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The article examines international experience in the field of judicial protection of land rights and settlement of land disputes. The author analyzes the legal structure of a series of countries of the world and the practice of the specialized judicial agencies. The positive experience of the work of land courts, achieved by different States, is summarized. The analysis of the jurisdiction of land and environmental courts of Australia, Scotland, Sweden, the USA, the Dominican Republic is conducted. On the basis of the conducted research the author gives reasons for a set of proposals concerning the organization of work of the specialized land courts in the Russian Federation.

La Constitución Española de 1978 en su artículo segundo reconoce y garantiza el Derecho a la autonomía de las regiones que componen el Estado.Las particularidades de los diferentes pueblos y territorios de España estructuran el Estado español y provocaron en el pasado dos Guerras Carlistas; la Revolución de 1888; la Republica federal de 1873 y el Estado regional de la 2da. República, en las cuales se buscaron diversas fórmulas para resolver la cuestión plurinacional del Estado español.Mientras el régimen franquista estableció un plan centralizado, la Constitución del 78 supuso un cambio de 180 grados con respecto al régimen anterior, con la autonomía de las regiones que se constituyen con 17 Comunidades Autónomas además de las Ciudades Autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla.Las Comunidades tienen sus competencias propias en relación a su financiamiento, derecho civil, fuerzas policiales locales, enseñanza y otras materias, mientras son competencia exclusiva del Estado la nacionalidad, relaciones internacionales, defensa y fuerzas armadas e inmigración, así como varios tributos.El Tribunal Constitucional es competente para resolver los conflictos competenciales entre Estado y las Comunidades.En la actualidad se plantea nuevamente la situación de las Comunidades con motivo de la deuda que han adquirido dichas Autonomías, que superan los 120 mil millones de euros, a lo que se agrega una burocracia ineficaz, lo que conlleva que para similares trámites existan '3 ventanillas': Comunidad, Alcaldía y Ayuntamientos (municipios).Nadie discute la base de la estructura jurídico-política de la Constitución de 1978 con el establecimiento de las Autonomías, que permitió mantener el concepto de la indisolubilidad del Estado español.La comunidad más endeudada es Cataluña, que alcanza a los 30 mil millones; Valencia se sitúa en 16 mil millones, y Madrid en 12 mil millones. En relación a los Ayuntamientos, los municipios más endeudados son Madrid con una deuda de 7.100 millones de euros; Barcelona, 794 millones; y Málaga, 702 millones.En la actualidad los gobiernos regionales son responsables del 40% del gasto público por lo que las políticas de ajustes del Gobierno Central sólo alcanza al 20% del gasto total. Si no existiera una corrección a nivel de las Comunidades Autónomas y Ayuntamientos, España no podría alcanzar el objetivo comunitario de un déficit menor al 3% del PBI.El gasto autonómico se centra principalmente en las partidas de Educación y Sanidad que significan el 60% del total de sus egresos.El Banco de España, y algunos Partidos Políticos, sugieren aumentar el control sobre el endeudamiento autonómico y establecer un sistema simplificado y regulatorio, que sea eficaz y evite duplicidades.En Alemania la situación se encuentra reglada por la Ley Fundamental de 1949 en la cual se establece los principios de Cooperación y Subsidiaridad entre la Federación, las Regiones y las Ciudades.El Gobierno Federal tiene competencia exclusiva en política exterior, defensa, fuerzas armadas, aduanas, inmigración, energía, terrorismo y nacionalidad.Los Lander o Regiones son competentes en cultura, educación, seguridad interior y tributos (con partida) y las autonomías en cuanto a vivienda y funcionarios locales.En materia de fiscalidad se establece que las Regiones recaudan los impuestos cooperativos con hacienda central, yendo un 43% de los ingresos a la federación, un 40% a los Lander, y un 12% a los municipios.Otro elemento distintivo de la estructura política de Alemania se encuentra en el papel central que tiene el Senado en relación a las Regiones, que le permite ejercer aún el Derecho al Veto a las leyes aprobadas por el Legislativo regional.A diferencia de la estructura política institucional de España, los analistas consideran que Alemania posee una arquitectura jurídica institucional más eficaz, responsable financieramente y representativa de sus diversidades regionales.*Escritor, Periodista, Analista Internacional, Ex Embajador.

