Suchergebnisse

This qualitative multiple case study research investigated how the Finnish school system practices student leadership as a significant dimension of democracy on three school levels: primary, lower secondary and upper secondary. The study defines student leadership through the democracy issue, leadership decision making and leadership theories. Semi-structured interviews were applied to collect the data from three school principals, eight teacher supervisors and three groups of student leaders, altogether 33 participants. The thematic network analysis, deductive and inductive thematic analysis were used to answer the three research questions. The results of the theoretical (deductive) thematic analysis mainly correspond to the four-frame approach to leadership (Bolman & Deal, 2008) with two exceptional issues: weaknesses of Finnish school structures and a lack of data about play. According to the inductive data analysis Finnish educators associated student leadership with democratic features in the school society and distributing leadership to students. Student leaders also came up with characteristics of democracy in schools, but on different scales depending on their school age. Students may also participate in the classroom governance through different kinds of classroom decision making possibilities. Additionally, the data analysis interpreted feminine traditions of student leadership and school leadership in the Finnish case schools. It is worthwhile if the same phenomenon could be investigated with a focus on the gender issue, the passivity of students in student leadership, the process of student decision making, the development of youth-adult partnership, and humor. It is also recommended to carry out a similar study in other schools and higher education organizations in the context of Finland as well as that of different countries.

Solar PV mini-grid electrification application has been introduced in Ghana to provide electricity for some rural areas that are located disproportionately beyond the reach of the national grid. Through the Renewable Energy Act (832) enacted in 2011, the government of Ghana has developed policy plan to vigorously increase the share of renewable energy sources in the generation mix to 10% by the year 2020. In accordance with the policy, the Ghana Energy Development and Access Project (GEDAP) under the Ministry of Energy (MoE) have undertaken the goal to deploy solar PV mini-grid systems to supply electricity to the rural island communities on the Volta Lake. By virtue of their locations, the island communities have existed for many years without access to electricity. This is because reaching these communities through the conventional grid appears highly impractical. Qualitative research, case study method was used to examine the potential socio-economic and environmental impacts of the solar PV mini-grid project on the local communities, specifically Pediatorkope and Atigagorme. Three research questions were answered using qualitative content analsysis approach. Generally, the findings show that the solar PV mini-grid electricity is an ideal energy alternative for the island communities on the Volta Lake in Ghana. However, there are variations regarding the socio-economic and environmental impacts of the project on the communities. In terms of economic impact, given the energy level or capacity provided, the electricity fulfills the provision of light to boost and extend hours of petty trading and selling activities at night in the communities. The capacity does not support higher applications such as refrigerators, which could help improve the economic conditions of the fishing communities. Government intervention in the form of subsidies will be necessary to sustain the electricity services so as to extend its impact on the communities. Ultimately, the solar PV mini-grid electricity is likely to yield much social impact on the communities than any of the dimensions revealed in the study. Finally, positive environmental impact of the project on the communities will be achieved when majority of the inhabitants are eventually connected to the solar PV mini-grid electricity. There is a challenge concerning recycle and disposal of systems components such as batteries and PV cells after end-of-life. The study concludes that electricity supply in rural areas should bring more than just light to initiate improvement in the quality of life of rural dwellers.

In autumn 2015, it was announced that the government would execute massive budget cuts to education. This was due to the efforts of the new government to save money and balance the state economics. The amount of money that the state intended to save from the basic education, also known as primary and lower secondary schools nationwide was estimated to be around 40 million euros. 30 million euros out 40 million euro savings was from group size money and 10 million of development money. Money directed to group sizes has been used by the schools to downsize the class and group sizes. The developing money on the other hand is for the development of the schools, for example to modernize equipment and learning spaces. The topic of this research is the savings done from education in the context of changed educational politics and legally mandated tasks the school have. This study asked from the principals their views about these educational budget cuts and how they see those to affect to schools. The research questions the most worrying aspects of saving from basic education and how the principals see diminishing resources to affect to their school. Second research question was the future Finnish basic education and how the principals viewed that. The research was conducted as qualitative research where the principals were interviewed and their answers to the interview question were analyzed with content analysis. In the interviews, the question were in specific order and the question were asked in same order from every participating principal. Research questions were answered during the interviews so the findings are written down as principals answered to the question. These findings suggest that principals are concerned about the growth of the group and class sizes, the work load of their teachers, the quality of teaching and the diminishing resources to organize support service in schools. When asked about the future of the Finnish basic education in general the principals were positive and faith to the future of the basic education.

