Suchergebnisse

Urbana komasacija, institut javnog građevinskog prava, sredstvo je komunalne politike kojom su se jedinice lokalne samouprave država srednje Europe tijekom XX. stoljeća najviše koristile i kojom se još uvijek koriste u postupku uređenja građevinskog zemljišta. Urbanom komasacijom omogućuje se smišljeno, svrhovito i gospodarski opravdano plošno urbanističko planiranje i usklađivanje privatnog i javnog interesa, zaštita vlasničkih prava, ali ne i »geometrije« vlasništva. U ovom radu prikazuje se postupak provedbe urbane komasacije u Bavarskoj: sudionici, tijela za provedbu postupka, dodjela građevinskih čestica oblikovanih sukladno provedbenom urbanističkom planu, postupci izračuna pripadajućih površina i primjer raspodjele unesenih privatnih površina prema mjerilu vrijednosti i prema mjerilu površine. ; Urban land consolidation is an institute of public construction law and a means of the most frequently used communal policy in local self-government units in central European countries during the 20th century. It is still used in the procedures of building land consolidation. Urban land consolidation renders possible rational, purposeful, and cost-effective town planning as well as the harmonisation of the private and public interests, and protection of property rights. The author shows the process of urban land consolidation in Bavaria. The paper outlines the information about the parties in the procedure, the bodies in charge of the procedure, appropriation of building lots formed in accordance with the executive zoning plan, procedures for calculating the appropriate areas, and an example of distribution of private building lots according to their market value and their area.

Utvrđen je model planske komasacije građevinskog zemljišta, a predstavlja jedno strukturno pravilo prostornog planiranja i doprinos je tehničkih znanosti u polju arhitekture i urbanizma. Primijenjena je empirijska i matematička metoda. Rezultati planske komasacije su kombinirani postupak primjene izraza jednadžbi i dijelova dokumenta plana prostornog uređenja u načinu sređivanja vlasništva u obuhvatu jedinstvene parcele. Sređivanje vlasništva uključuje diobu površina građevinskog zemljišta privatnog i javnog interesa. Zemljišta privatnog interesa se dijele na isto-namjenske površine. Pojedine isto-namjenske površine, primjenom jednadžbi i brojčanih podataka iz spomenutog plana se ravnomjerno oblikuju, položajno i veličinom vlasničkih komada zemljišta za parcelaciju i uknjižbu. Plansko zemljište javnog interesa se ravnomjerno iz površina suvlasništva odvaja za komunalne parcele, parcelira i knjiži za nadležno tijelo vlasti. ; The model of planned building land consolidation has been determined, representing a structural rule of spatial planning and technical sciences contribution to the field of architecture and urbanism. Empirical and mathematical methods were applied. The planned land consolidation results represent a combined process of application of expression of equations and of the parts of the spatial planning document regarding the manner in which ownership is arranged in the scope of a unique plot. Ownership arrangement includes even subdivision of building land surface areas of both private and public interests. Private interest land is divided into surface areas intended for the same purpose. Some of them are shaped, both location-wise and according to their size, into pieces of land in private ownership. Public interest land is, in one piece, taken out for communal plots and for the competent government authority. Following the adoption of the said planning document, the defined ownership pieces of land and, in some cases, also co-ownership ones are subdivided and entered into the Land Register and Land books.

The paper contains an analysis of land administration systems in transition countries on the example of South Eastern European countries. An analysis of regulation on registration of real estate registration and rights was done in addition to the comparison of institutions and jurisdictions. Also an analysis of registers of real estates and real estate rights has been done and their main features listed. The paper provides insight into some of the technological achievements in the field of improvement and modernization of land administration systems. ; U radu je provedena analiza sustava upravljanja zemljištem u tranzicijskim zemljama na primjeru zemalja jugoistočne Europe. Analizirani su propisi o upisu nekretnina i prava na njima te je obavljena usporedba institucija i nadležnosti. Analizirani su upisnici nekretnina i prava na njima te navedene njihove glavne značajke. Također je dan uvid u neka od tehnoloških dostignuća na području unaprjeđenja i modernizacije sustava upravljanja zemljištem.

Projekt LUCAS pokrenut je na temelju odluke Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća Europske unije u svibnju 2000. Eurostat je 2001. godine pokrenuo pilot projekt LUCAS u bliskoj suradnji s Ravnateljstvom za poljoprivredu i tehničku podršku ruralnom razvoju Zajedničkog istraživačkog centra. Glavni je cilj projekta zajednička, usklađena izmjera poljoprivrednih podataka i podataka okoliša in situ primjenom dokumentacije GNSS-a i fotografija određenih, georeferenciranih točaka. Istraživanje je provedeno u Slovačkoj u razdoblju od tri godine s početkom 2006. godine. U 2009. provedena je procjena zemljišnoga pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta. U radu se opisuje postupak pripreme, osiguravanja, vođenja i upravljanja istraživanjem zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta u Slovačkoj. Izmjera je pokrenuta 2012. godine. Osnova klasifikacije sastoji se od osam glavnih klasa zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta koje se dijele u detaljnije klase. Rezultat istraživanja je strukturirana baza slika i digitalnih zapisa za 2455 odabranih točaka. Najveća kartirana klasa je šumsko zemljište. Stabilizacija sheme uzorkovanja omogućila je izradu vremenskih nizova za nadzor promjene zemljišnog pokrova na odabranim tipovima zemljišnog pokrova. ; The LUCAS project was launched following a decision by the European Parliament and Council of the European Union in May 2000. Eurostat started the LUCAS pilot project in close cooperation with the technical support of the Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development's Joint Research Centre in 2001. The main aim of the project is to provide a common, aligned, in situ overview of agricultural and environmental data, using GNSS and photo documentation for specific, georeferenced points. Research was carried out in Slovakia over a three-year period, starting in 2006. In 2009, an evaluation of land cover/use was carried out. This article presents the process of preparing, securing, conducting and researching the management of land cover and land use in Slovakia. The survey was launched in 2012. The classification base consists of eight categories of land cover and land use, which are broken down into more detail. The result is a structured database of images and digital records for 2,455 selected points. The largest class mapped is forestland. The stabilization of the sampling scheme allowed the construction of a time series for monitoring land cover changes for selected types.

