As a result of the development of automation and robotization in the economy of developed countries, the need for labor is reduced, which entails a decline in employment. Given the preservation of existing trends, the labor society is transformed into a rent society, with leisure being the main occupation of the majority of its members. In this regard, concerns are voiced about the loss of habitual meaning of life and, as a consequence, the degradation of the individual and society. The author puts forward a thesis that social activity is more natural (that is, biologically conditioned) for a human being than labor. In support of this fact factual evidence is given, which indicates that for most of their history people have practiced an appropriating economy, which allowed for achieving maximum production with minimal labor. Thus, members of pre-agricultural and extra-agricultural communities could devote most of their time to rest, communication and a variety of group rituals. It is possible that in the emerging post-labor society there will be a similar situation, and the close future might turn out to be similar to the distant past.
Under the influence of globalization and computerization of the economy, organizations are changing their structures from hierarchies to networks, resulting in the development of horizontal enterprises that operate through internet technology with multiple distributed agents. This change is bringing about a new model of social and labor relations. The participants of social and labor relations put in conditions where they are forced to learn the principles of network organization and the opportunities to represent and defense of their interests in the new economy. Article is exploratory in nature, considering the direction of the influence networked economy on social and labor relations; identifies organizational foundations and principles of social and labor relations in networked economy; reviews the opportunities for development of the network of social and labor relations in Russia.
Лаборатория исторической информатики Нижнетагильского государственного социально-педагогического института с 2000 г. работает над проектом «Gedenkbuch: Книга памяти репрессированных российских немцев», в рамках которого изданы коллективные монографии по ИТЛ Урала и создана электронная база данных объемом около 100 тыс. персоналий, основанная на материалах учетных картотек лагерей принудительного труда. Целью настоящей статьи является ознакомление читателей с результатами сравнительного анализа социального портрета трудмобилизованных нескольких лагерей Урала по общепринятым параметрам, связанным с содержанием первоисточника - учетных картотек спецконтингента в архивах силовых ведомств. Информационной базой создания социального портрета репрессированных и сравнительного анализа являются архивные источники ИТЛ ГУЛАГа и электронные базы данных, сформированные в процессе создания Книг памяти в период с 1999 по 2021 г. В качестве основных методологических средств исследования используются понятийный аппарат новой социальной истории, просопографический и историко-сравнительный методы, методы исторической информатики. Определены источники, динамика и этапы поступления трудмобилизованных; выявлен спектр национальностей, составивших этот контингент, проведен анализ половозрастного состава, места рождения, социального происхождения, уровня образования, партийной принадлежности, трудовых занятий до мобилизации, причин и масштабов убытия из лагеря и смертности; установлен процент арестованных и осужденных; прослежена динамика демобилизации и освобождения из ИТЛ. В результате исследования выявлена специфика социального портрета в зависимости от места, времени и производственного предназначения ИТЛ. Сложный состав спецконтингента всех лагерей был представлен такими категориями, как заключенные, трудмобилизованные, военнопленные, интернированные. В численном отношении преобладали заключенные и трудармейцы. Несмотря на особый статус трудармейцев, призванный несколько облегчить их положение, все они были заняты принудительным трудом и находились в условиях лагерного режима в общем составе спецконтингента. Труд вольнонаемных составлял незначительный процент от участников строительства промышленных объектов и лесных разработок. В статье сделан акцент на реконструкции социального портрета трудмобилизованных в рамках конкретных ИТЛ Урала. Решение этой задачи позволило выявить обобщенные характеристики социального портрета трудармейцев в целом. Основные социо-демографические характеристики этой категории спецконтингента связаны с российскими немцами и практически совпадают с результатами переписи 1939 г. Однако принципиально важным отличием является то, что наши наблюдения концентрируют внимание не на немецком национальном меньшинстве в составе СССР, а на российских немцах как одной из составных частей спецконтингента лагерей принудительного труда. В соответствии с этой задачей выявлены обобщенные характеристики трудмобилизованных. Значение проведенного исследования определяется введением в историографический оборот просопографических баз данных, объединенных на основе сравнительного анализа. Since 2000, the Laboratory of Historical Informatics of Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute has been working on the project "Gedenkbuch: Book of Memory of the Repressed Russian Germans." Within the framework of the project, collective monographs on the corrective labor camps (ITLs) of the Urals were published and an electronic database of about 100 000 persons was created based on the materials of record files of forced labor camps. