As a result of the development of automation and robotization in the economy of developed countries, the need for labor is reduced, which entails a decline in employment. Given the preservation of existing trends, the labor society is transformed into a rent society, with leisure being the main occupation of the majority of its members. In this regard, concerns are voiced about the loss of habitual meaning of life and, as a consequence, the degradation of the individual and society. The author puts forward a thesis that social activity is more natural (that is, biologically conditioned) for a human being than labor. In support of this fact factual evidence is given, which indicates that for most of their history people have practiced an appropriating economy, which allowed for achieving maximum production with minimal labor. Thus, members of pre-agricultural and extra-agricultural communities could devote most of their time to rest, communication and a variety of group rituals. It is possible that in the emerging post-labor society there will be a similar situation, and the close future might turn out to be similar to the distant past.
Under the influence of globalization and computerization of the economy, organizations are changing their structures from hierarchies to networks, resulting in the development of horizontal enterprises that operate through internet technology with multiple distributed agents. This change is bringing about a new model of social and labor relations. The participants of social and labor relations put in conditions where they are forced to learn the principles of network organization and the opportunities to represent and defense of their interests in the new economy. Article is exploratory in nature, considering the direction of the influence networked economy on social and labor relations; identifies organizational foundations and principles of social and labor relations in networked economy; reviews the opportunities for development of the network of social and labor relations in Russia.
Лаборатория исторической информатики Нижнетагильского государственного социально-педагогического института с 2000 г. работает над проектом «Gedenkbuch: Книга памяти репрессированных российских немцев», в рамках которого изданы коллективные монографии по ИТЛ Урала и создана электронная база данных объемом около 100 тыс. персоналий, основанная на материалах учетных картотек лагерей принудительного труда. Целью настоящей статьи является ознакомление читателей с результатами сравнительного анализа социального портрета трудмобилизованных нескольких лагерей Урала по общепринятым параметрам, связанным с содержанием первоисточника - учетных картотек спецконтингента в архивах силовых ведомств. Информационной базой создания социального портрета репрессированных и сравнительного анализа являются архивные источники ИТЛ ГУЛАГа и электронные базы данных, сформированные в процессе создания Книг памяти в период с 1999 по 2021 г. В качестве основных методологических средств исследования используются понятийный аппарат новой социальной истории, просопографический и историко-сравнительный методы, методы исторической информатики. Определены источники, динамика и этапы поступления трудмобилизованных; выявлен спектр национальностей, составивших этот контингент, проведен анализ половозрастного состава, места рождения, социального происхождения, уровня образования, партийной принадлежности, трудовых занятий до мобилизации, причин и масштабов убытия из лагеря и смертности; установлен процент арестованных и осужденных; прослежена динамика демобилизации и освобождения из ИТЛ. В результате исследования выявлена специфика социального портрета в зависимости от места, времени и производственного предназначения ИТЛ. Сложный состав спецконтингента всех лагерей был представлен такими категориями, как заключенные, трудмобилизованные, военнопленные, интернированные. В численном отношении преобладали заключенные и трудармейцы. Несмотря на особый статус трудармейцев, призванный несколько облегчить их положение, все они были заняты принудительным трудом и находились в условиях лагерного режима в общем составе спецконтингента. Труд вольнонаемных составлял незначительный процент от участников строительства промышленных объектов и лесных разработок. В статье сделан акцент на реконструкции социального портрета трудмобилизованных в рамках конкретных ИТЛ Урала. Решение этой задачи позволило выявить обобщенные характеристики социального портрета трудармейцев в целом. Основные социо-демографические характеристики этой категории спецконтингента связаны с российскими немцами и практически совпадают с результатами переписи 1939 г. Однако принципиально важным отличием является то, что наши наблюдения концентрируют внимание не на немецком национальном меньшинстве в составе СССР, а на российских немцах как одной из составных частей спецконтингента лагерей принудительного труда. В соответствии с этой задачей выявлены обобщенные характеристики трудмобилизованных. Значение проведенного исследования определяется введением в историографический оборот просопографических баз данных, объединенных на основе сравнительного анализа. Since 2000, the Laboratory of Historical Informatics of Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute has been working on the project "Gedenkbuch: Book of Memory of the Repressed Russian Germans." Within the framework of the project, collective monographs on the corrective labor camps (ITLs) of the Urals were published and an electronic database of about 100 000 persons was created based on the materials of record files of forced labor camps. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with the results of the comparative analysis of social portrait of the persons mobilized for labor in several camps in the Urals according to the generally accepted parameters related to the contents of the primary source, the latter being registration cards of special contingent in the archives of law enforcement agencies. Archival sources of the corrective labor camps of the Gulag and electronic databases that were compiled in the process of preparing the Books of Memory in the period from 1999 to 2021 constitute the information basis for creating a social portrait of repression victims and comparative analysis. The conceptual apparatus of new social history, prosopographical and historical comparative methods as well as methods of historical informatics are the main methodological tools of the research. The sources, dynamics and stages of the intake of persons mobilized for labor were determined; the range of nationalities that made up this contingent was identified, age and sex, place of birth, social origin, level of education, party affiliation, employment before mobilization were analyzed as well as causes and level of departure from the camp and mortality rate; the percentage of the arrested and convicted was established; the dynamics of demobilization and release from labor camps was traced. As a result of the study, the specific features of social portrait were revealed depending on the place, time, and production purpose of the camp. The composition of the special contingent of all camps was complex. It was represented by such categories as prisoners, persons mobilized for labor duty, prisoners of war, and internees. Numerically, prisoners and labor armyists predominated. Despite the special status of labor armyists, which was intended to somehow alleviate their situation, all of them were engaged in forced labor in the conditions of the camp regime together with the rest of special contingent. The labor of free employees constituted an insignificant percentage in the construction of industrial facilities and timber harvsting. The article focuses on the reconstruction of the social portrait of the persons mobilized for labor duty in certain labor camps of the Urals. The solution of this problem made it possible to reveal the generalized characteristics of the social portrait of labor armyists as a whole. Main socio-demographic characteristics of this category of special contingent are associated with Russian Germans and practically coincide with the results of the 1939 census. However, a fundamentally important difference is that our observations focus not on the German national minority within the USSR but on Russian Germans as a part of special contingent of forced labor camps. In accordance with this task, generalized characteristics of the persons mobilized for labor duty were revealed. The significance of the study is determined by the introduction into the historiographical circulation of prosopographical databases that were combined on the basis of comparative analysis.
This article presents the research methodology of cyclical fluctuations, which observed on the Russian labor market. The paper defines cyclical fluctuations as reactions of labor market macroparameters, expressed in variations of trend-cycles from trend. It introduced a conceptual framework, appropriate for studying cyclical fluctuations. Proposed methodological approach to the study of cyclical fluctuations on the Russian labor market includes: the choice of labor market macroparameters with an account of Russian statistics' limitations; the decomposition of time series data; the construction of models using statistical methods and econometric tools; the identification of cyclical reaction's key points (entry point, point bottom and the starting point of recovery), its depth and duration; and, after all, the comparative analysis of cyclical and seasonal variations of time series data. Presented methodology allows evaluating the presence of Russian labor market macroparameters' cyclical reactions and analyzing how significantly different the cyclical nature of the Russian labor market from traditional models of labor market's cyclical reaction.
Статья посвящена социально-политическому анализу причин усиления трудовой миграции в глобальном масштабе. Социально-экономические решения проблемы трудовой миграции на современном этапе его развития.
This article reveals the key factors (economic, technological, demographic, socio-cultural, gender) and the ongoing/emerging changes in the social and labor system of society. Changes affect all spheres and contexts without exception (labor market, organization and working conditions, population employment system, management and labor processes, content, workplace culture and ethics.) At the same time, they are often contradictory, and not necessarily tangible, perceived or evaluated as changes. Multiplicity and scale, acceleration and capacity of changes form the conditions for the development of a new quality of the system — its fragility. The fragility is understood as the actual distribution of essentially new and uncontrolled processes and phenomena within the social labor system behind the external facade of its integrity and stability. Experts and politicians everywhere are asking questions about whether it is possible to overcome the current state of affairs and what the future is going to be for social labor and employment. It is important for the scientific community to determine the principles of theoretical analysis and the means of modern labor sphere investigating.
More than 80 years ago, an important award was established in the USSR - the Hero of Socialist Labor. This article presents a brief historical and political excursion into the appearance and existence of this award in the Soviet state.
The article presents the results of the investigation of a system of criteria that reflect economic content of the concept of «single-industry city» and take into account, on the one hand, the change in their role in the system of urban settlement and, on the other hand, the specific conditions and challenges of urban development in emerging markets; the outcomes of the approbation of the criteria identified for assessing the status and trends of the labor market of single-industry cities in Chelyabinsk region of the Russian Federation are presented.
This article analyzes the norms of international law and national legislation regarding to the legal nature of "forced labor". The article reveals the features of transformation into national legislation norm of the International Labor Organization on the issue of forced labor.
