Suchergebnisse

Despite the relevance of social factors in the etiology of violence against women, there are not enough measuring instruments in Guatemala to objectively assess the impact of social variables on this problem. In Guatemala, this problem remained hidden. Assembling a completely normalized and socially sanctioned violation of rights, which is replicated in family, institutional, and social patterns of coexistence in general. This is due to the country's patriarchal culture, particularly in rural areas, where women's roles are viewed as marginal and subject to exclusionary power relations. Therefore, this thesis attempts to contribute to studies on violence against women by offering not only theoretical information but empirical information by providing the Guatemalan population's perspective in this regard. Therefore, the research question was: What connections have been discovered between the theoretical and empirical analyses of violence against women in Guatemala? As a result, the objective is to compare data from empirical and theoretical studies in Guatemala on violence against women. This is to create awareness among government institutions so that measures to educate and sensitize the general public and key stakeholders can be developed, as well as programs to help prevent violence against women. The objectives, then, were to give a theoretical foundation for violence against women; describe violence against women in the Guatemalan context; explore what steps Guatemala has made in terms of violence against women, and analyze Guatemalan community attitudes about violence against women. This was accomplished utilizing a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches, including literature analysis, document analysis, and a survey. It should be noted that this is Guatemala's first survey on women's perceptions of violence. This research consists of three chapters, the first chapter dealing with the conceptual framework concerning violence against women, in which fundamental concepts, categories, views, and ...

Master thesis is devoted to study of issue of protection of children from domestic violence starting from the international level to the national level of Ukraine. The main objectives of the thesis were to analyse United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Istanbul and Lanzarote Conventions, ECHR, European Union legislation together with Ukraininan legislation and to identify the main problems of system of protection form domestic violence in Ukraine. Furthermore, to find wether Ukraine complice with the international and European standarts. The research has shown that despite the positive changes that Ukrainian legislation has undergone in recent years, it together with the enforsment measures do not fully comply with international and European standards and should be improved. In particular, the importance of ratifying the Istanbul Convention was emphasized. It was also identified and analyzed the problem of judicial practice in cases of separation of the child with a family and application of fines as penalties for domestic violence. Besides, the study showed that Ukraine does not provides the possibility of triggering investigation ex parte and ex officio of criminal offence connected with domestic violence.

Master thesis is devoted to study of issue of protection of children from domestic violence starting from the international level to the national level of Ukraine. The main objectives of the thesis were to analyse United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Istanbul and Lanzarote Conventions, ECHR, European Union legislation together with Ukraininan legislation and to identify the main problems of system of protection form domestic violence in Ukraine. Furthermore, to find wether Ukraine complice with the international and European standarts. The research has shown that despite the positive changes that Ukrainian legislation has undergone in recent years, it together with the enforsment measures do not fully comply with international and European standards and should be improved. In particular, the importance of ratifying the Istanbul Convention was emphasized. It was also identified and analyzed the problem of judicial practice in cases of separation of the child with a family and application of fines as penalties for domestic violence. Besides, the study showed that Ukraine does not provides the possibility of triggering investigation ex parte and ex officio of criminal offence connected with domestic violence.

First hypothesis is falsified – in accordance with other similar works (f.e., Gupta, 2008), no relation between democracy level and degree/occurrence of collective violence is found. However, empirical analysis strongly supports the second hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the regime capacity (measured as polity fragmentation index) and degree of collective violence. The probability that regime will experience higher levels of collective violence (if it occurs) is raised greatly when the regime capacity is lower. As it is expected from these findings, third hypothesis is only partially supported: higher levels of collective violence are indeed observed in the low capacity-undemocratic regimes, but the most successful in terms of containment of collective violence are high-capacity undemocratic regimes (not high capacity-democratic, as formulated in the hypothesis).

First hypothesis is falsified – in accordance with other similar works (f.e., Gupta, 2008), no relation between democracy level and degree/occurrence of collective violence is found. However, empirical analysis strongly supports the second hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the regime capacity (measured as polity fragmentation index) and degree of collective violence. The probability that regime will experience higher levels of collective violence (if it occurs) is raised greatly when the regime capacity is lower. As it is expected from these findings, third hypothesis is only partially supported: higher levels of collective violence are indeed observed in the low capacity-undemocratic regimes, but the most successful in terms of containment of collective violence are high-capacity undemocratic regimes (not high capacity-democratic, as formulated in the hypothesis).

