • Provide a useful source of information and analysis of the surrounding reality by the completion of a didactic programme that will contribute to the recovery of identitarian bearings within the aforesaid community.

A particular point of contention in the current negotiations on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) carried out by the European Union and the United States is the question whether the European protected geographical indications for food should be enforced in the USA. The concern of the US Food and dairy industry is that products which have been so far produced and sold as 'Feta' or 'Gorgonzola,' may only be called 'Feta-like' or 'Gorgonzola-like' in the future. The political dispute over the protection of geographical indications in international trade law has become virulent in the negotiations in the Doha Round of the WTO (since 2001). The question asked is whether the protection of geographical indications is sufficient under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994). The European Union requires a certain protection reinforcement – a proposal to which the United States, Canada and Australia strongly object. The opposing positions are based on historical trends, divergent economic interests and different legal concepts. The different legal concepts in the world range from competition law to specific labelling law and to trademark law. A specific labelling law exists in the EU with a comprehensive und highly differentiated character compared to other protection concepts. It distinguishes between three categories of marks: designations of origin, geographical indications and traditional specialities guaranteed. In the case of designations of origin, all production stages have to take place in the same region (for example: 'Oscypek' smoked sheep milk cheese from Poland), 'Allgäuer Bergkäse' from Germany und 'Feta' from Greece). In the case of protected geographical indications only one production stage has to take place in a certain region (for example: 'Rogal świętomarciński,' pastry from Poznań and 'Spreewälder Gurken' from Brandenburg). In the case of traditional specialities, a guaranteed reference a certain region is not necessary, but a traditional recipe which has existed for 30 years is required. Geographical indications and traditional specialities which have been registered by the European Commission obtain EU-wide protection and are a legal interest to which not only all applicants but also all beneficiaries jointly are entitled (according to the specification of the product). Since the establishment of the European protection system, a number of judgments of the European Court of Justice have been delivered and served to resolve disputes and to clarify legal questions. Further, they also referred to the cultural differences in the production and consumption of foodstuffs. It remains to be seen how the conflict between the USA and the EU will be solved in the field of geographical indications. In this context a direct agreement on the mutual acceptance of this food regulatory regime could be obtained as full harmonization, as graded harmonization or as a flexible system of equivalence. ; Durante gli attuali negoziati svolti tra l'Unione Europea e gli Stati Uniti circa il Partenariato Transatlantico per il Commercio e gli Investimenti la tutela della denominazione di origine del prodotto alimentare costituisce un particolare punto di disaccordo: si tratta di stabilire se la tutela in oggetto, in vigore in Europa, dovrebbe essere introdotta anche negli USA. L'industria alimentare statunitense teme che i prodotti fabbricati e venduti finora sotto il nome di "Feta" o "Gorgonzola" possano essere chiamati solo prodotti "tipo Feta" o "tipo Gorgonzola". La disputa politica intorno alla protezione delle indicazioni geografiche nel commercio internazionale ha preso la forma più virulenta durante i negoziati svolti (dal 2011) a Doha nell'ambito dell'Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (WTO). Il dibattito riguarda la questione se le decisioni dell'Accordo sugli aspetti commerciali dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale (1994) risulteranno sufficienti nel caso di controversia circa la tutela della denominazione di origine geografica. L'Unione europea chiede che tale tutela venga introdotta, ma gli Stati Uniti, il Canada e l'Australia sono fortemente contrari a tale soluzione. Queste posizioni contrastanti derivano da fattori storici, interessi economici divergenti e diverse concezioni giuridiche, partendo da un approccio diverso nei confronti del diritto della concorrenza, per arrivare ad una particolare (specifica) legge sull'etichettatura e la legge che riguarda il marchio. Nell'Unione Europea vige una legge specifica sull'etichettatura complessa e molto diversificata rispetto ad altre concezioni di tutela. Si distinguono tre categorie di indicazioni: denominazione di origine, indicazione geografica e specialità tradizionale garantita. Nel caso della denominazione di origine tutte le fasi di produzione devono svolgersi nella stessa zona (per esempio "Oscypek", formaggio affumicato di pecora proveniente dalla Polonia), "Allgäuer Bergkäse" dalla Germania, oppure "Feta" dalla Grecia). Nel caso delle indicazioni geografiche protette, solo una delle fasi di produzione deve svolgersi in una data zona (per esempio "Rogal świętomarciński" – un cornetto tipico di Poznań oppure "Spreewälder Gurken" – cetrioli della Provincia del Brandeburgo). Nel caso delle specialità tradizionali non è necessaria una particolare zona di riferimento, ma una ricetta tradizionale che può vantarsi di almeno 30 anni di storia. Le indicazioni geografiche e le specialità tradizionali registrate dalla Commissione Europea (iscritte nel registro) vengono protette in tutta l'Unione Europea. Fin dall'inizio dell'introduzione del sistema di tutela europeo, la Corte di giustizia dell'UE ha emesso una serie di pronunce volte a risolvere le controversie e fornire chiarimenti giuridici, che allo stesso tempo si riferivano alle differenze culturali concernenti la produzione e il consumo dei prodotti alimentari. Aspettiamo di vedere come si risolverà la controversia tra l'Unione Europea e gli USA in materia di indicazioni geografiche. Al riguardo un accordo diretto sull'adozione di un sistema (regime) volto a disciplinare le questioni alimentari può assumere la forma di una piena armonizzazione, di una armonizzazione graduale oppure di un sistema flessibile di equivalenza. ; 15 ; 2 ; 175 ; 198 ; 10 ; Przegląd Prawa Rolnego