Suchergebnisse

The phenomenon of descriptive and metalinguistic negation has been debated for a long time from a theoretical perspective. On the one hand, there are defenders of the ambiguist approach to negation, in which the descriptive negation basically serves to deny an utterance's propositional content, and that this takes place by default (Horn 1985; 1989; Burton-Roberts 1989), while the metalinguistic negation surfaces only when the descriptive negation cannot be applied, and targets the non-truth-conditional contents of the utterance (e.g. implicatures, its register, its morphology or its phonology). Only the former is truth-functional, and the latter is claimed to be non-truth-functional as it does not operate on propositions. On the other hand, there are proponents of the non-ambiguist approach, who maintain that both types of negation are truth-functional since, in the case of metalinguistic negation, the process of pragmatic enrichment guarantees that the full proposition on which negation can operate will be reached (Carston 1996; 2002; Noh 1998; 2000; Moeschler 2010; 2013; 2017). Regarding processing, the ambiguist account predicts that it will take more time to treat metalinguistic negation because it always occurs as the second of two steps; in contrast, the non-ambiguist account makes no such prediction, since the interpretation of negation is contextually driven and the right context will issue the correct interpretation from the start. This paper will be devoted to the presentation of two self-paced reading experiments and of one offline elicitation experiment we carried out on French descriptive and metalinguistic negation. Our findings provide evidence in favor of the non-ambiguist approach.

The aim of our project is to explore the role performance of journalists. Journalistshave ideals in form of role conceptions: They see themselves, for instance, either as neutral disseminators, investigators, analysts, promoters or entertainers. However, they are likely to make compromises in their everyday work due to personal, financial, political or other restrictions. As a consequence of these restrictions, role conceptions do not necessarily unfold in media content. Thus, in order to investigate role performance, we connect journalists' output back to their role conceptions. Therefore a content analysis of newspapers has been performed, based on operationalization models
recently developed in journalism studies, in order to reveal references to particular role conceptions in news content. At the same time a standardized online survey has been conducted among the authors of the analyzed articles in order to investigate their own conceptions of their professional role and of their level of autonomy. This combination of methods allows comparisons between the role conceptions as seen by the journalists and the conceptions which are traceable in their articles, i.e. in their role performance.

The project concentrates on journalists and their work in Switzerland but is part of a bigger international project (see http://www.journalisticperformance.org). Researchers in 20 other countries around the globe are in the process of conducting equivalent analyses of their national print media, using the same codebook and questionnaire. Findings from the Swiss study can thus be discussed along with the results from the other participating countries in publications dealing with the international comparison of journalistic role performance. The special situation of Switzerland as a multilingual and multicultural country offers the opportunity for more in-depth analyses about common grounds and differences of journalistic role performance in different cultural entities within the same political system.

Named MOSAiCH since 2005, this project carries out the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and Eurobarometer surveys in Switzerland every second year. The survey is designed to allow comparative analyses both geographically and over time. The composition of the questions remains largely unchanged and includes a recurrent socio-political part, two ISSP modules, a wave-specific topic initiated by the Swiss researchers and a detailed socio-demographic part. See also description under study "MOSAiCH 2011" and on the following website http://www2.unil.ch/fors/spip.php?rubrique136&lang=en.

The specific modules of the 2011 edition include:
- ISSP 2010: Environment III
- ISSP 2011: Health I (especially health policy)
- Additional international questions ISSP 2010 and 2011
- Additional Swiss questions on the environment (partly from the Swiss Environmental Survey 2007 carried out by ETH Zurich)
- Trust in institutions, Swiss politics and attitude towards Europe - Socio-demographic questions
- Additional questions: survey climate, telephony

Named MOSAiCH since 2005, this project carries out the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and Eurobarometer surveys in Switzerland every second year. The survey is designed to allow comparative analyses both geographically and over time. The composition of the questions remains largely unchanged and includes a recurrent socio-political part, two ISSP modules, a wave-specific topic initiated by the Swiss researchers and a detailed socio-demographic part. See also description under study "MOSAiCH 2011" and on the following website http://www2.unil.ch/fors/spip.php?rubrique136&lang=en.

