Suchergebnisse

The strategy of research into the dissertation object is based on four criteria. First, it is a study of a phenomenon and its development. Second, the study is not confined to the present territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Third, the research problem and questions raised are interpreted in a broader light of examples from the European historiography, which enable to contextualise past features of the local social reality and search for similarities and/or differences as well as common points in the development of the phenomena which existed in different regions. Fourth, the object under analysis is perceived as a phenomenon with a multifaceted structure. Therefore, an attempt is made to look for new theoretical approaches rather than limit oneself to a traditional historical narrative. Historiography has seen attempts to disclose the development of society, uneven social structure, its specific features, etc. through the analysis of one phenomenon. However, this is only possible by looking at that phenomenon from different perspectives and analysing it as a product of different spheres of social reality, because focusing on a single aspect of the phenomenon limits the possibilities for interpretation which would reveal the multifunctional nature of the phenomenon and uneven trajectories of its development. The phenomenon of the castle is one of those problems which has not been analysed systematically and consistently. The existing historiography has mostly perceived the castle as unrelated to the social environment or political circumstances and, therefore, it was frequently presented as a military or architectural object. The castle is defined as a structure comprising three aspects: territory (a), society (b), power-authority (c). The castle is perceived as a nucleus which is uniting and forming a territory; this territory was eventually transformed into a legally, administratively and economically subordinate territory with clearly defined boundaries. It consisted of various social categories defined by different subordination-dependency, including individuals of peasant and non-peasant origin, in such a way forming the castle society, its social organisation. In these territorial and social planes of the castle as a local structure unfolded the power-authority hierarchy with its subjects. The castle was that element of medieval society which concentrated power and helped separate powerful subjects establish their authority over a certain territory and its population. Therefore, from the sociological point of view, the castle performed the roles of symbolic (ideological) and real (direct) authority and a representative of justice in the society of its time. The castle is interpreted as a power-authority structure which was unfolding and creating a specific territory with a subordinate social environment. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four parts, conclusions, a list of sources and literature, and appendices. All sections and their subsections express the structuralist approach toward the problem under analysis which is perceived and interpreted in the comparative perspective of the whole study. The first part attempts to formulate a definition of the castle phenomenon as manifold and changing in time and describe the concept in the European context. The second part constructs the model of the castle territory. It presents the conception of different constituents of the external territory of the castle. This model is based on the examples of European historiography devoted to the problem of the castle. The relationship of the castle with other territorial structures (e.g., village, manor) is analysed in this part as well. The third part investigates the office-bound character of the castle, its (local) society, social groups which belonged to the castle (e.g., unfree peasants, peasant performing military service such as barčiai, keliuočiai, etc.). The social characteristics of the castle (e.g., administration, economy) is analysed from the perspective of the GDL regionalism and in relation to the castle territory. The fourth part analyses the subordination-dependency problem of the castle. Different forms of subordination-dependency are identified (nominal, real, fief, office-bound, mortgage) depending on the socio-political circumstances and their changes are explained. Besides, the typology of castle subordination-dependency is provided by distinguishing the sovereign (state) (a), dynasty (b), church (c), dukes (d), nobility (e), gentry (f).