This thesis examines Yezidi perceptions of access to formal education for Yezidi children and youth from the Sinjar region of Iraq, a primary homeland of the Yezidi people and an officially disputed territory between the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and the federal government of Iraq in Baghdad, between the periods of 2003–2014 and 2014 onwards. These two time frames are selected and differentiated to reflect two major events in the recent history of Sinjar – the downfall of Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003 and subsequent de facto control of Sinjar by the KRG, and the seizing of the area by the Islamic State (IS) group and subsequent displacement of the majority of the Yezidi community in 2014. This thesis also seeks to understand prominent Yezidi discourses around this issue and the implications for Yezidi children and youth from Sinjar, and for the Yezidi community as a whole. This research is conducted according to a qualitative approach. The data set was obtained on the ground in Iraq through the use of in-depth semi-structured and narrative interviews conducted according to the Responsive Interview Model between August and December 2016. Thematic analysis was then applied to the research data. The theoretical framework of the thesis broadly follows the typologies of sovereignty, identity, and education, with more defined theoretical concepts applied which fall under one or two of these typologies. Supporting information is found in documentation released by United Nations agencies, reports from think tanks and NGOs, and published media pieces. A strong effort is made throughout to preserve the voices of the research participants, the majority of whom are themselves displaced Yezidis from Sinjar. This work aims to illuminate a pressing but underexamined problematique that affects the lives of vulnerable people and has significant implications for the future of the nation of Iraq. Particular attention is paid to political competition between competing bodies of authority in Iraq, especially between the KRG and the federal Iraqi government. The thread of trauma as a result of the attempted genocide of the Yezidi people by IS from 2014 is observable throughout the work, as it would be through any research on this minority that either focuses on this time period or involves research participants from the community.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the construction of leadership through authentic dialogues at work and leaders' actions as contributors to dialogic leadership. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected the data by recording the organisation's meetings and discussions and used content analysis of dialogic leadership and typifying of critical moments as analytical methods. Findings On the basis of the findings, this paper suggests that dialogic leadership begins with a startup critical moment and progresses through the different positions by manager and employees through democratic interaction. Individual and collective level learning of participants and the formation of new knowledge were used in decision- or conclusion-making. The manager promoted the construction of dialogic leadership in conversation by creating important critical moments, which enabled a dialogue to start or contributed to already ongoing dialogue. Originality/value The study proposes concrete actions that can be applied in working life. This study provides a new understanding of the leader's activities in promoting dialogue. ; peerReviewed

Tämän kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää millaisia kokemuksia eteläpohjalaisilla johtajilla on monimuotoisuuden johtamisesta ja kulttuurienvälisestä viestinnästä monikulttuurisissa organisaatioissa. Työn teoriaosuudessa käsitellään kulttuurienvälisen viestinnän ja monimuotoisuuden johtamisen teoriaa sekä monikulttuurisuutta ja työperäistä maahanmuuttoa Suomessa ja Etelä-Pohjanmaalla. Empiirinen tutkimusaineisto kerättiin teemahaastattelujen avulla. 11 johtajaa haastateltiin ja analysointimenetelmänä käytettiin teemoittelua. Tutkimuksen merkittävimpiä tuloksia oli, että yritykset ovat rekrytoineet työvoimaa ulkomailta pääasiassa, koska yritykset eivät ole löytäneet osaavaa kotimaista työvoimaa ja koska rekrytoimalla ulkomailta on mahdollista löytää työntekijöitä, joilla on kielitaitoa ja tietämystä jostain tietystä kulttuurista. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan suomalaisten vastustus koskien työperäistä maahanmuuttoa on vähentynyt. Osalla on etnosentrinen suhtautuminen muuttunut kulttuurirelativistiseen suuntaan. Tutkimus osoittaa että sekä johtajat että työntekijät ovat oppineet erilaisista kulttuureista, kielitaito on kehittynyt ja he ovat löytäneet uusia tapoja toteuttaa erilaisia tehtäviä. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan muista kulttuureista tulevat työntekijät ovat pääasiassa innokkaampia tekemään ylitöitä jos siihen on tarvetta, kuin suomalaiset, koska tulokset osoittivat että useimmat heistä ovat ahkeria, kiitollisia, joustavia, työhön sitoutuneita, motivoituneita ja haluavat ansaita rahaa. Monimuotoisuuden ja monimuotoisuuden johtamisen haasteina mainittiin muun muassa puutteet henkilöstön ja johdon kielitaidossa, byrokratia ja puutteet julkisten palveluiden tarjoamassa avussa työnantajille. Kulttuuriset eroavaisuudet, jotka aiheuttavat haasteita työelämään, ovat eroavaisuudet valtaetäisyyksissä, aikakäsityksessä sekä juhlapyhien sijoittumisessa, joka toisaalta nähtiin myös etuna. Tutkimuksen tuloksista voi olla hyötyä suomalaisille organisaatioille, joilla on, tai joiden tarkoituksena on rekrytoida monimuotoista työvomaa sekä kaikille henkilöille, esimerkiksi virkamiehille tai konsulteille, jotka tarvitsevat