The specific modules of the 2011 edition include:
- ISSP 2010: Environment III
- ISSP 2011: Health I (especially health policy)
- Additional international questions ISSP 2010 and 2011
- Additional Swiss questions on the environment (partly from the Swiss Environmental Survey 2007 carried out by ETH Zurich)
- Trust in institutions, Swiss politics and attitude towards Europe - Socio-demographic questions
- Additional questions: survey climate, telephony

For the 50th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions and as part of its policy for better protection of victims of armed conflict, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) conducted an international survey "People on War" between 1998 and 1999 in 12 countries recently affected by armed conflict. The idea was to "give a voice" to civilian populations and combatants in countries that have endured the modern forms of war. In addition, the consultation included national opinion surveys in four of the five permanent member countries of the UN Security Council - France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States - as well as Switzerland the depositary country of the Geneva Conventions, to see how the publics in these countries view war.

In 2009, a similar survey entitled "Our World. Views from the Field" was undertaken in 8 countries that were experiencing or had experienced armed conflict or other situations of armed violence. The aims were to develop a better understanding of people's needs and expectations, to gather views and opinions, and to give a voice to those who had been adversely affected by armed conflict and violence.

The initial survey "People on War" was repeated in 2016 in 11 countries affected by armed conflict, as well as to the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Switzerland. A number of the same questions were also asked in the last People on War survey enabling some comparisons over time to be made.

Named MOSAiCH since 2005, this project carries out the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and Eurobarometer surveys in Switzerland every second year. The survey is designed to allow comparative analyses both geographically and over time. The composition of the questions remains largely unchanged and includes a recurrent socio-political part, two ISSP modules, a wave-specific topic initiated by the Swiss researchers and a detailed socio-demographic part. See also description under study "MOSAiCH 2007".

Seit 2005 mit dem Namen MOSAiCH getauft, führt dieses Projekt jedes zweite Jahr die Erhebungen Eurobarometer und International Social Survey Program (ISSP) durch. Die Umfrage ist so gestaltet, dass sie sowohl räumlich wie auch zeitlich komparative Analysen ermöglicht. Die Zusammensetzung der Fragen bleibt so weitgehend unverändert und beinhaltet einen immer wiederkehrenden soziopolitischen Teil, zwei ISSP Module, ein wellenspezifisches Thema, das aus der Initiative der Schweizer Forscher stammt sowie einen ausführlichen soziodemographischen Teil. Siehe auch Beschreibung unter Studie "MOSAiCH 2007" und auf folgender Webseite http://www2.unil.ch/fors/spip.php?rubrique136&lang=de.

Named MOSAiCH since 2005, this project carries out the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and Eurobarometer surveys in Switzerland every second year. The survey is designed to allow comparative analyses both geographically and over time. The composition of the questions remains largely unchanged and includes a recurrent socio-political part, two ISSP modules, a wave-specific topic initiated by the Swiss researchers and a detailed socio-demographic part. See also description under study "MOSAiCH 2007".

Seit 2005 mit dem Namen MOSAiCH getauft, führt dieses Projekt jedes zweite Jahr die Erhebungen Eurobarometer und International Social Survey Program (ISSP) durch. Die Umfrage ist so gestaltet, dass sie sowohl räumlich wie auch zeitlich komparative Analysen ermöglicht. Die Zusammensetzung der Fragen bleibt so weitgehend unverändert und beinhaltet einen immer wiederkehrenden soziopolitischen Teil, zwei ISSP Module, ein wellenspezifisches Thema, das aus der Initiative der Schweizer Forscher stammt sowie einen ausführlichen soziodemographischen Teil. Siehe auch Beschreibung unter Studie "MOSAiCH 2007" und auf folgender Webseite http://www2.unil.ch/fors/spip.php?rubrique136&lang=de.

