Suchergebnisse

"For determining the manner and extent to which migration assists or hinders economic development in a labor-exporting country, the case of Turkey is studied as a model of a developing economy with a large labor surplus. The adoption of a migration policy by the Turkish government is viewed as an effort to simultaneously relieve unemployment pressures and build up foreign exchange reserves. Due to the unavailability of sufficiently detailed data with which to carry out a formal cost-benefit analysis of the effects of migration upon Turkish economic development, an assessment is made of the actual or anticipated impact of migration upon (1) gross national product and gross domestic product, (2) capital formation, (3) employment, (4) labor productivity, and (5) per capita income. Each of these five indices of economic development is treated first with regard to theoretical considerations followed by empirical investigations. The variable movements of the indicators imply that, at the very least, migration policy has not had adverse effects on Turkish economic development." ((en))

"This chapter aims to discuss some opposing views regarding the impact of labor migration on the West Germany economy. To this end, the phenomenon is analyzed from both micro- and macro-economic points of view. As far as the micro-economic level is concerned, it would appear that mismanagement in a significant number of business firms constitutes a major reason for the heavy influx of foreign labor. Even though full employment exists in Germany, industry still continues to open new plants. Ostensibly, this practice would appear inconsistent with the given situation of full employment. Since the German Government does not assess these firms with the full cost of importing foreign labor, government policy would seem to favor this practice. With respect to macro-economic considerations, the following hypothesis is tested: namely, that it is advantageous for the German economy to employ foreign manpower because such employment (a) increases income, (b) increases wealth, (c) keeps wages and prices relatively stable, (d) helps maintain full employment, (e) aids the balance of payments, and (f) improves infrastructure. Over all, the hypothesis cannot be fully substantiated. Even though the in-migration of foreign manpower may possibly increase Germany's gross national product, it seems questionable whether per capita gross national product will increase. While material wealth will grow due to foreign labor, favorable consequences for human capital seem doubtful. The hoped-for effect that labor migration might stabilize wages and prices and help to maintain full employment cannot be validated. As for the balance of payments, foreign workers may be considered advantageous as long as their remittances can be used as a counterweight to Germany's highly positive balance of trade. However, in light of the new dollar devaluation, the picture may soon change and foreign workers' remittances become a heavy burden. Finally, investments in infrastructure, necessitated by foreign workers, may be regarded as advantageous to the extent that these investments have the effect of increasing wealth. Nevertheless, such advantages can be realized only if foreign workers eventually return to their countries of origin. In conclusion, it would appear that in the long run the disadvantages of labor migration may ultimately outweigh the advantages. This may be particularly true in the event an increasingly large number of workers should permanently remain in Germany." ((en))

"This chapter focuses on the individual emigrant Turkish worker and presents a model which attempts to explain why the average worker desires to migrate, the manner and timing in which be allocates his earnings abroad, and his aspirations upon return to Turkey. Worker's earnings abroad are disaggregated into a country and puroüse matrix, namely (a) standard of living maintenance in Turkey and Germany and (b) asset accumulation in Turkey and Germany. Determinant social and economic factors are presented and analyzed. Recent survey results are presented in an attempt to verify the major hypotheses of the model and ascertain major policy-oriented implications with special reference to (a) private rates of return, (b) employment impact, including skill acquisition and increased mobility, and (c) wealth effect in terms of utilization of savings. Because Turkey ranks as the primary supplier of emigrant labor to West Germany and workers' remittances represent the largest single source of foreign exchange earnings for Turkey, labor importatio obviously has and will continue to have significant social and economic ramifications for both supplier and recipient economies." ((en))

"In the broadest sense, the ovjectives of the field study were two-fold: (1) to define demographic characteristics and motivations of the migrant and to determine what socio-economic and socio-cultural effects the migration experience has upon the lives of returned migrants; (2) to learn what discernable effects the migration movement had had upon the Turkish labor market, particularly with reference to the three selected regional markets of Izmir, Kocaeli and Zonguldak. Within each of these provinces, the applied methodology was three dimensional: (1) to obtain from official archives demographic data on one-time residents of the province who had been placed in positions abroad through official auspices; (2) to interview persons once employed abroad but since settled, or re-settled, in the province; and (3) to interview management in a cross-section of industries present there in order to define from this primary empirical source the characteristics of the regional labor market and to measure possible effects of emigration upon the regional economy." ((en))

Der Aufsatz analysiert den Zusammenhang von Arbeitsqualifikation in der Praxis und sozialpädagogischer Ausbildung im Rückblick. Er beruht auf einer Befragung von 310 Absolventen der Sozialpädagogik der FHS Esslingen und Reutlingen und der Universität Tübingen, die seit zwei bis sechs Jahren im Beruf stehen, sowie von Anstellungsträgern in Baden-Württemberg. Die FHS-Absolventen hatten zu 60 v. H. vor dem Studium eine Berufsausbildung abgeschlossen, die Universitätsabsolventen zu 20 v. H. Rund drei Viertel der Befragten hatten spätestens sechs Monate nach dem Examen ein Beschäftigungsverhältnis angetreten, weitere 12 v. H. erst später. Ca. ein Zehntel geben an, zwischen Examen und erster Stelle arbeitslos gewesen zu sein. Über 40 v. H. sind zum Befragungszeitpunkt noch in ihrer ersten Stelle. Auf "Akademiker-Gehaltsniveau" bezahlt werden 22 v. H. der Absolventen, von diesen sind 91 v. H. Diplom-Pädagogen. Es wird aber nur jeder dritte Diplom-Pädagoge besser als BAT IVa bezahlt. Beruflicher Aufstieg ist, auch bei Stellenwechsel und Aufbaustudium, selten. Die rückwärtige Beurteilung der Ausbildung ergibt vor allem den Wunsch nach mehr Praxis. Illusionen im Studium bezogen sich vor allem auf die Veränderbarkeit sozialer Probleme und die eigenen beruflichen Handlungsspielräume. Die Anstellungsträger sehen keine prinzipiellen Unterschiede zwischen Diplom-Pädagogen und FHS-Absolventen. Dies entspricht den Ergebnissen der Absolventenbefragung. (MH)

In einem Beitrag zu einer didaktisch aufbereiteten, dreibändigen Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung führt Kocka ihre Entstehung auf die Veränderungen der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Verhältnisse zurück. Entscheidende Bedeutung kam dabei der Herausbildung der Lohnarbeiterschaft zu, die durch den fehlenden Besitz an Produktionsmitteln und der Unterwerfung unter die Weisungen des Lohn- und Dienstherrn bestimmt wird. Die soziale Lage der Heimarbeiter, Handwerkergesellen und Fabrikarbeiter weist deutliche Unterschiede auf. Die berufsspezifische, konfessionelle, regionale oder einkommensmäßige Differenzierung innerhalb der Lohnarbeiterschaft wirkte sich auf die Bereitschaft zum politischen oder gewerkschaftlichen Engagement aus. Dennoch entstand durch die Erfahrung tatsächlicher oder drohender Armut und durch die zahlreichen gesellschaftlichen und staatlichen Diskriminierungen ein gemeinsames Klassenbewußtsein der lohnabhängigen Handarbeiter. Graphiken, Dokumente und eine Auswahlbibliographie schließen den Beitrag ab. (WJ)