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with the results of the comparative analysis of social portrait of the persons mobilized for labor in several camps in the Urals according to the generally accepted parameters related to the contents of the primary source, the latter being registration cards of special contingent in the archives of law enforcement agencies. Archival sources of the corrective labor camps of the Gulag and electronic databases that were compiled in the process of preparing the Books of Memory in the period from 1999 to 2021 constitute the information basis for creating a social portrait of repression victims and comparative analysis. The conceptual apparatus of new social history, prosopographical and historical comparative methods as well as methods of historical informatics are the main methodological tools of the research. The sources, dynamics and stages of the intake of persons mobilized for labor were determined; the range of nationalities that made up this contingent was identified, age and sex, place of birth, social origin, level of education, party affiliation, employment before mobilization were analyzed as well as causes and level of departure from the camp and mortality rate; the percentage of the arrested and convicted was established; the dynamics of demobilization and release from labor camps was traced. As a result of the study, the specific features of social portrait were revealed depending on the place, time, and production purpose of the camp. The composition of the special contingent of all camps was complex. It was represented by such categories as prisoners, persons mobilized for labor duty, prisoners of war, and internees. Numerically, prisoners and labor armyists predominated. Despite the special status of labor armyists, which was intended to somehow alleviate their situation, all of them were engaged in forced labor in the conditions of the camp regime together with the rest of special contingent. The labor of free employees constituted an insignificant percentage in the construction of industrial facilities and timber harvsting. The article focuses on the reconstruction of the social portrait of the persons mobilized for labor duty in certain labor camps of the Urals. The solution of this problem made it possible to reveal the generalized characteristics of the social portrait of labor armyists as a whole. Main socio-demographic characteristics of this category of special contingent are associated with Russian Germans and practically coincide with the results of the 1939 census. However, a fundamentally important difference is that our observations focus not on the German national minority within the USSR but on Russian Germans as a part of special contingent of forced labor camps. In accordance with this task, generalized characteristics of the persons mobilized for labor duty were revealed. The significance of the study is determined by the introduction into the historiographical circulation of prosopographical databases that were combined on the basis of comparative analysis.
This article presents the research methodology of cyclical fluctuations, which observed on the Russian labor market. The paper defines cyclical fluctuations as reactions of labor market macroparameters, expressed in variations of trend-cycles from trend. It introduced a conceptual framework, appropriate for studying cyclical fluctuations. Proposed methodological approach to the study of cyclical fluctuations on the Russian labor market includes: the choice of labor market macroparameters with an account of Russian statistics' limitations; the decomposition of time series data; the construction of models using statistical methods and econometric tools; the identification of cyclical reaction's key points (entry point, point bottom and the starting point of recovery), its depth and duration; and, after all, the comparative analysis of cyclical and seasonal variations of time series data. Presented methodology allows evaluating the presence of Russian labor market macroparameters' cyclical reactions and analyzing how significantly different the cyclical nature of the Russian labor market from traditional models of labor market's cyclical reaction.
Статья посвящена социально-политическому анализу причин усиления трудовой миграции в глобальном масштабе. Социально-экономические решения проблемы трудовой миграции на современном этапе его развития.
This article reveals the key factors (economic, technological, demographic, socio-cultural, gender) and the ongoing/emerging changes in the social and labor system of society. Changes affect all spheres and contexts without exception (labor market, organization and working conditions, population employment system, management and labor processes, content, workplace culture and ethics.) At the same time, they are often contradictory, and not necessarily tangible, perceived or evaluated as changes. Multiplicity and scale, acceleration and capacity of changes form the conditions for the development of a new quality of the system — its fragility. The fragility is understood as the actual distribution of essentially new and uncontrolled processes and phenomena within the social labor system behind the external facade of its integrity and stability. Experts and politicians everywhere are asking questions about whether it is possible to overcome the current state of affairs and what the future is going to be for social labor and employment. It is important for the scientific community to determine the principles of theoretical analysis and the means of modern labor sphere investigating.
More than 80 years ago, an important award was established in the USSR - the Hero of Socialist Labor. This article presents a brief historical and political excursion into the appearance and existence of this award in the Soviet state.
The article presents the results of the investigation of a system of criteria that reflect economic content of the concept of «single-industry city» and take into account, on the one hand, the change in their role in the system of urban settlement and, on the other hand, the specific conditions and challenges of urban development in emerging markets; the outcomes of the approbation of the criteria identified for assessing the status and trends of the labor market of single-industry cities in Chelyabinsk region of the Russian Federation are presented.