lisää tietoa monimuotoisuuden johtamisen ja kulttuurienvälisestä viestinnän kokemuksista ja käytännöistä suomalaisissa organisaatioissa. ; This qualitative study aims to find out what kind of experiences South Ostrobothnian managers have concerning diversity management and intercultural communication in multicultural organisations. Theory of intercultural communication, diversity management as well as multiculturalism and work related migration in Finland and South Ostrobothnia are presented. Data was collected by theme-based interviews of 11 managers and analyzed by themes. The main findings of the research are that organisations have recruited foreign employees mainly because they have not been able to find skilled Finnish workforce and because foreign employees have knowledge about certain culture and language. Based on the results of the study, among Finnish people resistance concerning labour-based migration has decreased. Finnish people who have been ethnocentric have developed themselves towards cultural relativism. Study shows that managers and employees have learned about different cultures and languages as well as new ways of completing different tasks. Foreign employees are mainly more willing to do extra hours at work if there is a need, because, according to the study, most of them are hardworking, thankful, flexible, committed to the work, motivated and want to earn money. The challenges of diversity and diversity management have been with the language, byrocracy and lack of government guidance. Cultural differences that affect to the working life are differences in public holidays, power distance and time concept. The results of the study may be useful for all Finnish organisations which aim to recruit or which have multicultural workforce, and all people, for example officials or consultants, who need more information on diversity management and intercultural communication experiences and practices in Finnish organisations.

Background and purpose: Educators' ethical competence is of crucial importance for developing students' ethical thinking. Previous studies describe educators' ethical codes and principles. This article aims to widen the understanding of health- and social care educators' ethical competence in relation to core values and ethos. Theoretical background and key concepts: The study is based on the didactics of caring science and theoretically links the concepts ethos and competence. Methods: Data material was collected from nine educational units for healthcare and social service in Finland. In total 16 semi-structured focus group interviews with 48 participants were conducted. The interviews were analysed with a thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke. Ethical considerations: The study is approved by the Declaration of Helsinki, the legislation regarding personal data and the General Data Protection Regulation. The study received ethical permission from the University of Jyväskylä. Informed consent was obtained from all the educational units and participants in the study. Findings: The findings are presented based on three general patterns, an ethical basic motive, an ethical bearing and ethical actions. Subthemes are Humane view of students as unique individuals with individual learning, Bearing of tactfulness and firmness, Bearing of perceptiveness and accessibility, Bearing of satisfaction and joy over student learning, Valuing bearing towards each oneself and colleagues, Ability to interact and flexibility, Collegiality and a supportive work community and Educators as role models and inspirators. Conclusion: Educators' personal and professional ethos is crucial to student learning, personal growth and ethical reasoning. Therefore, it is important to further develop educators' training regarding ethical competence. ; peerReviewed

School Leadership is a fairly unexplored area within the education discourse, especially in developing countries like India. The purpose of this research study is to identify the training and support needs of Indian school principals, working with students from marginalized, under-resourced communities. This purpose is met by attaining a holistic understanding of a school leader's perceptions about his/her role and responsibilities, challenges, underlying mindsets and opportunities. For the study, five school principals were interviewed and the data analysis followed a qualitative, content analysis methodology. The principals have different personal backgrounds, cities, years of experience and school types, who when interviewed within a semi-structured format provided a variety of perspectives. The results of the study were explored specifically with respect to the research questions, and generally under the consideration of the Capability Approach (CA), propounded by Sen (1999). The results of the study reveal the demanding role and responsibilities of Indian school principals, especially ones working within the government or public-private partnership school setups, catering to marginalized communities. The results additionally provided insights into the challenges, opportunities and underlying mindsets of the principals. A perspective of social justice was noticed as the results showcased an activist approach to school leadership. The study concludes with elucidating the functionings valuable as well as the factors influencing the support and training needs of Indian school principals using the CA. Furthermore, the recommendations from the data are analyzed against national standards set for school leadership development by the National Centre for School Leadership (NCSL) in India. The study closes with a comment on the need for social justice approach to leadership in the Indian school leadership space.