First hypothesis is falsified – in accordance with other similar works (f.e., Gupta, 2008), no relation between democracy level and degree/occurrence of collective violence is found. However, empirical analysis strongly supports the second hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the regime capacity (measured as polity fragmentation index) and degree of collective violence. The probability that regime will experience higher levels of collective violence (if it occurs) is raised greatly when the regime capacity is lower. As it is expected from these findings, third hypothesis is only partially supported: higher levels of collective violence are indeed observed in the low capacity-undemocratic regimes, but the most successful in terms of containment of collective violence are high-capacity undemocratic regimes (not high capacity-democratic, as formulated in the hypothesis).

First hypothesis is falsified – in accordance with other similar works (f.e., Gupta, 2008), no relation between democracy level and degree/occurrence of collective violence is found. However, empirical analysis strongly supports the second hypothesis: there is a statistically significant relationship between the regime capacity (measured as polity fragmentation index) and degree of collective violence. The probability that regime will experience higher levels of collective violence (if it occurs) is raised greatly when the regime capacity is lower. As it is expected from these findings, third hypothesis is only partially supported: higher levels of collective violence are indeed observed in the low capacity-undemocratic regimes, but the most successful in terms of containment of collective violence are high-capacity undemocratic regimes (not high capacity-democratic, as formulated in the hypothesis).

This paper will analyze the domestic violence prevention problems and perspectives. The goal of this work is to discuss the main domestic violence characteristics, analyze Lithuanian and international prevention means and offer suggestions to improve Lithuanian domestic violence prevention. This work consentrates on mens violence over women. The conseption of violence is analyzed – the general violence features in criminology and law literature are discussed, the main domestic violence forms are defined: physical, psychological, sexual and economical violence. Also the common violence and the domestic violence factors influence over the domestic violence emerging are examined – various social causes (unemployement, wealth inequality, discrimination, shame), persons psychosocial maladjustment, violence suffered or observed in childhood, previous criminal activity, alcohol consumption and head traumas. Also there will be named the consequences of domestic violence over its victims, children who observed parents violence, violator and society. There will be presented a comprehensive statistics on the registered domestic violence accidents with a parallel analyze of criminological research results. The conclusion that the domestic violence is important and common problem in Lithuania is validated by generalization of the official comprehensive statistics and the criminological research results used in this work. The structure of the domestic violence will be analyzed. Also, results of this work author research of Vilnius District Court criminal cases over 2003-2008 years associated with domestic violence will be presented, and it clearly depicts main domestic violence indications – domestic violence extent, womens domination among victims, physical and psyhological violence domination and fact, that judiclal system is informed about domestic violence only in most severe cases, domestic violence spread rate and other fundamental statements, presented in other researches. Lithuanian law and institutional preventions apllied in Lithuania will be analyzed in this work. The criminal and administrative liability practise on violators is considered, the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code amendments (which tightened the responsibility for some of the violent crimes committed by family members or close relatives living together and extended the punitive measures that may be designated) is evaluated. The preventive program is analyzed: State violence against women strategy for the reduction and protection from domestic violence and the concept of the project. Objectives of the preventive measures is overviewed, their main weaknesses and advantages are identified. The paper also analyzed the aid to the victims of domestic violence, and violent behavior change programs for violators in the organizations and main occuring problems. The paper also discuss international organizations in detail - the United Nations, the European Council and the European Union – and their prevention of domestic violence activities (campaigns organized against domestic violence, the adoption of declarations, recommendations, resolutions, guidelines), analyzes the most interesting and promising foreign (Austria, the United States, Holland, Finland and Sweden) domestic violence prevention practices, which perhaps could be adapted and Lithuania (for example, in Austria the violators oustion of the person's residence and the broad nature communication restriction with victim). Domestic violence prevention perspective is presented at the end of the work, the main Lithuania preventive activities future development directions are provided with suggestions how to improve domestic violence prevention in order to maximize its effectiveness.