The Swiss public authorities are increasingly targeted by the demands for recognition made by a wide range of cultural minorities. In this dynamic, the state plays an important role in distributing symbolic and legal resources to different groups and therefore promoting social and political integration. However, the success of the strategy of accommodation implemented by the state is also dependent on the individual and organizational characteristics of the minorities at stake. A careful scrutiny of these dimensions is crucial in order to both understand the sociological and political factors fostering or preventing social and political integration as well as social cohesion and to normatively assess the success and legitimacy of the process of accommodation of cultural minorities. The Muslim minority is increasingly seen as the most difficult minority to accommodate within the Swiss multicultural system, and this for religious, social, and political reasons. The aim of the research is to study the cultural, social, and political orientations of Muslims in Switzerland. This is assumed to be influenced by four main factors: (1) the knowledge, demands, and activities of Muslim religious and associative leaders; (2) state policies and practices towards Muslims; (3) the socioeconomic and organizational structure of the Muslim minority; and (4) the opinions and attitudes of the native population towards Muslims. The research should lead to a better understanding of the social and political dynamics inherent to the management of cultural and religious pluralism in Switzerland. This is a necessary step in order to figure out practical applications aiming at improving social and multicultural cohesion in Switzerland. In particular, we should be able to provide new knowledge on the characteristics, needs and orientations of Muslims that may guide state policies and practices towards them.

Compared with the very large amount of work on student motivation, there is very little research on motivation for study and work for apprentices. And yet, the growing number of drop-outs or changes of orientation during the apprenticeship alone would justify a serious study of this question. The overall objective of this project is to examine the extent to which various institutional or psychological variables influence the way in which the motivation of apprentices evolves for the different dimensions of their learning (job-oriented classes, general culture or activities in the host company).
Among the institutional variables, we examined the impact of the types of pathways (apprenticeship or professional maturity), the determinants of the professional choice (degree of adequacy between the apprenticeship position found and the dream profession) and the training phase (first, second or final year of apprenticeship). As for the psychological variables, we have retained the nature of personal aspirations, the construction of professional identity and the perception of the social and relational climate in which the apprenticeship takes place. The research was to enable us to achieve two goals: to contribute to the study of a population still poorly understood in the field of research (the dual training as it exists in Switzerland meeting only very little outside our borders), but also deliver important information for reflection on training policy.
Five main questions guided the research:
1. How does motivation evolve during basic vocational training?
2. How does the motivation relate to the three fields of activity: job-oriented classes, general culture or training in the host company?
3. What is the effect of the type of path followed (apprenticeship or professional maturity) on motivation?
4. Does the voluntary or forced choice of a sector and / or profession have an influence on motivation?
5. In the context of vocational adolescents, how do motivational variables relate to other cognitive and affective variables, in particular identity, aspirations and projects, representations of the profession and vocational training, and the perception of working conditions?

The research focuses on factors (internal and environmental) and processes that promote or support the aging person's independence, his/her physical and mental integrity, and his/her participation in society. It also analyzes the factors that hinder or undermine these aspects. This objective is pursued by means of a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of the population aged 63 and over of two typical regions (Canton of Geneva and Central Valais) in 1979. The choice of the two survey regions was explains by the fact that they typologically constitute the two extremes of the range representing the diversity of the situations of the elderly in Switzerland. This cross-sectional survey is repeated in 1994 and completed by a longitudinal survey (1994-1999) on the cohort of 80-84 year-olds living at home at the time of the cross-sectional survey of 1994. This design makes a comparison possible of the evolution and changes of the aged condition over 15 years.
The research is part of the theoretical perspective of the life course. A "horizontal" (class) social stratification articulates a "vertical" stratification, a social organization of life time, defining stages and transitions. The hypothesis is that the position occupied in the life course is a better indicator than age both in terms of defining situations and standard problems as in relation to the practices of aging people. The idea is to construct and validate a life course position indicator (LPI) combining the individual position in three dimensions: the health journey, the family trajectory, the professional trajectory.
Through the results of the research, we want to contribute to a reflection on the ethical foundations of research in gerontology and a policy of old age, the definition of present and future needs of aging people, and to highlight possible linkages between the support provided by family or self-help networks, and various forms of institutional support.