The LUCAS project was launched following a decision by the European Parliament and Council of the European Union in May 2000. Eurostat started the LUCAS pilot project in close cooperation with the technical support of the Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development's Joint Research Centre in 2001 . The main aim of the project is to provide a common, aligned, in situ overview of agricultural and environmental data, using GNSS and photo documentation for specific, georeferenced points. Research was carried out in Slovakia over a three-year period, starting in 2006. In 2009, an evaluation of land cover/use was carried out. This article presents the process of preparing, securing, conducting and researching the management of land cover and land use in Slovakia. The survey was launched in 201 2. The classification base consists of eight categories of land cover and land use, which are broken down into more detail. The result is a structured database of images and digital records for 2,455 selected points. The largest class mapped is forestland. The stabilization of the sampling scheme allowed the construction of a time series for monitoring land cover changes for selected types. ; Projekt LUCAS pokrenut je na temelju odluke Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća Europske unije u svibnju 2000. Eurostat je 2001. godine pokrenuo pilot projekt LUCAS u bliskoj suradnji s Ravnateljstvom za poljoprivredu i tehničku podršku ruralnom razvoju Zajedničkog istraživačkog centra. Glavni je cilj projekta zajednička, usklađena izmjera poljoprivrednih podataka i podataka okoliša in situ primjenom dokumentacije GNSS-a i fotografija odrebenih, georeferenciranih točaka. Istraživanje je provedeno u Slovačkoj u razdoblju od tri godine s početkom 2006. godine. U 2009. provedena je procjena zemljišnoga pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta. U radu se opisuje postupak pripreme, osiguravanja, vođenja i upravljanja istraživanjem zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta u Slovačkoj. Izmjera je pokrenuta 2012. godine. Osnova klasifikacije sastoji se od osam glavnih klasa zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta koje se dijele u detaljnije klase. Rezultat istraživanja je strukturirana baza slika i digitalnih zapisa za 2455 odabranih točaka. Najveća kartirana klasa je šumsko zemljište. Stabilizacija sheme uzorkovanja omogućila je izradu vremenskih nizova za nadzor promjene zemljišnog pokrova na odabranim tipovima zemljišnog pokrova.

Promjene zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta rezultat su složene interakcije čovjeka i okoliša. U radu se analizira promjena zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta u Donjoneretvanskom kraju 1990. – 2020. godine. Promjene političkoga i ekonomskoga sustava početkom 1990-ih posredno su i neposredno utjecale na promjene u pejzažu. Obradom multispektralnih snimaka izrađeni su kartografski prikazi zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta za 1990., 2005. i 2020. godinu. Osnovni izvor podatka bile su multispektralne satelitske snimke Landsat 5, Landsat 7 i Landsat 8. Struktura zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta utvrđena je hibridnim pristupom, tj. kombinacijom nenadzirane i ručne (vizualne) klasifikacije. Vrednovanje točnosti klasifikacija odrađeno je s pomoću matrice konfuzije i kappa koeficijenta. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je u navedenom razdoblju došlo do porasta udjela izgrađenih površina za gotovo 33 %. Poljoprivredne površine te šume i travnjaci također su zabilježili porast, dok je udio močvara i površina s oskudnom vegetacijom reduciran. ; Changes in land use and land cover are the result of complex interactions between humans and their environment. This study examines land use and land cover changes in the Lower Neretva Region between 1990 and 2020. Political and economic changes in the early 1990s resulted in changes in the landscape, both directly and indirectly. Multispectral image processing was used to create thematic maps of land use and land cover for 1990, 2005, and 2020. Satellite images from Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 were the main source of data. Land use and land cover structure was assessed using a hybrid approach, combining unsupervised and manual (visual) classification methods. An assessment of classification accuracy was carried out using a confusion matrix and kappa coefficient. According to the results of the study, the percentage of built-up areas increased by almost 33%. Agricultural land and forests and grasslands also increased, while the proportion of swamps and sparse vegetation areas decreased.

Potpuno točnih podataka o korištenju poljoprivrednog zemljišta u Hrvatskoj nema zbog ne sređene nacionalne baze podatka, odnosno nepovezanosti nadležnih tijela u provođenju učinkovite zemljišne politike. Ne postoji jedinstvena evidencija o poljoprivrednom zemljištu i o oblicima uporabe i raspolaganja. Katastar nije usklađen s gruntovnicom, a to dvoje nije usklađeno sa stvarnim stanjem. Od 60-tih i 70-tih godina prošlog stoljeća u Hrvatskoj se koriste: Bonitiranje zemljišta, Kovačević P. i sur. 1987., Kovačević P. (1983.), Pravilnik o mjerilima za utvrđivanje osobito vrijednog obradivog (P1) i vrijednog obradivog (P2) poljoprivrednog zemljišta, NN 23/19, te Okvir za procjenu zemljišta, FAO 1976 u dorađenoj verziji Vidaček Ž., 1981. Preporučena je primjena uz doradu FAO okvira procjene zemljišta, ibidum. U cilju kvalitetne implementacije predloženo je osnivanje "Projektnog savjeta za procjenu poljoprivrednog zemljišta Hrvatske" pri Ministarstvu poljoprivrede, Hrvatske agencije za poljoprivredu i hranu, Centru za tlo, dakako u suradnji sa znanstvenim institucijama. ; Fully accurate data on the use of agricultural land in Croatia are missing due to disordered national database, that is, the incompatibility of the competent authorities in the implementation of an effective land policy. There is no uniform record of agricultural land, forms of use and management. The cadastre is not aligned with the land register, and the two are not aligned with the actual situation. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the following have been used in Croatia: Land evalation, Kovačević P. et al. 1987, P. Kovačević (1983), Ordinance on the criteria for determining particularly suitable arable (S1) land and suitable arable (S2) land, NN 23/19, and finally A Framework for Land evaluation, FAO 1976, as revised by Vidaček Ž., 1981. The implementation of the FAO Framework is recommended to be refined and we propose the establishment of a "Project Council for Agricultural Land evaluation in Croatia" at the Ministry of Agriculture, Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Soil Center, in collaboration with scientific institutions.