This research is grounded in the planning concept of Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM). ISWM was developed to promote sustainability in the waste management for developing countries. Waste managers and policy makers in developing countries have been adopting the principles of ISWM into their waste strategies for several decades. But despite their many efforts, still important problems remain, as is the case of low collection coverage, lack of proper treatment of the different waste types, high dependency on final disposal sites and even in some cities uncontrolled dumping is still accepted as the only way to handle the waste. For that reason, waste management in developing countries needs to adopt new managerial visions and implement new technical solutions to provide a more sustainable and effective service. To do so, governments, waste managers, policy makers need to focus all their efforts in doing very well informed decisions when planning or improving their waste strategies. The main aim of this thesis, was to study the concept of ISWM from the technology point of view, and proceed with the adjustment of "Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (CSST) 2nd revised edition" (Tilley et al., 2014) within the framework of ISWM. CSST is a well-known planning tool in the field of sanitation for developing countries to manage waterwaste and excreta. So that in this thesis, the structure of CSST was adjusted for the management of solid waste. The research was carried out using as a research method 'qualitative content analysis', whereby public reports issued by relevant international organizations in the field of waste management were analyzed to construct the structure of the new compendium of ISWM. As result, the new compendium of ISWM contains a robust structure composed by: five (5) functional groups (or waste services), thirty-tree (33) sanitation technologies and thirty-five (35) products (inputs/outputs). This tool can be used either as a planning tool, communication tool or as a simple source of inspiration to contemplate the most suitable technological options and what they have to offer. The structure here presented is meant as well, to invite other researchers interested in waste management to continue the process of adjustment of CSST for solid waste management, to provide the field with a new source for planning or improving waste systems in developing countries.

Museums have a diverse selection of professional experts participating in preparation for exhibitions and activities with the public. In museums expectations and experiences concerning the visiting public can vary from extreme openness to very traditional approaches. This research focuses on the Sinebrychoff Museum's Senior Citizen Club and its members. What makes people become involved in museum programmes and become regular visitors is the focal point of the study. When exploring the activities of the visiting public in museums, when seeing a person through operative and practical routines as a `client', a theory of recognition, but also of non-recognition, can be applied. This research con-centrates on the third age, and especially on the go-go or slow-go periods, of the senior visitors to the Sinebrychoff Art Museum. The study is qualitative and is conducted via narrative methods in interviews with regular members of the club. It scrutinizes both the art experiences the members have had and at the same time how they have noticed changes in the museum organization. Their economic situation as well as the process of ageing has caused them some diffi-culty in participating in the club programme. Constitutional law guarantees for us certain basic rights within the public sector. The government and municipalities have responsibilities for ensuring basic rights, basic services and human rights. Especially in the field of art and culture the public sector has to provide equal possibilities for the elderly to participate and develop themselves via the arts whatever their economic re-sources. The government creates these opportunities by supporting cultural institutions. The aim of this research is to show in practice how a museum insti-tution is able to (or fails to) fulfil its responsibility for transmitting cultural her-itage, which belongs to all of us. *** Museossa on moniammatillinen joukko