This paper will analyze the domestic violence prevention problems and perspectives. The goal of this work is to discuss the main domestic violence characteristics, analyze Lithuanian and international prevention means and offer suggestions to improve Lithuanian domestic violence prevention. This work consentrates on mens violence over women. The conseption of violence is analyzed – the general violence features in criminology and law literature are discussed, the main domestic violence forms are defined: physical, psychological, sexual and economical violence. Also the common violence and the domestic violence factors influence over the domestic violence emerging are examined – various social causes (unemployement, wealth inequality, discrimination, shame), persons psychosocial maladjustment, violence suffered or observed in childhood, previous criminal activity, alcohol consumption and head traumas. Also there will be named the consequences of domestic violence over its victims, children who observed parents violence, violator and society. There will be presented a comprehensive statistics on the registered domestic violence accidents with a parallel analyze of criminological research results. The conclusion that the domestic violence is important and common problem in Lithuania is validated by generalization of the official comprehensive statistics and the criminological research results used in this work. The structure of the domestic violence will be analyzed. Also, results of this work author research of Vilnius District Court criminal cases over 2003-2008 years associated with domestic violence will be presented, and it clearly depicts main domestic violence indications – domestic violence extent, womens domination among victims, physical and psyhological violence domination and fact, that judiclal system is informed about domestic violence only in most severe cases, domestic violence spread rate and other fundamental statements, presented in other researches. Lithuanian law and institutional preventions apllied in Lithuania will be analyzed in this work. The criminal and administrative liability practise on violators is considered, the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code amendments (which tightened the responsibility for some of the violent crimes committed by family members or close relatives living together and extended the punitive measures that may be designated) is evaluated. The preventive program is analyzed: State violence against women strategy for the reduction and protection from domestic violence and the concept of the project. Objectives of the preventive measures is overviewed, their main weaknesses and advantages are identified. The paper also analyzed the aid to the victims of domestic violence, and violent behavior change programs for violators in the organizations and main occuring problems. The paper also discuss international organizations in detail - the United Nations, the European Council and the European Union – and their prevention of domestic violence activities (campaigns organized against domestic violence, the adoption of declarations, recommendations, resolutions, guidelines), analyzes the most interesting and promising foreign (Austria, the United States, Holland, Finland and Sweden) domestic violence prevention practices, which perhaps could be adapted and Lithuania (for example, in Austria the violators oustion of the person's residence and the broad nature communication restriction with victim). Domestic violence prevention perspective is presented at the end of the work, the main Lithuania preventive activities future development directions are provided with suggestions how to improve domestic violence prevention in order to maximize its effectiveness.

This paper will analyze the domestic violence prevention problems and perspectives. The goal of this work is to discuss the main domestic violence characteristics, analyze Lithuanian and international prevention means and offer suggestions to improve Lithuanian domestic violence prevention. This work consentrates on mens violence over women. The conseption of violence is analyzed – the general violence features in criminology and law literature are discussed, the main domestic violence forms are defined: physical, psychological, sexual and economical violence. Also the common violence and the domestic violence factors influence over the domestic violence emerging are examined – various social causes (unemployement, wealth inequality, discrimination, shame), persons psychosocial maladjustment, violence suffered or observed in childhood, previous criminal activity, alcohol consumption and head traumas. Also there will be named the consequences of domestic violence over its victims, children who observed parents violence, violator and society. There will be presented a comprehensive statistics on the registered domestic violence accidents with a parallel analyze of criminological research results. The conclusion that the domestic violence is important and common problem in Lithuania is validated by generalization of the official comprehensive statistics and the criminological research results used in this work. The structure of the domestic violence will be analyzed. Also, results of this work author research of Vilnius District Court criminal cases over 2003-2008 years associated with domestic violence will be presented, and it clearly depicts main domestic violence indications – domestic violence extent, womens domination among victims, physical and psyhological violence domination and fact, that judiclal system is informed about domestic violence only in most severe cases, domestic violence spread rate and other fundamental statements, presented in other researches. Lithuanian law and institutional preventions apllied in Lithuania will be analyzed in this work. The criminal and administrative liability practise on violators is considered, the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code amendments (which tightened the responsibility for some of the violent crimes committed by family members or close relatives living together and extended the punitive measures that may be designated) is evaluated. The preventive program is analyzed: State violence against women strategy for the reduction and protection from domestic violence and the concept of the project. Objectives of the preventive measures is overviewed, their main weaknesses and advantages are identified. The paper also analyzed the aid to the victims of domestic violence, and violent behavior change programs for violators in the organizations and main occuring problems. The paper also discuss international organizations in detail - the United Nations, the European Council and the European Union – and their prevention of domestic violence activities (campaigns organized against domestic violence, the adoption of declarations, recommendations, resolutions, guidelines), analyzes the most interesting and promising foreign (Austria, the United States, Holland, Finland and Sweden) domestic violence prevention practices, which perhaps could be adapted and Lithuania (for example, in Austria the violators oustion of the person's residence and the broad nature communication restriction with victim). Domestic violence prevention perspective is presented at the end of the work, the main Lithuania preventive activities future development directions are provided with suggestions how to improve domestic violence prevention in order to maximize its effectiveness.