For nine years of observations, the data warehouse of the Center for Monitoring and Analysis of Social and Labor Conflicts (SLC) of the Saint Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions has included information about more than 1,300 SLC registered in the Russian Federation. The assessment of the development of social and labor relations and the formation of the labor situation in the country in 2020 was carried out taking into account the constantly changing epidemiological situation, which had a noticeable impact on the Russian economy, the industrial and labor sphere and the social order in general. In the article, the dynamics and features of the formation of the social and labor situation and the development of the SLC are analyzed in retrospect for the period 2016–2020. 2016 is the period in which the maximum number of SLC was registered for nine years of observations. In the period of 2016–2018, there was a tendency for a reduction in the number of conflicts and stabilization of the situation in the social and labor sphere, which changed in 2018, when a new rising trend appeared (social tension increased, and the number of conflicts went up). A key factor in shaping the social and labor situation in the country in 2020 was the spread of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19, which adversely affected the global and domestic economic environment.
The Russian labor market is experiencing a shortage of highly skilled workers, and there is a consensus in Russian society that it is necessary to attract and utilize the labor of highly qualified foreign specialists. The key question of the article is: how much demand is there on the Russian labor market for the knowledge and experience of highly qualified migrants? What types of economic activities and occupations are typical for highly skilled migrants? What is their horizontal and vertical mobility on the Russian labor market? The article shows that highly skilled workers who come from post-Soviet states to Russia take jobs which are not in demand among Russian workers; the main types of their economic activities are trade, construction, utilities, social and personal services, and household assistance. Neither specific skills and knowledge nor qualifications of foreign workers are demanded on the Russian labor market: over 80% of highly skilled migrants work at jobs which do not require their education or qualification. Vertical labor mobility is predominantly downward, and upward mobility is quite rare (downward mobility is less typical for highly skilled migrants who have received education in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus). The empirical basis of the study was the results of sociological surveys of 1,450 highly qualified migrants from the CIS and Georgia in 2017 and 1,050 in 2011.
Digitalization changes the nature of work and the demands for competences of a modern employee, but the speed and volume of digitalization differ by type of economic activity. In the context of existing gender differentiation on the labor market, differences in the degree of digitalization lead to the fact that male and female types of employment change differently. The aim of the article is to determine the degree and features of digitalization of "women's" and "men's" spheres of employment and draw conclusions on the prospective impact of these differences on gender inequality. Data analysis concerning current gender differentiation on the labor market, the scale of occupational digitalization and the use of information technologies for various purposes allows us to conclude that both "male" and "female" professions are highly digitalized, but the nature of the changes is different. Data on the gender distribution in the areas of employment and the degree of digitalization of these areas allow us to distinguish 3 categories of women's participation in digital economy: 1. Household use of digital technologies; 2. Digital technologies use while performing labor functions; 3. Creation of digital technologies and direct participation in digitalization. The areas of women's primary employment (health care, information and communication, finance, education) are currently the leaders in employing digital technologies, so computer technologies penetrate more intensively into the professional activities of women than in "male" professions (for example, construction). However, in software development and digital technology management, women are less represented, acting as users of technologies created mainly by men. Since creation is primary related to usage, digitalization enhances gender inequality determining the innovative role for men and the user role for women, which should be taken into account while implementing policies aimed at overcoming inequality.
The article presents the results of study of the positions of university graduates in the Russian labor market. The relevance of the subject is due to the fact that getting higher education instead of starting to work directly after school is now considered a social norm, and the fact that the structure of training in specialties and its quality, as stated by the top officials, does not meet the needs of the economy. The research is based on data of the first selective observation of employment of graduates of Rosstat, obtained in 2016, and the Ministry of Education and Science monitoring of graduates employment of 2015-2017. In the paper we assess the employment rate of young people with higher education by age groups; highlight regional features of university graduates employment; evaluate employment characteristics by groups of specialties; we study the distribution of employed university graduates by types of economic activity in comparison with the all-Russian structure of employment. It is concluded, that with an increase in the level of education the probability of success employment, including finding a job in the specialty, increases; and that job satisfaction is higher for those who work in their professional field. For NEET youth with higher education, recommendations on how to integrate into the labor market relations have been suggested.
The article includes a generalized description of the approaches and methods in state regulation of the processes of attracting foreign labor force, that implemented by developed countries. The author identifies a number of objective factors causing the necessity for active government intervention in migration process, examines tasks and system of functional elements in the process of migration management in developed countries. The article also reflects special features of Russian national experience of state regulation of external labor migration in the 1990s and 2000s.