suunnittelemassa ja toteuttamassa tai-denäyttelyitä ja yleisötyötä. Museoiden tapa tehdä yleisötyötä vaihtelee perin-teisiä näkemyksiä noudattavista keinoista hyvinkin ennakkoluulottomiin ko-keileviin menetelmiin. Tämä tutkielma käsittelee Sinebrychoffin taidemuseossa toimivaa vakituista Siffin senioriklubin ryhmää. Tutkimukseni päätavoite on selvittää, mikä saa ihmiset sitoutumaan museoon ja tulemaan vakituiseksi kä-vijäksi. Museotoiminnan tarkasteluun voi soveltaa teoriaa tunnustamisesta ja myös sen vastakohdasta, tunnustamatta jättämisestä. Viimeksi mainitussa ta-pauksessa museokävijä nähdään museon arkirutiineissa asiakkaana, ei niin-kään henkilönä. Tutkimukseni keskittyy Sinebrychoffin kävijöistä niin sanotun kolmannen iän ja erityisesti sen go-go- tai slow-go-vaiheen edustajiin. Tutki-mukseni on kvalitatiivinen ja sen lähtökohtana ovat senioriklubilaisten vapaa-muotoiset teemahaastattelut. Olen käyttänyt haastatteluaineiston keruussa nar-ratiivista metodia. Klubilaiset ovat osallistuneet taideluentoihin, mutta olleet samalla todistamassa museossa tapahtuneita organisaatiomuutoksia. Muutos-ten aiheuttamat taloudelliset tekijät sekä klubilaisten ikääntyminen ovat osit-tain vaikuttaneet heidän jatko-osallistumiseensa klubin toimintaan sen jatkues-sa. Perustuslaki turvaa ihmisille perusoikeudet julkisella sektorilla. Valtiolla ja kunnilla on velvollisuuksia turvata perusoikeudet ja -palvelut sekä ihmisoi-keudet. Erityisesti taide- ja kulttuurialalla julkisen sektorin täytyy turvata tasa-vertaiset oikeudet vanhemmalle väestölle, jotta ikäryhmään kuuluvat voivat kehittää itseään taloudellisista tekijöistä riippumatta. Valtio luo mahdolli-suuksia osallistumiselle, tukemalla kulttuuri-instituutioita taloudellisesti. Täs-sä tutkimuksessa esitän keinoja, joilla museo-instituutio voi ottaa vastuuta kulttuuriperinnöstä, joka kuuluu kaikille.

This qualitative study examines the reciprocal relationship between a person's multilayered cultural identity (MCI) and the concept of self (CoS), that is presented purely on a theoretical level and encompasses various theories. Nowadays, in an increasingly globalising world, it is not enough to merely look at a national, ethnic or other type of identity. It is important to realise that there are different layers in an identity that one can view themselves through. The ways an individual perceives themselves through their multicultural background can also be different. This thesis helps identify the ways a person can see themselves. The thesis also attempts to explain the varied nature of one's self-perception, and the ways in which multilayered cultural identity can be manifested through self-perceiving. The way the literature review was conducted was through a partial approach to scope literature available on the topic for this study. In the process of examining the phenomenon, views of various authors have been presented on this subject. As a result of the comparison and analysis of different theories, it appears the term 'multilayered cultural identity' does not, in fact, exist in the modern literature. Instead, it is often used as 'multicultural identity' (MI). Nevertheless, this study would like to emphasise the structure, i.e. the layered nature of a cultural identity (CI) (identity's capacity to be built layer-by-layer). Regardless the absence of the MCI in the modern literature, the focal constituting components of the concept (namely, culture and identity) have been described and discussed in various sources. Therefore, this thesis takes a look at each of the concept's components separately and presents a mutual interplay between them with regards to the CoS. Since the field of intercultural communication is interdisciplinary, the scope of theories applied in describing and explaining the phenomenon is broad. It covers such fields as psychology, intercultural communication, and culture and gender studies. As a result of applying the theories, it has been found that there are at least four different ways of one's self-perception; when an individual's perceptions appear to be loyal; as possessing a situational identity; as an absence of the multilayered perception and; as split and doubled perceptions. There are correlations between self-esteem and the way an individual perceives themselves. A 'group' and the 'other' play an important role in the majority of perceptions.

