Suchergebnisse

This article considers the dynamic effects that the labour market has on poverty and social exclusion.1It shows how the analysis of labour markets can help our understanding of social exclusion and reviews some of the evi dence from Europe and the United States. The evidence is that there is consaderable move ment into and out of poverty. However, there is a significant group who stay in poverty for a number of years and a group that experience repeated poverty spells. The data also show that labour market transitions are an import ant cause of movements into and out of pov erty, although demographic factors are about equally important.There are tnterestang similarities between the pattern of movements into and out of un employment and those for poverty: many people leave unemployment quickly, but there are also important groups who are unem ployed for several years or who become unem ployed repeatedly. It is not only easily observable personal characteristics that are relevant to determining an individual's em ployment patterns: repeated periods of unem ployment appear to result from 'unobserved heterogeneity', rather than any damaging ef fect from earlier unemployment spells. This finding raises the interesting possibility that the observed repeated spells of poverty are also due to unmeasured personal character istics.

Die Autoren beschreiben und analysieren die wichtigsten Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen in Polen, Ungarn, der CSFR, Bulgarien und der Sowjetunion beim Übergang zentralgeplanten Kommandosystem zur Marktwirtschaft. Die Broschüre widmet sich folgenden Problemen: - Beschäftigungsabnahme und drohende Arbeitslosigkeit - einkommenspolitische Probleme - sozialer Schutz - Arbeitsbeziehungen und - Arbeitsmarktfolgen der Privatisierung. (IAB)

Die Autoren beschreiben und analysieren die wichtigsten Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen in Polen, Ungarn, der CSFR, Bulgarien und der Sowjetunion beim Übergang zentralgeplanten Kommandosystem zur Marktwirtschaft. Die Broschüre widmet sich folgenden Problemen: - Beschäftigungsabnahme und drohende Arbeitslosigkeit; - einkommenspolitische Probleme; - sozialer Schutz; - Arbeitsbeziehungen und; - Arbeitsmarktfolgen der Privatisierung. (IAB)

Women play an increasingly important role in the labour market and as wage earners.
Moreover, in many countries, young women have outperformed men in terms of educational
attainment and qualification. Still, women's human capital investment does not pay off as it does for
men as they are still significantly disadvantaged on the labour market. Based on a qualitative empirical
investigation with women in their mid-career, this article investigates the role of learning for women's
labour market participation and career paths. Women's careers complexly intersect with role
expectations, family needs, the career of the partner and anticipation of low returns of educational
investment. This is typically reflected in discontinuous employment, part-time work and women's
secondary wage earner position in the family. Furthermore, women qualified at the intermediate skills
level are more likely to move horizontally in their career than vertically. Horizontal mobility thereby
requires significant engagement with learning as the German labour market usually requires a formal
qualification to realise a career change. Learning and further training thus become instrumental to
facilitate and support women's career transitions, which are often aimed at re-entering regular
employment after longer periods of family-related interruptions and/or to remain qualified in jobs in
the social, health and educational fields, all of which are female dominated. Ultimately, women's
significant engagement with continuing learning is not primarily expected to support career
advancement and vertical mobility, particularly as it can neither alter discontinuities of employment
nor the German-specific nexus between welfare, family and education policies and the labour market.
This challenges the lifelong learning rhetoric insofar as one key aim of lifelong learning policies is to
support labour market inclusion and the mobility of disadvantaged groups.

Abstract.After "opening up" in 1978, China followed a development strategy that has led to internal and external economic imbalances, especially since its labour market reform of the mid‐1990s and the resulting surge in rural‐to‐urban migration. Low labour costs emerged as its main comparative advantage, but its over‐reliance on exports for growth was starkly exposed by the global economic crisis of 2008. This, coupled with widening income disparities, could jeopardize the sustainability of China's growth unless it adjusts its reform and development strategies to promote income equality and domestic consumption. The Employment Contract Law in force since 2008 could signal institutional change in the right direction.

Transitional Labour Markets (TLM) - defined as legitimate, negotiated and politically supported sets of various employment options in critical events over the life course - are an essential ingredient of modern full employment strategies. After assessing the European Employment Strategy, this book offers a detailed comparative analysis of employment performance for selected European member states and the United States. It suggests that successful employment systems arise from a new paradigm of flexibility and security ('flexicurity') the balance of which varies according to countries' institutional paths. Whilst there is no 'best practice', TLM theory does provide normative and analytical principles that can be generalised for various institutional settings. The book also provides good practice examples for managing critical transitions over the life course - from education to employment, from one job to another, from unemployment to employment, from private activities to gainful work and from employment to retirement - and develops the contours for extending unemployment insurance to work-life insurance