The strategy of research into the dissertation object is based on four criteria. First, it is a study of a phenomenon and its development. Second, the study is not confined to the present territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Third, the research problem and questions raised are interpreted in a broader light of examples from the European historiography, which enable to contextualise past features of the local social reality and search for similarities and/or differences as well as common points in the development of the phenomena which existed in different regions. Fourth, the object under analysis is perceived as a phenomenon with a multifaceted structure. Therefore, an attempt is made to look for new theoretical approaches rather than limit oneself to a traditional historical narrative. Historiography has seen attempts to disclose the development of society, uneven social structure, its specific features, etc. through the analysis of one phenomenon. However, this is only possible by looking at that phenomenon from different perspectives and analysing it as a product of different spheres of social reality, because focusing on a single aspect of the phenomenon limits the possibilities for interpretation which would reveal the multifunctional nature of the phenomenon and uneven trajectories of its development. The phenomenon of the castle is one of those problems which has not been analysed systematically and consistently. The existing historiography has mostly perceived the castle as unrelated to the social environment or political circumstances and, therefore, it was frequently presented as a military or architectural object. The castle is defined as a structure comprising three aspects: territory (a), society (b), power-authority (c). The castle is perceived as a nucleus which is uniting and forming a territory; this territory was eventually transformed into a legally, administratively and economically subordinate territory with clearly defined boundaries. It consisted of various social categories defined by different subordination-dependency, including individuals of peasant and non-peasant origin, in such a way forming the castle society, its social organisation. In these territorial and social planes of the castle as a local structure unfolded the power-authority hierarchy with its subjects. The castle was that element of medieval society which concentrated power and helped separate powerful subjects establish their authority over a certain territory and its population. Therefore, from the sociological point of view, the castle performed the roles of symbolic (ideological) and real (direct) authority and a representative of justice in the society of its time. The castle is interpreted as a power-authority structure which was unfolding and creating a specific territory with a subordinate social environment. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four parts, conclusions, a list of sources and literature, and appendices. All sections and their subsections express the structuralist approach toward the problem under analysis which is perceived and interpreted in the comparative perspective of the whole study. The first part attempts to formulate a definition of the castle phenomenon as manifold and changing in time and describe the concept in the European context. The second part constructs the model of the castle territory. It presents the conception of different constituents of the external territory of the castle. This model is based on the examples of European historiography devoted to the problem of the castle. The relationship of the castle with other territorial structures (e.g., village, manor) is analysed in this part as well. The third part investigates the office-bound character of the castle, its (local) society, social groups which belonged to the castle (e.g., unfree peasants, peasant performing military service such as barčiai, keliuočiai, etc.). The social characteristics of the castle (e.g., administration, economy) is analysed from the perspective of the GDL regionalism and in relation to the castle territory. The fourth part analyses the subordination-dependency problem of the castle. Different forms of subordination-dependency are identified (nominal, real, fief, office-bound, mortgage) depending on the socio-political circumstances and their changes are explained. Besides, the typology of castle subordination-dependency is provided by distinguishing the sovereign (state) (a), dynasty (b), church (c), dukes (d), nobility (e), gentry (f).

Das Tagebuch hat Petkevičaitė-Bitė währen des Ersten Weltkriegs heimlich, unter großem Risiko für ihr Leben als Zeugnis ihrer unmittelbaren Erlebnisse und Leiden geschrieben. In der chronologischen Folge der Kriegstage entsteht ein schreckenerregendes Bild der Opfer des Krieges: die verwundeten russischen, deutschen Soldaten, Greueltaten der deutschen Besatzungsmächte in den litauischen Dörfern, Flüchtlinge, Scharen von Marodeuren nach dem Krieg. Die Schriftstellerin erzählt lebhaft von ihren Bemühungen, den einfachen Bauern medizinische Hilfe zu leisten, die Wirtschaft vom Gut Puziniškis zu führen, sich in der politischen Situation zu orientieren. Ihre Bemühungen mit Russen, Polen, Juden, Deutschen zeugen von ihrer Toleranz den anderen Völkern gegenüber[.]

Das Tagebuch hat Petkevičaitė-Bitė währen des Ersten Weltkriegs heimlich, unter großem Risiko für ihr Leben als Zeugnis ihrer unmittelbaren Erlebnisse und Leiden geschrieben. In der chronologischen Folge der Kriegstage entsteht ein schreckenerregendes Bild der Opfer des Krieges: die verwundeten russischen, deutschen Soldaten, Greueltaten der deutschen Besatzungsmächte in den litauischen Dörfern, Flüchtlinge, Scharen von Marodeuren nach dem Krieg. Die Schriftstellerin erzählt lebhaft von ihren Bemühungen, den einfachen Bauern medizinische Hilfe zu leisten, die Wirtschaft vom Gut Puziniškis zu führen, sich in der politischen Situation zu orientieren. Ihre Bemühungen mit Russen, Polen, Juden, Deutschen zeugen von ihrer Toleranz den anderen Völkern gegenüber[.]