Udžbenik Vojna topografija, koji se sastoji iz dva dijela: Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zem­ljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte, objavljen je 2012. go­dine. Izdavač je Ministarstvo obrane Republike Hrvatske – Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske – Hrvatsko vojno uči­lište "Petar Zrinski", autor je pukovnik doc. dr. sc. Mladen Paher­nik. Recenzenti su bili prof. dr. sc. Aleksandar Toskić i doc. dr. sc. Robert Župan, a lektorica i ko­rektorica Gabrijela Capjak, prof."Koncepcija sadržaja ovog udžbe­nika vezana je za postavljen koncept izobrazbe iz područja vojno-geografske grupe predmeta unutar vojnih škola Hrvatskog vojnog učilišta. Na temeljnoj razini školovanja časnika i dočasnika, potrebno je polaznicima dati temeljno znanje iz vojne topografije koje uklju­čuje prikaz topografskih elemenata ze­mljišta, orijentaciju u prostoru i čitanje topografskih karata. Upravo su te teme razrađene kroz udžbenike Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zemljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte. …" (iz Predgovora). ; The Military Topography text­book was published in 2012, consisting of two parts: Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps. It was published by the Ministry of Defence of the Repu­blic of Croatia – Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia – Croatian Military Academy "Petar Zrinski". The author is Colonel Assist. Prof. Dr. Mladen Pahernik. The textbook was reviewed by Prof. Dr. Ale­ksandar Toskić and Assist. Prof. Dr. Robert Župan and proofread by Gabrijela Capjak, Prof."The concept of this textbook's content is associated with the concept of education in the military-geographic group of subjects within military schools of the Croatian Military Academy. The fundamental level of educating officers and non-commissioned officers needs to provide attendants with basic military topography knowledge, including representation of topographic land objects, orientation in space and reading topographic maps. These topics are discussed in textbooks Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps…" (Preface).

This article is the first comparative study on the education of primary college women teachers in Slovenian and Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary through legislation and the organisation of women's teacher training colleges. The study consists of a historical comparative analysis covering the period from the emergence of the dualist Austria-Hungary (1867) until World War I (1914). During the period covered in this article, many changes were implemented in women's teacher education. Before the year 1869, women who wanted to become teachers acquired the necessary knowledge as nuns in monasteries, in private girls' schools, or at home. The Austrian school legislation of 1869 had a quantitative and qualitative influence on the development and organisation of women's teacher training colleges and on the quality of women's teacher education. Women teachers became state employees. Analysis of the legislation showed differences between the syllabuses of women's teacher training colleges in Slovenian and Croatian lands. The syllabuses were adapted to the requirements of individual lands. A comparison of their activities also shows differences in development, number, and organisation. New state women's teacher training colleges and private ones with public accreditation appeared. In Slovenian lands, under the Austrian school legislation, the development of four-year women's teacher training colleges was somewhat faster than in Croatian lands. The comparison shows that private women's teacher training colleges were predominant and women's teacher education became more standardised and professionalised both in Slovenian and Croatian lands. ; Rad daje uvid u obrazovanje osnovnoškolskih učiteljica u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama Austro-Ugarske Monarhije preko zakonodavstva i organizacije ženskih učiteljskih škola. Istraživanje se sastoji od povijesne komparativne analize razdoblja između 1867. i 1914. godine. Pojavom Dvojne Monarhije dolazi do promjena u obrazovanju učiteljica. One se mogu najprije identificirati na temelju školskoga zakonodavstva. Učiteljice postaju državne službenice. Javljaju se nove državne ženske učiteljske škole, ali i one privatne s pravom javnosti. Analiza zakonodavstva pokazala je razlike između nastavnih planova u učiteljskim školama u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama unutar Monarhije. Komparacija njihovih aktivnosti također pokazuje razlike u razvoju, broju i organizaciji. U slovenskim zemljama, koje potpadaju pod austrijsko školsko zakonodavstvo, razvitak četverogodišnjih škola za učiteljice tekao je nešto brže nego u hrvatskim zemljama. Usporedba pokazuje da u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama dominiraju privatne škole za učiteljice.