This paper will analyze the domestic violence prevention problems and perspectives. The goal of this work is to discuss the main domestic violence characteristics, analyze Lithuanian and international prevention means and offer suggestions to improve Lithuanian domestic violence prevention. This work consentrates on mens violence over women. The conseption of violence is analyzed – the general violence features in criminology and law literature are discussed, the main domestic violence forms are defined: physical, psychological, sexual and economical violence. Also the common violence and the domestic violence factors influence over the domestic violence emerging are examined – various social causes (unemployement, wealth inequality, discrimination, shame), persons psychosocial maladjustment, violence suffered or observed in childhood, previous criminal activity, alcohol consumption and head traumas. Also there will be named the consequences of domestic violence over its victims, children who observed parents violence, violator and society. There will be presented a comprehensive statistics on the registered domestic violence accidents with a parallel analyze of criminological research results. The conclusion that the domestic violence is important and common problem in Lithuania is validated by generalization of the official comprehensive statistics and the criminological research results used in this work. The structure of the domestic violence will be analyzed. Also, results of this work author research of Vilnius District Court criminal cases over 2003-2008 years associated with domestic violence will be presented, and it clearly depicts main domestic violence indications – domestic violence extent, womens domination among victims, physical and psyhological violence domination and fact, that judiclal system is informed about domestic violence only in most severe cases, domestic violence spread rate and other fundamental statements, presented in other researches. Lithuanian law and institutional preventions apllied in Lithuania will be analyzed in this work. The criminal and administrative liability practise on violators is considered, the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code amendments (which tightened the responsibility for some of the violent crimes committed by family members or close relatives living together and extended the punitive measures that may be designated) is evaluated. The preventive program is analyzed: State violence against women strategy for the reduction and protection from domestic violence and the concept of the project. Objectives of the preventive measures is overviewed, their main weaknesses and advantages are identified. The paper also analyzed the aid to the victims of domestic violence, and violent behavior change programs for violators in the organizations and main occuring problems. The paper also discuss international organizations in detail - the United Nations, the European Council and the European Union – and their prevention of domestic violence activities (campaigns organized against domestic violence, the adoption of declarations, recommendations, resolutions, guidelines), analyzes the most interesting and promising foreign (Austria, the United States, Holland, Finland and Sweden) domestic violence prevention practices, which perhaps could be adapted and Lithuania (for example, in Austria the violators oustion of the person's residence and the broad nature communication restriction with victim). Domestic violence prevention perspective is presented at the end of the work, the main Lithuania preventive activities future development directions are provided with suggestions how to improve domestic violence prevention in order to maximize its effectiveness.

Research on and analysis of violence against elders as one of the most vulnerable community layers is relatively new. Though international community has acknowledged the fact of aging society and the relevance of violence against elders, in Lithuania this problem is still not examined, there is no official statistic data on the prevalence of violence against elders. This situation determines the ineffectiveness of the measures on violence prevention and inaccurate implementation of European Union recommendations. What is more society still remains uninformed about the status of elders, violence against them and this causes inadequate evaluation of the problem. The goal of this Master's thesis is to analyze the prevalence of violence against elders in district of Vilnius. Empirical methods of legal document analysis, case analysis, mathematical statistical analysis, questionnaire survey and theoretical methods of induction, deduction, comparison, analysis and synthesis confirmed hypothesis that violence against elders in Vilnius district is widely prevalent, but mistakenly recognized and valuated phenomenon. Victims of this violence are usually elder men living in villages with their children. The opinion of the elders on violence and its prevention is mostly influenced by media. This Master's thesis is divided into four parts, which are subdivided into smaller chapters. First part of this thesis examines the concept of violence in various fields of science, defines main types of violence and their forms of manifestation. Second part of this thesis studies violence against elders, its causes and consequences, local and international legal regulation and prevalence in Vilnius district. Third part presents, analyzes and explains results of criminological research. Meanwhile final part of this thesis examines prevention of violence against elders.