Abstract The use of digital technologies is driving the mass creation and collection of health data, fuelling disruptions in the healthcare ecosystem, and shifting the competitive landscape of health service provision. In response to this paradigm shift, the insurance industry is exploring new avenues of value creation as part of the digital health economy. Connected insurance has emerged as a strategy to leverage digitalization efforts for preventative and proactive health services. As insurance organizations strive towards implementing novel data-driven services, they are grappling with organizational and legislative challenges surrounding four necessary health data factors: access, control, sharing, and use. The research followed a qualitative methodological approach that was conducted in two phases as part of a single holistic case study of a transforming Finnish insurance organization. In the first phase, five empirical studies have been conducted which ascertain four case study boundaries: the health data environment in the Nordic countries, governance within the EU, insurance organizations as processors and controllers of health data, and customers as data subjects. In the second phase, a theory-driven narration of digital transformation in the insurance organization has been developed. The narration is a synthesis of data collected from interviews, ethnography, and a survey. The four health data factors — access, control, sharing, and use — were thematically analyzed and content-driven themes were empirically crafted to produce an inductive framework of health data mechanisms. The resulting framework of eleven health data mechanisms provides tactics for the design and development of proactive digital health services, stressing the importance of culture, interoperability, and transparency for service provision. How health data can be utilized as a resource for value creation requires key strategic decision-making practices by policymakers, organizations, and management and is informed by the conditions inherent in the boundaries of health data. Theoretical contributions indicate the capacity of health data as part of digital transformation. More holistic research is required to expand the mechanisms of health data which support fair, equal, and open value creation among stakeholders in the digital health economy. ; Tiivistelmä Digitaalisilla teknologioilla voidaan tuottaa ja kerätä terveysdataa, mikä vauhdittaa terveydenhuollon ekosysteemin murrosta ja muuttaa terveydenhuollon palveluiden kilpailuasetelmaa. Paradigman muutoksen ansiosta vakuutussektori etsii tapoja luoda lisäarvoa osana digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen markkinoita. Digitaalinen vakuutuspalvelu on uusi strategia, ja se hyödyntää digitalisaatiota ennaltaehkäisevissä ja ennakoivissa terveyspalveluissa. Ottaessaan käyttöön uusia dataan perustuvia palveluja vakuutusyhtiöt kohtaavat organisatorisia ja lainsäädännöllisiä haasteita. Nämä liittyvät neljään terveysdatan elementtiin: saavutettavuus, hallinta, jakaminen ja käyttö. Tutkimuksen metodologiseksi lähtökohdaksi valittiin kvalitatiivinen lähestymistapa ja se tehtiin kahdessa vaiheessa osana yhden tapauksen kokonaisvaltaista tapaustutkimusta, jossa tarkasteltiin muuttuvaa suomalaista vakuutusorganisaatiota. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa toteutettiin viisi empiiristä tutkimusta, joiden perusteella määritettiin neljä tapaustutkimuksessa tarkasteltavaa osa-aluetta: pohjoismainen terveysdataympäristö, EU-ohjaus, vakuutusorganisaatiot terveysdatan käsittelijöinä ja hallinnoijina ja asiakkaat rekisteröityinä henkilöinä. Toisessa vaiheessa kehitettiin teoriapohjainen kertomus digitaalisesta transformaatiosta vakuutusyhtiössä. Kertomus yhdistelee haastattelujen, etnografisten menetelmien ja kyselyiden avulla kerättyjä tutkimusaineistoja. Neljä terveysdatan elementtiä — saavutettavuus, hallinta, jakaminen ja käyttö — analysoitiin temaattisesti ja niistä laadittiin empiirisesti sisältölähtöiset teemat. Näin luotiin terveysdatan mekanismeja kuvaava induktiivinen malli. Syntynyt malli käsittää yksitoista terveysdatan mekanismia ja tarjoaa keinoja ennakoivien digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen suunnitteluun ja kehittämiseen painottaen kulttuuria, yhteensopivuutta ja läpinäkyvyyttä palvelujen tarjoamisessa. Terveysdatan hyödyntäminen lisäarvon tuottamiseksi vaatii strategisen päätöksenteon avainkäytäntöjä päättäjiltä, organisaatioilta ja johdolta. Siihen vaikuttavat myös terveysdatan osa-alueiden reunaehdot. Teoreettiset tulokset osoittavat terveysdatan potentiaalin osana digitaalista transformaatiota. Kokonaisvaltaista tutkimusta tarvitaan laajentamaan terveysdatan mekanismeja, jotka tukevat reilua, tasa-arvoista ja avointa tapaa luoda lisäarvoa eri osapuolille digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen markkinoilla.