Rad daje uvid u obrazovanje osnovnoškolskih učiteljica u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama Austro-Ugarske Monarhije preko zakonodavstva i organizacije ženskih učiteljskih škola. Istraživanje se sastoji od povijesne komparativne analize razdoblja između 1867. i 1914. godine. Pojavom Dvojne Monarhije dolazi do promjena u obrazovanju učiteljica. One se mogu najprije identificirati na temelju školskoga zakonodavstva. Učiteljice postaju državne službenice. Javljaju se nove državne ženske učiteljske škole, ali i one privatne s pravom javnosti. Analiza zakonodavstva pokazala je razlike između nastavnih planova u učiteljskim školama u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama unutar Monarhije. Komparacija njihovih aktivnosti također pokazuje razlike u razvoju, broju i organizaciji. U slovenskim zemljama, koje potpadaju pod austrijsko školsko zakonodavstvo, razvitak četverogodišnjih škola za učiteljice tekao je nešto brže nego u hrvatskim zemljama. Usporedba pokazuje da u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama dominiraju privatne škole za učiteljice. ; This article is the first comparative study on the education of primary college women teachers in Slovenian and Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary through legislation and the organisation of women's teacher training colleges. The study consists of a historical comparative analysis covering the period from the emergence of the dualist Austria-Hungary (1867) until World War I (1914). During the period covered in this article, many changes were implemented in women's teacher education. Before the year 1869, women who wanted to become teachers acquired the necessary knowledge as nuns in monasteries, in private girls' schools, or at home. The Austrian school legislation of 1869 had a quantitative and qualitative influence on the development and organisation of women's teacher training colleges and on the quality of women's teacher education. Women teachers became state employees. Analysis of the legislation showed differences between the syllabuses of women's teacher training colleges in Slovenian and Croatian lands. The syllabuses were adapted to the requirements of individual lands. A comparison of their activities also shows differences in development, number, and organisation. New state women's teacher training colleges and private ones with public accreditation appeared. In Slovenian lands, under the Austrian school legislation, the development of four-year women's teacher training colleges was somewhat faster than in Croatian lands. The comparison shows that private women's teacher training colleges were predominant and women's teacher education became more standardised and professionalised both in Slovenian and Croatian lands.

Blaženka Mičević defended her doctoral dissertation titled Development of Agricultural Land Administration System within the Agricultural Policy Context of the Republic of Croatia at the Faculty of Geodesy, University in Zagreb on May 6, May 2016. The doctoral dissertation was defended in front of a committee composed of three members, Prof. Tomislav Bašić, PhD, Assist. Prof. Hrvoje Tomić, PhD, and Kristina Svržnjak, PhD, from the College of Agriculture in Križevci. The candidate's mentor was Prof. Siniša Mastelic Ivic, PhD.The doctoral dissertation is structured into following chapters:1 Introduction and research hypothesis2 Review of previous research3 Overview of the state of land policy4 Registers of agricultural land in the Republic of Croatia5 Disposition of the land owned by the Republic of Croatia6 Research analyses and results7 Overview of results8 Conclusion ; Blaženka Mičevič obranila je 6. svibnja 2016. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveucilišta u Zagrebudoktorsku disertaciju Razvoj sustava za upravljanje poljoprivrednim zemljištem u okviru poljoprivredne politike Republike Hrvatske. Doktorski rad obranjen je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu prof. dr. sc. Tomislav Bašić, doc. dr. sc. Hrvoje Tomić i dr. sc. Kristina Svržnjak s Visokog gospodarskog učilišta u Križevcima. Mentor je bio prof. dr. sc. Siniša Mastelic Ivić.Doktorski rad podijeljen je na ova osnovna poglavlja:1. Uvod i postavljanje hipoteze2. Pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja3. Prikaz stanja zemljišne politike4. Evidencije poljoprivrednog zemljišta u Republici Hrvatskoj5. Raspolaganje poljoprivrednim zemljištem u vlasništvu Republike Hrvatske6. Analize i rezultati istraživanja7. Pregled postignutih rezultata8. Zaključak

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAZa ovogodišnje lipanjske Dane hrvatskoga šumarstva održana je panel rasprava o trenutnoj situaciji u šumama Hrvatske. Naziv rasprave bio je "Hoće li nas šume nadživjeti?". Svrha skupa bila je informirati širu javnost o stanju šumskih ekosustava, ali i o promjenama koje se događaju u njima. Govori li sam naziv skupa dovoljno o ozbiljnosti situacije u kojoj se nalaze naše šume? Promijenjeni klimatski uvjeti koji vladaju na početku 21. stoljeća, donijeli su mnogo neprilika u šumama posljednjih pet godina. Tome treba pribrojiti i nikad veću trgovačku globalizaciju, što doprinosi bržem i lakšem širenju invazivnih vrsta bolesti i štetnika. Danas gotovo da nema ni jedne značajnije šumske vrste drveća koja nema svojih problema. Šume Gorskog kotara sastavljene od jele, bukve i smreke stradale su uslijed klimatskih ekstrema, a potom potkornjaka, nizinske šume hrasta lužnjaka napadnute su hrastovom mrežastom stjenicom, a šume poljskog jasena ubrzano propadaju uslijed više čimbenika, posebice Halare, dok dalmatinske borove šume ozbiljno ugrožava borov potkornjak. Tu su i šumski požari nakon kojih uslijed erozija nestaje i šumsko tlo, što umnogome onemogućuje sanaciju i vodi degradaciji šume. Tako ugroženim šumama smanjuju se financijska sredstva za njihov zaštitu i obnovu, što je sad i definitivno ozakonjeno Zakonom o šumama (NN 68/2018) koji je stupio na snagu 4. kolovoza 2018. O prijedlogu zakona pisali smo u Šumarskom listu 5-6/2018. Saborska rasprava nije donijela zaokret u odnosu na zakonski prijedlog koji je usvojila Vlada Republike Hrvatske. Zakon je ustvari na tragu programa Vlade RH za