Research on and analysis of violence against elders as one of the most vulnerable community layers is relatively new. Though international community has acknowledged the fact of aging society and the relevance of violence against elders, in Lithuania this problem is still not examined, there is no official statistic data on the prevalence of violence against elders. This situation determines the ineffectiveness of the measures on violence prevention and inaccurate implementation of European Union recommendations. What is more society still remains uninformed about the status of elders, violence against them and this causes inadequate evaluation of the problem. The goal of this Master's thesis is to analyze the prevalence of violence against elders in district of Vilnius. Empirical methods of legal document analysis, case analysis, mathematical statistical analysis, questionnaire survey and theoretical methods of induction, deduction, comparison, analysis and synthesis confirmed hypothesis that violence against elders in Vilnius district is widely prevalent, but mistakenly recognized and valuated phenomenon. Victims of this violence are usually elder men living in villages with their children. The opinion of the elders on violence and its prevention is mostly influenced by media. This Master's thesis is divided into four parts, which are subdivided into smaller chapters. First part of this thesis examines the concept of violence in various fields of science, defines main types of violence and their forms of manifestation. Second part of this thesis studies violence against elders, its causes and consequences, local and international legal regulation and prevalence in Vilnius district. Third part presents, analyzes and explains results of criminological research. Meanwhile final part of this thesis examines prevention of violence against elders.

Violence was always a popular theme in movies. Nevertheless, through the history of cinema, we can track an everlasting critique of violent images. Since the beginning of the 20th century, violent cinema has been under constant political pressure, that required implementation of a strict censorship mechanism. That is why we can boldly state, that violent cinema is fundamentally connected to political questions of censorship and political order. By analyzing cinema violence, we raise questions about political concepts like fiction/reality, permitted/prohibited, moral/amoral and normal/abnormal. Usually, critics of violent cinema claim that violent films are a meaningless, but a dangerous product, that can transgress into reality. For example, violent movies can inspire the spectator to repeat the things that he saw on the screen. But such claims a priori deny the possibility that violent movies can become an original examination of violence itself. In this paper we claim that ultraviolent movies can raise an original discussion about the phenomenon of violence. This is where the problem of this paper arises. The goal of this paper is to critically analyze five ultraviolent movies made by Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn, and to examine how he creates his violent cinema. By investigating the relationship between narrative and violent images, we raise the question, do violent images inevitably become a meaningless and a dangerous object. The narratalogical analysis of five ultraviolent movies proves that movie violence can help the spectator raise important intellectual questions: who is responsible for viewing violent images, is the narrative and violence related and so on. This proves that cinema violence is more concerned with the cognitive processes of the creator or the spectator than with reality. And this gives ground for the criticism of mimetical theory of images and reality and the claim that movie violence is an insensible and dangerous product. This inquiry raises the question of the legitimacy of censorship of violent images. The originality of this paper comes in the methodological investigation of violent images, that is usually ignored by other researchers.

Violence was always a popular theme in movies. Nevertheless, through the history of cinema, we can track an everlasting critique of violent images. Since the beginning of the 20th century, violent cinema has been under constant political pressure, that required implementation of a strict censorship mechanism. That is why we can boldly state, that violent cinema is fundamentally connected to political questions of censorship and political order. By analyzing cinema violence, we raise questions about political concepts like fiction/reality, permitted/prohibited, moral/amoral and normal/abnormal. Usually, critics of violent cinema claim that violent films are a meaningless, but a dangerous product, that can transgress into reality. For example, violent movies can inspire the spectator to repeat the things that he saw on the screen. But such claims a priori deny the possibility that violent movies can become an original examination of violence itself. In this paper we claim that ultraviolent movies can raise an original discussion about the phenomenon of violence. This is where the problem of this paper arises. The goal of this paper is to critically analyze five ultraviolent movies made by Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn, and to examine how he creates his violent cinema. By investigating the relationship between narrative and violent images, we raise the question, do violent images inevitably become a meaningless and a dangerous object. The narratalogical analysis of five ultraviolent movies proves that movie violence can help the spectator raise important intellectual questions: who is responsible for viewing violent images, is the narrative and violence related and so on. This proves that cinema violence is more concerned with the cognitive processes of the creator or the spectator than with reality. And this gives ground for the criticism of mimetical theory of images and reality and the claim that movie violence is an insensible and dangerous product. This inquiry raises the question of the legitimacy of censorship of violent images. The originality of this paper comes in the methodological investigation of violent images, that is usually ignored by other researchers.