Different understandings of development and education have great socio-political implications on nations worldwide. These understandings are reflected in policy discourses. It is important to critically analyze discourses since they can unintentionally reinforce inequality in power-relations. As the World Bank's policy influences a vast number of countries and their education reforms, this study focuses on analyzing its discourse on development and education. The aim of this study is twofold: firstly, we strive to understand different approaches to development and education by examining various theoretical perspectives. Secondly, we shed light on the ways in which the World Bank Education Strategy 2020 (WBES2020) portrays development and education. Our theoretical overview of the different theories is the starting point for providing an informed critique of the Strategy. This is a qualitative study informed by a combination of critical theory, poststructuralism, and postmodernism. In our theoretical framework, we elaborate on the plurality of approaches to development and education. We discuss five different theories of development: development as economic growth, as modernization, as redistribution of power, as dependency, and finally development as freedom. We shall also give an overview of the World Bank as an institution, briefly explain how it became involved with education, and explain its contemporary position as the major financier of development and education. Our empirical framework is based on Critical Discourse Analysis, which enables the deconstruction of underlying assumptions regarding development and education in the policy discourse. In the analysis, we distinguish six recurrent discursive patterns that constitute two predominant narratives in the policy discourse of the specific World Bank strategy. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the notions of development and education in the discourse of WBES2020 are predominantly constructed within the understandings of development as economic growth and modernization. We base this claim on our Critical Discourse Analysis that draws from the theoretical understandings of diverse development theories. Policies are not merely texts, but also discourses that create reality. As development is a complex concept inseparable from culture, values, ethics, politics, and power-relations, developmental agenda should always be open for democratic debate and dialogue. ; Erilaisilla käsityksillä kehityksestä ja koulutuksesta on suuria sosiopoliittisia vaikutuksia kansakuntiin ympäri maailman. Näitä käsityksiä on mahdollista löytää poliittisista diskursseista. On tärkeää analysoida diskursseja kriittisesti, sillä ne voivat tiedostamatta vahvistaa eriarvoisuutta valtasuhteissa. Koska Maailmanpankin politiikka vaikuttaa suureen määrään maita sekä niissä tapahtuviin koulutusreformeihin, tämä tutkimus keskittyy analysoimaan sen diskursseja kehityksestä ja koulutuksesta. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoite on kaksiosainen: ensiksi haluamme ymmärtää erilaisia käsityksiä kehityksestä ja koulutuksesta tutkimalla erilaisia teoreettisia lähestymistapoja. Toiseksi, selvitämme Maailmanpankin uusimman koulutusstrategian (World Bank Education Strategy 2020) tapoja esittää kehitys ja koulutus. Teoreettinen katsauksemme erilaisiin teorioihin on lähtökohta kriittiselle analyysille Maailmanpankin koulutusstrategiasta. Tämä on kvalitatiivinen tutkimus, joka perustuu yhdistelmään kriittisestä teoriasta, poststrukturalismista ja postmodernismista. Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessämme esittelemme kehityksen ja koulutuksen teorioiden moninaisuutta. Keskitymme kuvaamaan viittä erilaista teoriaa kehityksestä: kehitys taloudellisena kasvuna, modernisaationa, vallan uudelleenjakamisena, riippuvuutena, ja lopuksi kehitys vapautena. Lisäksi kuvaamme lyhyesti Maailmanpankkia instituutiona, kerromme miten koulutus tuli osaksi sen toiminta-aluetta ja avaamme Maailmanpankin nykyistä asemaa suurimpana kansainvälisenä koulutuksen ja kehityksen rahoittajana. Empiirinen viitekehyksemme perustuu kriittiseen diskurssianalyysiin, joka mahdollistaa poliittisessa diskursissa piilevien kehitykseen ja koulutukseen liittyvien oletusten purkamisen. Erottelemme analyysissämme kuusi toistuvaa diskursiivista mallia, jotka muodostavat kaksi laajempaa, hallitsevaa narratiivia Maailmanpankin kyseisen asiakirjan poliittisessa diskurssissa. Analyysimme perusteella toteamme, että Maailmanpankin koulutusstrategian käsitykset kehityksestä ja koulutuksesta ovat pääosin sijoitettavissa teorioihin, jotka ymmärtävät kehityksen taloudellisena kasvuna ja modernisaationa. Väitteemme perustuu kriittiseen diskurssianalyysiimme, joka puolestaan pohjautuu ymmärrykseemme erilaisista kehitykseen liittyvistä teorioista. Poliittiset linjaukset eivät ole pelkästään tekstiä, vaan myös diskursseja, jotka luovat todellisuutta. Tämän takia on tärkeää tarkastella kriittisesti tapoja, joilla kehitystä ja koulutusta kuvataan poliittisissa asiakirjoissa. Koska kehitys on monimutkainen käsite, jota ei voida erottaa kulttuurista, arvoista, etiikasta, politiikasta, tai valtasuhteista, kehitystyön tulisi olla aina avointa demokraattiselle keskustelulle ja dialogille.