područje gospodarstva, poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja iz listopada 2016. godine. Šumarstvo se u tom programu spominje u potpoglavlju "Aktivno upravljanje šumama, veća proizvodnja i više radnih mjesta u domaćoj drvnoj industriji" s rečenicom: Izmjenom zakonske regulative Vlada će poboljšati i otkloniti poteškoće u načinu raspolaganja šumama i šumskim zemljištima, provoditi razminiranje šuma i šumskog zemljišta, sprječavati ilegalne sječe i trgovine i poticati razvoj domaće drvne industrije koja proizvodi drvni proizvod. Smatramo da takav program baš i nije poticajan za šume i šumska zemljišta. Razminiranje je svakako unaprjeđenje u upravljanju i gospodarenju šumama koje se provodi godinama, kao i najavljeno sprječavanje ilegalne sječe i trgovine, samo za to nema dovoljno pozitivnih pokazatelja, jer je takva djelatnost postala jako unosna na štetu šume i šumovlasnika / šumoposjednika. Početkom godine donesen je i Zakon o poljoprivrednom zemljištu (NN 20/2018, na snazi od 9. ožujka 2018.) koji je propisao, kao i Zakon o šumama, izdvajanje iz šumsko-gospodarske osnove zapuštenog poljoprivrednog zemljišta koje se može privesti poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji i mogućnost davanja takvog zemljišta sukladno Programu raspolaganja u zakup ili prodaju. Omogućeno je i za zemljišta izvan građevinskog područja koja se u katastru vode kao poljoprivredna zemljišta, a u pravilu su zapuštena, da se uključe u šumskogospodarsko područje, jer su troškovi njihovog privođenja poljoprivrednoj namjeni veći od tržišne vrijednosti ili ukupnog iznosa zakupnine toga zemljišta. Ove odredbe trebale bi napokon omogućiti svrsishodnu raspodjelu zemljišta na poljoprivredno i šumsko te njihovo stvarno korištenje. Novi Zakon o šumama uvažio je višegodišnje primjedbe obveznika plaćanja naknade za općekorisne funkcije šuma (OKFŠ), što je u javnosti i medijima često prvo bilo na udaru kao nepotreban i neshvaćen "parafiskalni" namet. Sad se 90 % dosadašnjih obveznika (oko 180 tisuća) izuzima iz plaćanja naknade, jer je prag za obvezu plaćanja godišnji prihod ili primitak veći od 3 milijuna kuna uz zadržanu visinu stope naknade od 0,0265 %. Uvaženo je i traženje jedinica lokalne samouprave o povećanju stopa šumskog doprinosa, pa su one povećane s 3,5 % na 5 % i za jedinice na potpomognutim područjima s 5 % na 10 % prodajne cijene proizvoda na panju. Zakon je uveo i definiciju šumoposjednika: javni šumoposjednik ovlašten za gospodarenje šumom i/ili šumskim zemljištem u vlasništvu Republike Hrvatske, javna ustanova čiji je osnivač Republika Hrvatska i njezine znanstveno-nastavne sastavnice, koje svoju znanstveno-nastavnu djelatnost i znanstvenoistraživački rad obavljaju iz područja šumarstva, pravna osoba čiji je osnivač i vlasnik jedinica lokalne samouprave, a kojoj se odlukom Vlade povjerava gospodarenje te privatni šumoposjednik s podjelom na male (do 20 ha šume i/ili šumskog zemljišta), srednje (od 20 do 300 ha) i velike (većim od 300 ha) šumoposjednike. Za šumskogospodarsko područje ustanovljuje se Registar pri Ministarstvu koji se vodi u elektroničkom obliku, a bit će dostupan pod određenim uvjetima. Registar će sadržavati i dio za izvješćivanje potreban za ispunjavanja međunarodnih i nacionalnih obveza iz sektora šumarstva. Zakon predviđa i izdvajanje namjenskih sredstva u poseban fond za razvoj drvne industrije, što je također jedna od predviđenih aktivnosti u programu Vlade iz 2016. godine.Novi Zakon o šumama pokušao je uvažiti razne promjene koje su se dogodile od donošenja prošloga zakona iz 2005. godine, a koje su nivelirane izmjenama i dopunama kroz proteklih 13 godina, njih ukupno osam. Pokušao se uskladiti i s drugim zakonima iz područja poljoprivrede, zaštite pri­ro­de i okoliša, te strategije EU za šume i sektor koji se temelji na šumama. Potrebno je još uskladiti i donijeti sve podzakonske akte vezane uz zakon.Pitamo se hoće li odredbe novog Zakona o šumama biti na tragu rješavanja nagomilanih problema u šumama Hrvatske?Uredništvo ; EDITORIALA panel addressing the current condition of Croatian forests was organized on the occasion of Days of Croatian Forestry that were held in June 2018. The title of the discussion was "Will forests outlive mankind?" The purpose of the panel was to inform broader public of the condition of forest ecosystems, as well as of the changes taking place in them. Does the title of the panel reflect the seriousness of the danger facing our forests? In the last five years, changed climate conditions occurring at the beginning of the 21st century have inflicted major problems to the forests. Add to this general market globalisation, which contributes to the faster and easier spread of invasive diseases and pests. There is not one important forest tree species today that does not have problems. Forests of Gorski Kotar, which are composed of fir, beech, and spruce, have succumbed to climatic extremes and to attacks of bark beetles. Lowland forests of pedunculate oak are infested with the oak lace bug, while forests of narrow-leaved ash are rapidly deteriorating under the cumulative action of several factors, particularly Halare. Dalmatian pine forests are severely threatened by the pine bark beetle. Forest fires also cause extensive damage. The subsequent erosions lead to the loss of forest soils, which greatly hinders recovery and contributes to the degradation of forests. The financial means needed to protect and regenerate such forests are being minimized and this has now definitely been incorporated in the new Forest Act (Official Gazette 68/2018), which came into effect on August 4th, 2018. A parliamentary discussion did not bring about any changes with regard to the proposed act, which was adopted by the Government of the Republic of Croatia. The Act in fact follows the Government programme for the field of economy, agriculture and rural development of October 2016. In the said programme forestry is addressed in the sub-chapter "Active management of forests, higher production and more work places in the domestic wood industry" with the following sentence: By changing legal regulations, the Government will remove obstacles and improve ways of managing forests and forest land. It will