This article analyses the urbanistic legislation, that has been recently approved in Castilla y León, the Law 5/1999. It is studied the chapters of this law, explainig the different clasifications of the land, owners' rights and duties and the different laws that must be respected depending on the type of land: non consolidated urban land or development land. ; Este artículo analiza la legislación urbanística recientemente aprobada en la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León, la Ley 5/1999. Se hace un repaso de los distintos capítulos que describe esta ley, explicando las diversas clasificaciones del suelo, los derechos y deberes de los propietarios del suelo y las distintas normativas que afectan al suelo en función de su clasificación, ya sea suelo urbano no consolidado o suelo urbanizable.

A few years ago, only some students of geography knew that Ebola was the name of a small river in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 1976, in the village of Yambuku, a man died of a rare hemorrhagic fever which alerted the scientific world. Rumor has it that this man bought a fruit bat and later cooked and ate it, along with his family; some days later, all of them died. The cause of these deaths was a virus that was later called the Ebola virus (1). After this event, the epidemic spread throughout the town and then to other places. Today, about 4 000 people worldwide have been killed by the virus, including one case in the United States, two in Spain and one in Brazil. Only 1 in 10 infected patients survive and poor calculations estimate 20 000 people infected, especially in the West African republics. ; A few years ago, only some students of geography knew that Ebola was the name of a small river in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 1976, in the village of Yambuku, a man died of a rare hemorrhagic fever which alerted the scientific world. Rumor has it that this man bought a fruit bat and later cooked and ate it, along with his family; some days later, all of them died. The cause of these deaths was a virus that was later called the Ebola virus (1). After this event, the epidemic spread throughout the town and then to other places. Today, about 4 000 people worldwide have been killed by the virus, including one case in the United States, two in Spain and one in Brazil. Only 1 in 10 infected patients survive and poor calculations estimate 20 000 people infected, especially in the West African republics.

Master de Producció i Recerca Artística, Facultat de Belles Arts, Universitat de Barcelona, curs: 2017-2018, Tutor: Valera, Albert ; [spa] En mi propuesta artística hay un interés por indagar acerca de problemáticas del ámbito social latinoamericano y en especial Colombia, tomando como punto de partida situaciones derivadas de la violencia. Al indagar sobre temas como el dolor a partir de acontecimientos históricos, mi obra funciona como una reivindicación con las víctimas de estas tragedias olvidadas, tratando de evidenciar las difíciles condiciones que persisten en algunas regiones del continente. Si bien en la historia reciente de Latinoamérica la minería ha originado diversas problemáticas sociales y políticas, la sociedad debe afrontar nuevas situaciones derivadas del neo-colonialismo. En este sentido la obra surge como una marca que invita a sacudirnos ante la apatia de la cotidianeidad y la falta de sensibilidad ante las tragedias humanas. ; [eng] In my artistic proposal there is an interest in investigating the problems of the Latin American social sphere and especially Colombia, taking as a starting point the situations derived from violence. When dealing with issues such as the pain of historical events, my work works as a claim with the victims of these forgotten tragedies, trying to highlight the difficulties that persist in some regions of the continent. Although in the recent history of Latin America mining has originated diverse social and political problems, society must face new situations derived from neocolonialism, in this sense the work emerges as a brand that invites us to shake before the apathy of everyday life and lack of sensitivity to human tragedies.

In this article we present a review of the book "We are land, seed, rebellion, women, land and territory in Latin America" by Claudia Korol. In this work, the author analyzes the inequalities faced by rural women in Latin America to access land tenure and use. His presentation presents an important synthesis of different views on territory, land ownership, patriarchy and colonialism, whose common objective is to make visible the place of women in rural and agrarian areas. Claudia Korol interpellates the Eurocentric and Western perspectives that some gender studies go through, at the same time that she dialogues with community feminisms, indigenous feminisms, black feminisms and eco-feminism. Discussing women's access to the land, is for the author, not only a debate in terms of economy, but in terms of politics and culture, of imagining and fighting for a life alternative, more just not only with women but also with nature. ; En este articulo presentamos una reseña del libro "Somos tierra, semilla, rebeldía. Mujeres, tierra y territorio en América Latina" de Claudia Korol. En esta obra, la autora, aborda las desigualdades a las que se enfrentan las mujeres de sectores rurales en América Latina para acceder a la tenencia y uso de la tierra. Su exposición presenta una importante síntesis de diferentes miradas sobre el territorio, la propiedad de la tierra, el patriarcado y el colonialismo, que tienen como objetivo común visibilizar el lugar de las mujeres en el ámbito rural y agrario. Claudia Korol, interpela las miradas eurocéntricas y occidentales que atraviesan algunos estudios de género, estableciendo un diálogo permanente con los feminismos comunitarios, los feminismos indígenas, negros, y el eco-feminismo. Discutir el acceso de las mujeres a la tierra, es para la autora, no solo un debate en términos de economía, sino en términos de política y cultura, de imaginar y luchar por una alternativa de vida, más justa no solo con las mujeres sino también con la naturaleza, considerada como un bien común.