Das Tagebuch hat Petkevičaitė-Bitė währen des Ersten Weltkriegs heimlich, unter großem Risiko für ihr Leben als Zeugnis ihrer unmittelbaren Erlebnisse und Leiden geschrieben. In der chronologischen Folge der Kriegstage entsteht ein schreckenerregendes Bild der Opfer des Krieges: die verwundeten russischen, deutschen Soldaten, Greueltaten der deutschen Besatzungsmächte in den litauischen Dörfern, Flüchtlinge, Scharen von Marodeuren nach dem Krieg. Die Schriftstellerin erzählt lebhaft von ihren Bemühungen, den einfachen Bauern medizinische Hilfe zu leisten, die Wirtschaft vom Gut Puziniškis zu führen, sich in der politischen Situation zu orientieren. Ihre Bemühungen mit Russen, Polen, Juden, Deutschen zeugen von ihrer Toleranz den anderen Völkern gegenüber[.]

Orient and okcidentas - the two man-made space concept, which describes not only the geographical area, but also a certain cultural values. The world is divided into two categories: the West and East. The Western world include the values of modernity, democracy and education, while the eastern countries are backward in respect of culture and education, and lack of democracy. Edward Said has found that a breakdown of our world in the Orient and Occidental, has its own culture and other people's confrontation was necessary in order to realize their own identity. For each literary work takes place in a given area. This area is twofold task: On one hand the author of the work takes place in an imaginary place, but the place is mostly a fictional counterpart of real everyday reality. Orient residents were considered to be powerless, to be managed. This perception has been installed help texts. To answer the question of how the orientation depicted in the literary piece, the author chose, originating from a country belonging to the Orient. Kurbanas Said grew up in tolerance and multiculturalism in a conspicuous Baku. In the novel \"Ali and Nino\" depicts a city where the two intersect completely different cultural boundaries. Tank can not be assigned to either the Orient, nor occidental. City by the bridge function, and become the third space. Novels set in the Caucasus area, the precise area. This area consists of many smaller units, which are united in a common set of a homogeneous body.

This work explores Soviet Lithuania (Lithuanian SSR), the historic topics. The paper provides an overview and analysis of securities youth, education, employment, gender relations, holiday images, periodicals, magazines SSR youth. The aim is to highlight the diversity of youth images, features, evolution and change, and the reality of Soviet ideology influence their expression. Through thematically close historiographic work, relevant sources of information obtained in interviews and assessments of research, insights and summaries to find images of youth, periodicals, magazines SSR young realism. 1944 II, after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania has taken shape with new ideals, values, imagery-based society. Some young people actively engaged in resistance activities in favor of the occupation and the societal changes, as well as a number of young people become loyal to the Soviet government, saw better prospects for personal, his self-realization, education, job opportunities than in the previous political system of independent Lithuania. Lithuanian Soviet education system was identified with the ideological education. Formed by young people the values, ideals of the concept of worldview, historical understanding of the past has been closely linked with the Soviet ideology. Soviet youth magazines reflected a well-kept example of what values, norms, which have been condemned, what goes unnoticed. Youth images of Soviet Lithuania in magazines for young people, reflected in the Soviet values and ideals, which was intended to convey through the images provided by their peers. Youth education, employment has been closely linked images with tarybinėmis public values, ideals and norms. Gender relations, gender expression, were associated with the Soviet morality and moral concepts. Images of youth and their development and change, the Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines was associated with changes in the political leadership of the Soviet Union, particularly the new generation of educational, social, labor and employment reforms in domestic and foreign policy change. All these elements led to censorship and the agencies' activity. Soviet young men come into play minor key and get the image defined in Soviet magazines for young people, as a loyal Soviet citizen, passed the Soviet moral principles, ideals of securities, a Soviet patriot and internationalist together, reaching your potential is self-education, working full expressions to be useful to the public for collective individual, by active activist. At 7 and 8 decades showed a relatively large number of young people who did not meet the ideals of the Soviet youth, public expressions of norms and standards. Some of these young people, especially students, were led by the nation's interest Lithuanian ethnographic, ethnological, linguistic heritage, in order to maintain and preserve, create, ethnographers and hiking associations. Other young people will receive part, influenced by western music, lifestyle movements, based on a unique worldview, lifestyle, appearance, styles, fashions, most were referred to as hippies, punks, rockers and other communities. Soviet ideals of youth, magazines, images failed to identify themselves with the changes taking place among young people, and took little other young people formed the Soviet ideals, standards, values, world view concepts, so it caused the young people of the Soviet system and the confrontation. Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines, they reflect the versatile young images, thematic spectrum was affected and constrained by the Soviet ideology, propaganda, and thus failed to fully reflect the reality of Soviet Lithuanian youth living reality, topical subjects, images of youth, problems, especially those of youth, the lifestyle, attitudes, interests did not meet the standards of Soviet youth.