also undertake demining operations in forests and forest land, prevent illegal felling and trade and stimulate the development of domestic wood industry which produces wood products. In our opinion, such programme is not really stimulative for forests and forest land. Demining is certainly an improvement in the management of forests and it has been carried out for years, and so is the announced prevention of illegal felling and trade. However, there are not enough positive indicators for this, since these activities have become very profitable at the detriment of forests and forest owners. At the beginning of the year the Agricultural Land Act was passed (Official Gazette 20/2018, in effect since March 9th, 2018), which regulated, as did the Forest Act, the exclusion of abandoned agricultural land from the forest-management plan and its conversion to agricultural production, as well as the possibility of leasing or selling such land in accordance with the Disposition Programme. The Act also allows for the land outside construction areas, which is listed as agricultural land in the land register but is abandoned in reality, to be included in the forest-management area, since the cost of converting the land for agricultural purposes is higher than the market value or the total amount of rent for such land. These provisions should finally enable a rational division of land into agricultural and forest land, and consequently its proper usage. The new Forest Act has also adopted long-lasting objections made by those obliged to pay a non-market forest function fee. The public and the media often harshly criticized this fee as an unnecessary and incomprehensible "parafiscal" tax. Now, 90% of those obliged to pay the fee (about 180 thousand subjects) are exempt from paying the fee, since the threshold for the obligation has been set down at an annual income or profit higher than 3 million kuna, while the rate of the fee has been retained at 0.0265 %. Demands by local self-management units to raise the rate of forest contribution have also been adopted, and it has accordingly been raised from 3.5 % to 5 %, while for units in subsidized areas it has been raised from 5 % to 10 % of the selling price of the product before felling. The Act also defines a forest owner: a public forest owner authorized to manage a forest and/or forest land owned by the Republic of Croatia, a public institution whose founder is the Republic of Croatia and its scientific-teaching components which carry out their scientific-teaching activity and scientific-research work in the field of forestry, a legal person whose founder and owner is the local self-management unit and which is entrusted with management by a Government decision, and a private forest owner. Private forest owners are divided into small (up to 20 ha of forests and/or forest land), medium (from 20 to 300 ha) and large (more than 300 ha) forest owners. A Register of a forest-management area in the electronic form will be established by the Ministry, and it will be available under certain conditions. The Register will contain a reporting part needed to fulfil international and national obligations in the forestry sector. The Act also provides for the allocation of earmarked means into a special fund for the development of the wood industry, which is also one of the activities in the Government programme from 2016. The new Forest Act has attempted to incorporate different changes taking place since the previous Act of 2005 was passed. There have been a total of eight changes, which have been adjusted by revisions and amendments over the past 13 years. The Act is also coordinated with other laws from the field of agriculture, nature and environment protection, and the EU strategy for forests and forest-based sector. All by-laws related to the Act need to be coordinated and passed.We wonder whether the regulations of the new Forest Act will try to solve the growing problems in the forests of Croatia. Editorial Board

Članak pruža interdisciplinarni uvid u svjesno inicirane ekonomske i okolišne promjene na primjeru ranonovovjekovnoga pothvata privatnoga projekta isušivanja močvara na feudalnom posjedu Borelli u Vrani. Cilj usporedbe kartografskih i demografskih statističkih podataka bio je pronaći naznake promjena koje je okolišni zahvat izazvao te kvantificirati ekonomski, ekološki i demografski napredak u promatranim izvorima. Fokus je stavljen na pronalaženje konkretne veze između proširivanja obradivih površina isušivanjem i postupnoga sveukupnog razvitka Ravnih kotara. Pokušaj kvantitativne analize kartografskih izvora nije ponudio mjerljive rezultate, prije svega zbog kartometrijske i sadržajne neusporedivosti dostupnih izvora. Kvalitativna je analiza pokazala da je isušivanje močvara te bonifikacija potencijalno vrlo plodna tla, uz naseljavanje novih stočarskih poreznih obveznika u nepovoljnim okolnostima, predstavljalo tek jednu od pretpostavaka za demografski rast. S druge su strane mletačko-osmansko ratovanje i političko-vojni pritisci na duže vrijeme pretvorili Vranu, nekada plodnu žitnicu, u ekološki nestabilan, ekonomski i socijalno devastiran te demografski opustošen kraj. ; This paper shows interdisciplinary insight into economy-driven early modern environmental change, using the example of the privately financed venture of marshland reclamation on Count Borelli's Vrana Estate. The research goal was to compare cartographic and demographic statistical sources to see how such an improvement was represented in correlated data, and if certain quantitative features of ecological, economic, and demographic development could be accurately measured. The focus was on the direct relationship between the enlargement of arable fields by drainage and the gradual overall advancement of the area. Quantitative analysis failed to offer reliable results, primarily due to inconsistent cartometric and content comparability of available sources. Qualitative analysis revealed that marshland drainage and soil improvement of potentially very fertile land, along with the colonisation of new inhabitants as agrarian land users and taxpayers, provided a moderate opportunity for demographic increase in rather depressive circumstances. Due to Venetian-Ottoman wars, the once agriculturally prosperous area of Vrana was rendered into an ecologically-unstable, economically-devastated, politically and militarily-pressured, socially-wrecked, and demographically half-deserted landscape.