The research will examine how The Times and The Scotsman newspapers have presented the Scottish National Party, its candidates and ideology, during British General Elections in 1970, 1997 and 2010. The analysis will focus on articles published one week before and one week after the British General Elections in 1970, 1997 and 2010. The lack of historical study of the image of the Scottish National Party in the media makes this particular research subject all the more relevant. The research will provide historical qualitative analysis on the image of the SNP with the help of linguistic tools and methods. The articles will be analysed through discourse analysis, and historical image research will offer a more comprehensive tool for the final synthesis of the analysis. The image of the Scottish National Party remained relatively unchanged in The Times. Throughout the time period, The Times maintained a considerable distance to the party and did not offer a lot of space for the party's own formulation of their policies and ideology in the newspaper. This was explained by the relatively stable editorial line of the newspaper which relied on strong support for the existing establishment and the Union of Great Britain. The Scotsman's stance towards the SNP changed clearly from 1970 to 1997 and 2010. In 1970 it was a modest supporter of the party, although it did not endorse its core policy of independence. By 1997 the paper was more critical of the party and saw it still as a minority party with policies that were too left-wing. In 2010, The Scotsman was very vocal against the SNP's economic campaign, and the party was not presented as a serious player in the general election. This created a rather negative but shallow image of the party without no real substance in the debate. The change in The Scotsman's image of the SNP was a clear indication of the change in its editorial stance towards pro-establishment credentials that were in stark contrast with its critical stance from 1970. ; Tämän tutkimuksen kohteena on The Times ja The Scotsman -lehtien muodostama kuva Skotlannin kansallispuolueesta (the Scottish National Party) Britannian yleisvaalien aikana vuonna 1970, 1997 ja 2010. Aineisto koostuu artikkeleista, jotka on julkaistu viikko ennen ja viikko jälkeen kyseisten vaalien. Tutkimusaihe on ajankohtainen ja tärkeä, koska Skotlannin kansallispuolueen mediakuvaa ei ole aiemmin tutkittu kattavasti. Tämä historiallis-kvalitatiivinen tutkimus hyödyntää myös kielitieteiden metodeja puolueen kuvan tutkimuksessa. Artikkelit on tulkittu diskurssianalyysiin nojaten ja historiallinen kuvatutkimus tarjoaa työkalun loppusynteesin luomiseen. Skotlannin kansallispuolueen kuva säilyi lähes muuttumattomana The Times -lehdessä. Lehti säilytti etäisen suhtautumisen puolueeseen koko tarkasteluajanjaksolla, eikä tarjonnut merkittävästi tilaa puolueen oman ideologian ja ohjelman muotoilemiseen. Tähän oli syynä lehden päätoimituslinjan vakaus, ja sen vahva tuki Iso-Britannian unionin ja olemassa olevan järjestelmän säilymiselle. The Scotsman -lehti sen sijaan muutti asennoitumistaan puoluetta kohtaan merkittävästi vuodesta 1970 vuoteen 2010. Vuonna 1970 lehti suhtautui myönteisesti puolueen muihin tavoitteisiin, vaikka ei kannattanutkaan Skotlannin itsenäistymistä. Vuonna 1997 suhtautuminen oli muuttunut selkeästi kriittisemmäksi ja puolue esitettiin vähemmistöpuolueena, jonka ohjelma oli liian vasemmistolainen lehden mielestä. Lehti väheksyi puolueen talouspolitiikkaa ja vaalikampanjaa vuoden 2010 vaalien aikana. Tästä muodostuva kuva puolueesta oli negatiivinen ja melko pintapuolinen. Kuvan muutos osoitti selkeästi lehden päätoimituslinjan radikaalin muutoksen: aiemmin se oli suhtautunut kriittisesti vallitsevaan hallintojärjestelmään, mutta vuosina 1997 ja 2010 suhtautuminen oli jo selkeästi myönteinen.