Orient and okcidentas - the two man-made space concept, which describes not only the geographical area, but also a certain cultural values. The world is divided into two categories: the West and East. The Western world include the values of modernity, democracy and education, while the eastern countries are backward in respect of culture and education, and lack of democracy. Edward Said has found that a breakdown of our world in the Orient and Occidental, has its own culture and other people's confrontation was necessary in order to realize their own identity. For each literary work takes place in a given area. This area is twofold task: On one hand the author of the work takes place in an imaginary place, but the place is mostly a fictional counterpart of real everyday reality. Orient residents were considered to be powerless, to be managed. This perception has been installed help texts. To answer the question of how the orientation depicted in the literary piece, the author chose, originating from a country belonging to the Orient. Kurbanas Said grew up in tolerance and multiculturalism in a conspicuous Baku. In the novel \"Ali and Nino\" depicts a city where the two intersect completely different cultural boundaries. Tank can not be assigned to either the Orient, nor occidental. City by the bridge function, and become the third space. Novels set in the Caucasus area, the precise area. This area consists of many smaller units, which are united in a common set of a homogeneous body.

This work explores Soviet Lithuania (Lithuanian SSR), the historic topics. The paper provides an overview and analysis of securities youth, education, employment, gender relations, holiday images, periodicals, magazines SSR youth. The aim is to highlight the diversity of youth images, features, evolution and change, and the reality of Soviet ideology influence their expression. Through thematically close historiographic work, relevant sources of information obtained in interviews and assessments of research, insights and summaries to find images of youth, periodicals, magazines SSR young realism. 1944 II, after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania has taken shape with new ideals, values, imagery-based society. Some young people actively engaged in resistance activities in favor of the occupation and the societal changes, as well as a number of young people become loyal to the Soviet government, saw better prospects for personal, his self-realization, education, job opportunities than in the previous political system of independent Lithuania. Lithuanian Soviet education system was identified with the ideological education. Formed by young people the values, ideals of the concept of worldview, historical understanding of the past has been closely linked with the Soviet ideology. Soviet youth magazines reflected a well-kept example of what values, norms, which have been condemned, what goes unnoticed. Youth images of Soviet Lithuania in magazines for young people, reflected in the Soviet values and ideals, which was intended to convey through the images provided by their peers. Youth education, employment has been closely linked images with tarybinėmis public values, ideals and norms. Gender relations, gender expression, were associated with the Soviet morality and moral concepts. Images of youth and their development and change, the Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines was associated with changes in the political leadership of the Soviet Union, particularly the new generation of educational, social, labor and employment reforms in domestic and foreign policy change. All these elements led to censorship and the agencies' activity. Soviet young men come into play minor key and get the image defined in Soviet magazines for young people, as a loyal Soviet citizen, passed the Soviet moral principles, ideals of securities, a Soviet patriot and internationalist together, reaching your potential is self-education, working full expressions to be useful to the public for collective individual, by active activist. At 7 and 8 decades showed a relatively large number of young people who did not meet the ideals of the Soviet youth, public expressions of norms and standards. Some of these young people, especially students, were led by the nation's interest Lithuanian ethnographic, ethnological, linguistic heritage, in order to maintain and preserve, create, ethnographers and hiking associations. Other young people will receive part, influenced by western music, lifestyle movements, based on a unique worldview, lifestyle, appearance, styles, fashions, most were referred to as hippies, punks, rockers and other communities. Soviet ideals of youth, magazines, images failed to identify themselves with the changes taking place among young people, and took little other young people formed the Soviet ideals, standards, values, world view concepts, so it caused the young people of the Soviet system and the confrontation. Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines, they reflect the versatile young images, thematic spectrum was affected and constrained by the Soviet ideology, propaganda, and thus failed to fully reflect the reality of Soviet Lithuanian youth living reality, topical subjects, images of youth, problems, especially those of youth, the lifestyle, attitudes, interests did not meet the standards of Soviet youth.