In this article we present a review of the book "We are land, seed, rebellion, women, land and territory in Latin America" by Claudia Korol. In this work, the author analyzes the inequalities faced by rural women in Latin America to access land tenure and use. His presentation presents an important synthesis of different views on territory, land ownership, patriarchy and colonialism, whose common objective is to make visible the place of women in rural and agrarian areas. Claudia Korol interpellates the Eurocentric and Western perspectives that some gender studies go through, at the same time that she dialogues with community feminisms, indigenous feminisms, black feminisms and eco-feminism. Discussing women's access to the land, is for the author, not only a debate in terms of economy, but in terms of politics and culture, of imagining and fighting for a life alternative, more just not only with women but also with nature. ; En este articulo presentamos una reseña del libro "Somos tierra, semilla, rebeldía. Mujeres, tierra y territorio en América Latina" de Claudia Korol. En esta obra, la autora, aborda las desigualdades a las que se enfrentan las mujeres de sectores rurales en América Latina para acceder a la tenencia y uso de la tierra. Su exposición presenta una importante síntesis de diferentes miradas sobre el territorio, la propiedad de la tierra, el patriarcado y el colonialismo, que tienen como objetivo común visibilizar el lugar de las mujeres en el ámbito rural y agrario. Claudia Korol, interpela las miradas eurocéntricas y occidentales que atraviesan algunos estudios de género, estableciendo un diálogo permanente con los feminismos comunitarios, los feminismos indígenas, negros, y el eco-feminismo. Discutir el acceso de las mujeres a la tierra, es para la autora, no solo un debate en términos de economía, sino en términos de política y cultura, de imaginar y luchar por una alternativa de vida, más justa no solo con las mujeres sino también con la naturaleza, considerada como un bien común.

México es uno de los principales productores de café a escala mundial, lo que genera una gran cantidad de divisas al país. Sin embargo, es producido en su mayoría por indígenas en pequeñas plantaciones y viven en condiciones de extrema pobreza. Esta situación se ha acentuado a raíz de las crisis recurrentes del cultivo. Este estudio se realizó en cuatro municipios con plantaciones de café, ubicados en la sierra Nororiente de Puebla, México. La investigación se centró en la posibilidad de impulsar el agroturismo en espacios marginados, con población pobre e indígena. Los resultados muestran que el 80 por ciento de los entrevistados desea participar en actividades agroturísticas. Se concluye que mediante el apoyo a este tipo de proyectos por parte de las autoridades gubernamentales, el agroturismo puede representar una actividad complementaria a la producción de café que proporcione recursos económicos y que permita contribuir al incremento y calidad de la producción y, consecuentemente, a mejorar las condiciones de vida de la familia campesina. ; Mexico is one of the world main coffee producers which generates an important income for the country. However, it is mainly produced by indigenous groups in small land areas and in extremely poor conditions. This situation has become even worse due to the frequent crisis in the crop price. This study was carried out in four municipalities where coffee is grown, located in the Sierra Nororiental of Puebla, Mexico. The research focused on the possibility of impelling agrotourism in marginalized spaces with poor indigenous population. Results show that 80% of the interviewed people are willing to participate in agrotourism activities. It is concluded that the support given by the governmental authorities to this kind of projects can make of agrotourism a supplementary activity to the production of coffee. This is expected to increase the economic resources and the quality of the production thus improves life conditions of the peasants.