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAZa tematiku i aktualnost ove rubrike Šumarskoga lista očito nije potrebno brinuti. Naime, svako malo mediji nam prenose vijesti o novim nesporazumima pa i sukobima šumarske struke i amaterskih udruga, koje si umišljaju da sve znaju o šumarstvu. Interesantno, primjerice u kirurgiju se ne petljaju! Tako ovih dana u Glasu Istre čitamo: Nastavlja se fajt oko Motovunske šume – Tartufari uzvraćaju udarac: Hrvatske šume ponašaju se kao feudalac! Šire o tome pisat ćemo na temelju egzaktnih podataka u jednoj od rubrika sljedećeg dvobroja Šumarskoga lista. Ovdje ćemo komentirati Zakon i ulogu Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o.Feudalizam je oblik društvenog odnosa koji je prevladavao u srednjem i dijelu novoga vijeka, ukinut 1848. godine, a feudalac je vlasnik zemljišta za kojega drugi rade. Da li su Hrvatske šume d.o.o. vlasnik zemljišta-šume i da li odgovaraju tome kriteriju? Za odgovor na ovo pitanje pozivamo se ponajprije na zakon, u ovome slučaju Zakon o šumama, koji u članku 2. (1) kaže: Šume i šumska zemljišta dobra su od interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku te imaju njezinu osobnu zaštitu, a u istom članku (3) Vlada Republike Hrvatske upravlja šumama i šumskim zemljištem u interesu Republike Hrvatske, prema u daljnjem tekstu navedenim načelima. Članak 3. (1) navodi: Šume i šumska zemljišta specifično su šumsko bogatstvo te s općekorisnim i gospodarskim funkcijama šuma uvjetuju poseban način planiranja, gospodarenja i korištenja na načelu održivog gospodarenja šumama. (2) Održivo gospodarenje šumama znači korištenje šuma i šumskog zemljišta na način, i u mjeri, koja održava njihovu bioraznolikost, produktivnost, kapacitet za regeneraciju, vitalnost i potencijal da trenutačno i ubuduće ispune odgovarajuće ekološke, gospodarske i društvene funkcije na lokalnoj, nacionalnoj i globalnoj razini te koja ne uzrokuje štetu drugim ekosustavima. Po tome načelu potrajnosti, hrvatskim šumama šumarska struka gospodari već više od 250 godina. Uz ­gospodarske funkcije šuma (proizvodnju drvnih sortimenata, proizvodnju šumskog reprodukcijskog materijala i proizvodnju nedrvnih šumskih proizvoda), treba imati na umu da ona osigurava i njene općekorisne funkcije navedene u članku 4. (1) do (9). Dakle, u gospodarenju s tim najsloženijim ekosustavom nema mjesta amaterizmu i interesnim skupinama! Žalosno je i nelogično, ali istinito, da je politika koja treba strogo zagovarati Zakon, češćesklonija njima nego struci. Imajući u vidu prethodno rečeno o šumi kao specifičnom šumskom bogatstvu, logično je da operativno njima može upravljati i gospodariti specifična pravna osoba koja posjeduje potrebnu infrastrukturu, opremu i posebice visoko stručne kadrove. Kada je riječ o visokostručnim kadrovima opetovano ističemo, kako se još u 19. stoljeću odlučilo da šumama trebaju upravljati i gospodariti fakultetski obrazovani stručnjaci, pa ističemo da je i šumarska fakultetska nastava u Hrvatskoj uspostavljena već 20. listopada 1898. godine. Stoga je logično da upravljanje i gospodarenje šumama Vlada Republike Hrvatske povjerava javnom šumoposjedniku Hrvatske šume d.o.o. čiji je osnivač. Članak 44. (1) propisuje: Javni šumoposjednik i Ustanova (kada se radi o zaštićenim šumama) dužni su osigurati zaštitu šuma i šumskih zemljišta u vlasništvu Republike Hrvatske od protupravnog prisvajanja, korištenja i drugih protupravnih radnji te provoditi šumski red. Iz svega je razvidno da je sve zakonom propisano i da su Hrvatske šume d. o. o. provoditelj Zakona o šumama, a nikako feudalac. No, kada raspravljamo o stanju u našoj Državi, počevši od društvenih odnosa, gospodarstva, pa sve do prevelikog uvoza "svega i svačega", svima su "puna usta" Pravne države, naravno samo kada to njima ide u prilog, a briga ih za opći interes.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALWe should never be concerned about the themes and topicality of this column of Forestry Journal. Every now and then the media reports on the latest misunderstandings and even conflicts between the forestry profession and amateur associations which imagine that they know everything about forestry. Interestingly, they never meddle in surgery, for example. The Voice of Istria recently wrote: The battle of the Motovun Forest continues - Truffle hunting people strike back: The company Croatian Forests Ltd behaves like a feudal lord! This topic will be dealt with more extensively on the basis of exact data in one of the columns of the next double issue of Forestry Journal.Feudalism is a form of social system that prevailed in the Middle and part of the New Age and was abolished in 1848. A feudal lord was a land owner who had other people working for him. Is the company Croatian Forests Ltd the owner of the land - forest and does it match these criteria? To answer these questions we should first consult the law, in this case the Forest Law. Article 2 (1) of the said Law states: Forests and forest land are natural goods of interest to the Republic of Croatia and enjoy its particular protection. In the same article (3) it is stated that the Government of the Republic of Croatia manages forests and forest land in the interest of the Republic of Croatia according to the principles listed further on. Article 3 (1) states: Forests and forest land constitute specific forest wealth and together with non-market and market forest functions dictate a particular manner of planning, management and usage according to the principles of sustainable forest management. (2) Sustainable management of forests means using forests and forest land in the manner and to the extent to which it maintains its biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and potential to, now and in the future, fulfil the relevant ecological, economic and social functions locally, nationally and globally without inflicting harm to other ecosystems. The Croatian forestry profession has applied