Mexico is one of the world main coffee producers which generates an important income for the country. However, it is mainly produced by indigenous groups in small land areas and in extremely poor conditions. This situation has become even worse due to the frequent crisis in the crop price. This study was carried out in four municipalities where coffee is grown, located in the Sierra Nororiental of Puebla, Mexico. The research focused on the possibility of impelling agrotourism in marginalized spaces with poor indigenous population. Results show that 80% of the interviewed people are willing to participate in agrotourism activities. It is concluded that the support given by the governmental authorities to this kind of projects can make of agrotourism a supplementary activity to the production of coffee. This is expected to increase the economic resources and the quality of the production thus improves life conditions of the peasants. ; México es uno de los principales productores de café a escala mundial, lo que genera una gran cantidad de divisas al país. Sin embargo, es producido en su mayoría por indígenas en pequeñas plantaciones y viven en condiciones de extrema pobreza. Esta situación se ha acentuado a raíz de las crisis recurrentes del cultivo. Este estudio se realizó en cuatro municipios con plantaciones de café, ubicados en la sierra Nororiente de Puebla, México. La investigación se centró en la posibilidad de impulsar el agroturismo en espacios marginados, con población pobre e indígena. Los resultados muestran que el 80 por ciento de los entrevistados desea participar en actividades agroturísticas. Se concluye que mediante el apoyo a este tipo de proyectos por parte de las autoridades gubernamentales, el agroturismo puede representar una actividad complementaria a la producción de café que proporcione recursos económicos y que permita contribuir al incremento y calidad de la producción y, consecuentemente, a mejorar las condiciones de vida de la familia campesina.

The reform of land relations has been a crucial issue in Russia for centuries. Today, Russian legislators are faced with such problems as ensuring rational use and effective protection of agricultural land, conducting land surveys, introducing land plots into civil circulation, conserving natural resources, and regulating state and municipal land acquisition mechanisms. After 2014, the first steps in dealing with these issues were taken through the consistent adoption of federal laws that introduced significant changes to the Russian Federation Land Code. More new laws followed, ushering in what is considered to be a new stage in the development of land relations.The aim of this article is to analyze the adopted legal norms in the field of land relations, and to evaluate the effectiveness of their application. The methodologies employed in the study were general scientific, private, and special methods of inquiry. The general scientific dialectical method made it possible to explore the current state of Russian legislation regulating various aspects of land relations, to identify the essence of the modern land reform, to consider various approaches to the study of this issue, and to demonstrate the sequence and consistency of changes in current Russian Federation land legislation. Formal logic was applied to analyze the reforms of particular land legislation institutions at the present stage, to consider the content of specific legal norms, and to identify their defects. Comparative and formal legal methods were used to establish the correlation of various legal norms. A comparative analysis of judicial practice was performed in some cases to explore and summarize the results of law enforcement activities. This allowed the authors to draw relevant conclusions aimed at improving Russian legislation that regulates various aspects of land relations. The research goal was achieved by using a wide range of methods applied in their combination.The relevance of the article is connected with the fact that when Russian land legislation is reformed, but there are no precedents of applying these amendments, it has a negative effect on the social, investment and productive climate of the country. Based on the research findings, the authors concluded that the adopted innovations in the field of land relations require additional interpretation.To ensure stability and consistency in reforming land relations, it is necessary to create a "Strategy for the development of land legislation", which would provide minimal protection from rash changes in land legislation.

In a previous study I was led to hold that the tablets PY Sn64 and An2l8, in spite of their classificatory prefixes, are t he parts of a single document dealing with an allotment of land to military men. as it was apparent both from the interpretation of the ideograms ZE and *iji as units of area and the identification of t he largest part of the individuals. Before proceeding further, it will be useful to restate the interpretation I proposed, with several further precisions.

This paper proposes an approach to social constructions and thoughts about the distribution of the territory, noting that they tend to be transferred to academic, ideological and political conflicts, which often start from false dichotomies between the concept of the right to private property vs the right to the habitat. Its authors conclude that the State cannot remain oblivious to this reality, it must revalue its role as regulator of property rights. And such regulation is manifested, putting into practice public policies that include the different existing devices and instruments to combat "idle ground". ; El trabajo propone un abordaje de las construcciones sociales y pensamientos sobre la distribución del territorio, advirtiendo que suelen trasladarse a conflictos académicos, ideológicos y políticos, que muchas veces parten de falsas dicotomías entre el concepto de derecho a la propiedad privada versus el derecho al hábitat. Concluyen sus autores que el Estado no puede mantenerse ajeno a estar realidad, debe revalorizar su rol de regulador de los derechos de propiedad. Y tal regulación se manifiesta, poniendo en práctica políticas públicas que incluyan los diferentes dispositivos e instrumentos existentes para combatir el suelo ocioso. ; Cet article propose une approche des constructions sociales et des réflexions sur la répartition du territoire, en notant qu'elles tendent à conduire à des conflits académiques, idéologiques et politiques, qui découlent souvent de fausses dichotomies entre le concept de droit à la propriété privée versus le droit à l'habitat. Ses auteurs concluent que l'Etat ne peut rester inconscient de cette réalité, il doit revaloriser son rôle de régulateur des droits de propriété. Et une telle régulation se manifeste, mettant en pratique des politiques publiques qui intègrent les différents dispositifs et instruments existants pour lutter contre le "terre loisir". ; O trabalho propõe uma abordagem das construções sociais e reflexões sobre a distribuição do território, observando que tendem a se transferir para conflitos acadêmicos, ideológicos e políticos, que muitas vezes decorrem de falsas dicotomias entre o conceito de direito à pro­priedade privada versus o direito ao habitat. Seus autores concluem que o Estado não pode ficar alheio a esta realidade, deve reavaliar seu papel de regulador dos direitos de propriedade. E tal regulação se manifesta, colocando em prática políticas públicas que contemplam os diversos dispositivos e instrumentos existentes de combate à ociosidade.