the principle of sustainability to Croatian forests for over 250 years. In addition to commercial forest functions (production of wood assortments, production of forest reproductive material and production of non-wood forest products), we should bear in mind that it also ensures its non-market functions listed in article 4 (1) to (9). Therefore, management of this most complex ecosystem excludes amateurism and interest groups! Sadly and illogically, but true, politics which should strictly enforce the Law, is more often inclined to them than to the profession. In view of what was said above about the forest as specific forest wealth, it is logical that it should operatively be managed by a specific legal entity which has the necessary infrastructure, equipment and highly skilled personnel in particular. As for highly skilled personnel, we repeatedly point out that it was decided no later than 19th century that forests should be managed by academically educated experts. Furthermore, the university forestry education in Croatia was established as early as 20th October 1898. It is logical, therefore, that the Government of the Republic of Croatia entrusted the company Croatian Forests Ltd, a public forest owner which it founded, with forest planning and management. Article 44 (1) states: The public forest owner and Institution (in case of protected forests) are obliged by law to ensure the protection of forests and forest land owned by the Republic of Croatia from unlawful appropriation, use and other illegal activities, as well as enforce the forest order. Clearly, everything is regulated by law: hence, the company Croatian Forests Ltd is the law enforcer and by no means a feudal lord. Yet, when we discuss the situation in our State, starting from social relations, economy and excessive import of "anything and everything", we all swear by the legal State, but only when it is in our favour, while public interest is of no concern whatsoever.Editorial Board

Gradska uprava u Varaždinu sastavljala je popise vlasnika fundusa za potrebe ubiranja redovnih i izvanrednih poreza i gradskih pristojbi. Iz druge polovice 17. stoljeća sačuvano je deset popisa od kojih je posljednji, iz 1698. godine, cjelovit, a ostali se odnose na pojedine gradske četvrti. Popisi također donose informacije o broju fundusa koje su posjedovali isusovci, pavlini, prelati, Varaždinski generalat i tridesetnica koji su, kao vlasnici gradskih zemljišta, također bili obavezni plaćati poreze. Porez se plaćao prema veličini fundusa. Analiza prosječne veličine posjeda potvrđuje da su tijekom druge polovice 17. stoljeća povećane ekonomske i socijalne razlike unutar gradskog društva. Stanovnici unutrašnjeg grada posjedovali su prosječno 1,5 - 2 fundusa, a u suburbijima 1,1 - 1,4. Na prosječnu veličinu posjeda utjecali su vlasnici većeg broja fundusa, samostani, Crkva, vojne i civilne službe Kraljevine, čiji broj fundusa raste posebno u unutrašnjem gradu. Oni posjeduju više od 20 posto gradskog zemljišta. Najveći pojedinačni vlasnici su isusovce. Većim brojem fundusa raspolažu također suci, senatori te plemstvo. U suburbijima pratimo suprotan proces, umjesto povećanja, postojeći fundusi se dijele na sve manje čestice. To je pokazatelj veće gustoće stanovanja u suburbijima, ali i sve većeg broja siromašnih građana čija je ekonomska snaga u padu. Uz analizu ekonomskih i socijalnih procesa u gradu popisi su izvor za procjenu broja stanovnika Varaždina krajem 17. stoljeća. Na temelju broja nastanjenih fundusa i prosječnog broja ukućana procijenjeno je da je krajem 17. stoljeća u gradu živjelo između 2850 i 3350 stanovnika. Popisi sadrže, uz ime i veličinu fundusa, informacije o smještaju, vrsti, kvaliteti zemljišta i iznosu plaćenog poreza ili pristojbe te je važan izvor za povijest katastra grada Varaždina. ; The city authorities in Varaždin compiled a number of lists of estate owners with the purpose of collecting the regular and supplementary taxes as well as other levies imposed by the city government. From the second half of the 17th century nine such records have been preserved, the last of which, dating from 1698, is a complete document, while the rest refer only to certain city areas. The records also provide information on the number of parcels owned by Jesuits, Pauline Fathers, prelates, members of the Varaždin Generalate, and customs offices, which, as owners of city parcels, were also required to pay taxes. The amount of these taxes depended on the size of their parcels. The analysis of the average size of estates shows that there is a noticeable economic and social divergence in the city during the second half of the 17th century. While the inner-city inhabitants owned 1.5 – 2 plots on average, in the suburbs the average estate size was between 1.1 and 1.4 plots. The average size of estates was affected by the owners of a larger number of plots, such as monasteries, the Church, and both military and civil services of the Kingdom. The number of their plots, particularly in the inner city is increasing and at the end of the 17th century they own more than twenty percent of city lands. The biggest individual owners are Jesuits. A larger number of plots is also owned by judges, senators and noblemen. In the suburbs, there is a completely different process at work. Instead of augmentation, the estates are being divided into smaller parcels of land. This proves a higher population density in the suburban areas, which resulted in an increased number of the poor and those citizens whose economic power is in decline. Besides allowing the analysis of the economic and social processes in the city, the records are a valuable source in estimating the number of inhabitants in Varaždin at the end of the 17th century. Taking into consideration the number of uninhabited plots and the average number of household members, between 2,850 and 3,350 inhabitants are estimated to have lived in Varaždin at that time. Except for the names and plot sizes, the records also contain the information on locations, types, quality of these lands and the amount of taxes and duties paid. They are therefore an important source in investigating the history of the land register of the city of Varaždin.