One of the objectives pursued in the development of this article is to reflect the state of coordination between the Land Registry and the Land Registry through a brief overview of the most recent history (from the beginning of the 20th century) with the presentation of the legislation during that period and the legislation currently in force. Highlighting recent legislative attempts, concerning a common identifier between cadastral parcels and registered estates: the cadastral reference; and the imminent implementation of cadastral mapping in the land registers through the GEOBASE project. Berné Valero, JL.; Female Ribera, C. (2003). Management of the property: Coordination of the Land Register and Land Registry. Geographical studies. LXIV (253): 1-1. doi:10.3989/egeogr.2003.i253.199 ; 1 253 ; One of the objectives pursued in the development of this article is to reflect the state of coordination between the Land Registry and the Land Registry through a brief overview of the most recent history (from the beginning of the 20th century) with the presentation of the legislation during that period and the legislation currently in force. Highlighting recent legislative attempts, concerning a common identifier between cadastral parcels and registered estates: the cadastral reference; and the imminent implementation of cadastral mapping in the land registers through the GEOBASE project. Berné Valero, JL.; Female Ribera, C. (2003). Management of the property: Coordination of the Land Register and Land Registry. Geographical studies. LXIV (253): 1-1. doi:10.3989/egeogr.2003.i253.199 ; Senia ; One of the objectives pursued in the development of this article is to reflect the state of coordination between the Land Registry and the Land Registry through a brief overview of the most recent history (from the beginning of the 20th century) with the presentation of the legislation during that period and the legislation currently in force. Highlighting recent legislative attempts, concerning a common identifier between ...

The agrarian sector of any agricultural country is always the most attractive for citizens and business. The free acquisition of a land plot by citizens from territorial communities or the state is, on the one hand, guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, and on the other hand, it is one of the most problematic rights in the conditions of gradual reduction of the respective land allotments. On this basis, the disproportionality between supply and demand gives rise to numerous conflicts between citizens and authorities, which are most often resolved in courts. At the same time, the imperfection of the Ukrainian legislation leads to ambiguous judicial practice in resolving relevant disputes, which is considered inadmissible, especially for the candidate countries for the European Union membership. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the position, according to which the activity of a governmental authority in granting citizens the permit for the development of a land management plan for a land plot allocation should be recognized as an administrative service. To achieve this goal, the following general legal and branch methods of perception of social phenomena are used: formal and legal method, comparative and legal method, state and legal modelling method, and others. The main results are the construction of an algorithm of normative arguments, which prove that the permit for the development of a land management plan for a land plot allocation is a type of administrative services. The reasons are provided for the necessity to enshrine the list of services in the field of land relations, which have the status of administrative services, in the legislative act, as well as to develop standard provisions for such administrative services.

This article constitutes one contribution to the analysis of the conflict between theindigenous people and the governments through history in Colombia over the landsof resguardos or native indigenous reservation areas, focusing the attention in thelegal and political framework that rules these ethnic minorities' rights andespecially the right of prior consultation; understood as one of the reasons whichhas intensified the conflict between both parties in time specifically from thedecade of the 1990s. This study considers that this dispute between these bothparties is not only caused due to the contrary visions and perspectives over the land–and over the natural resources present in it– but also due to the presence ofcontradictions in the laws, policies, norms, decrees, etc., as the factors which havenot only extended for more than 400 years but also intensified the dispute amidthese two parties to the present day.