This work explores Soviet Lithuania (Lithuanian SSR), the historic topics. The paper provides an overview and analysis of securities youth, education, employment, gender relations, holiday images, periodicals, magazines SSR youth. The aim is to highlight the diversity of youth images, features, evolution and change, and the reality of Soviet ideology influence their expression. Through thematically close historiographic work, relevant sources of information obtained in interviews and assessments of research, insights and summaries to find images of youth, periodicals, magazines SSR young realism. 1944 II, after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania has taken shape with new ideals, values, imagery-based society. Some young people actively engaged in resistance activities in favor of the occupation and the societal changes, as well as a number of young people become loyal to the Soviet government, saw better prospects for personal, his self-realization, education, job opportunities than in the previous political system of independent Lithuania. Lithuanian Soviet education system was identified with the ideological education. Formed by young people the values, ideals of the concept of worldview, historical understanding of the past has been closely linked with the Soviet ideology. Soviet youth magazines reflected a well-kept example of what values, norms, which have been condemned, what goes unnoticed. Youth images of Soviet Lithuania in magazines for young people, reflected in the Soviet values and ideals, which was intended to convey through the images provided by their peers. Youth education, employment has been closely linked images with tarybinėmis public values, ideals and norms. Gender relations, gender expression, were associated with the Soviet morality and moral concepts. Images of youth and their development and change, the Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines was associated with changes in the political leadership of the Soviet Union, particularly the new generation of educational, social, labor and employment reforms in domestic and foreign policy change. All these elements led to censorship and the agencies' activity. Soviet young men come into play minor key and get the image defined in Soviet magazines for young people, as a loyal Soviet citizen, passed the Soviet moral principles, ideals of securities, a Soviet patriot and internationalist together, reaching your potential is self-education, working full expressions to be useful to the public for collective individual, by active activist. At 7 and 8 decades showed a relatively large number of young people who did not meet the ideals of the Soviet youth, public expressions of norms and standards. Some of these young people, especially students, were led by the nation's interest Lithuanian ethnographic, ethnological, linguistic heritage, in order to maintain and preserve, create, ethnographers and hiking associations. Other young people will receive part, influenced by western music, lifestyle movements, based on a unique worldview, lifestyle, appearance, styles, fashions, most were referred to as hippies, punks, rockers and other communities. Soviet ideals of youth, magazines, images failed to identify themselves with the changes taking place among young people, and took little other young people formed the Soviet ideals, standards, values, world view concepts, so it caused the young people of the Soviet system and the confrontation. Lithuanian Soviet youth magazines, they reflect the versatile young images, thematic spectrum was affected and constrained by the Soviet ideology, propaganda, and thus failed to fully reflect the reality of Soviet Lithuanian youth living reality, topical subjects, images of youth, problems, especially those of youth, the lifestyle, attitudes, interests did not meet the standards of Soviet youth.

Orient and okcidentas - the two man-made space concept, which describes not only the geographical area, but also a certain cultural values. The world is divided into two categories: the West and East. The Western world include the values of modernity, democracy and education, while the eastern countries are backward in respect of culture and education, and lack of democracy. Edward Said has found that a breakdown of our world in the Orient and Occidental, has its own culture and other people's confrontation was necessary in order to realize their own identity. For each literary work takes place in a given area. This area is twofold task: On one hand the author of the work takes place in an imaginary place, but the place is mostly a fictional counterpart of real everyday reality. Orient residents were considered to be powerless, to be managed. This perception has been installed help texts. To answer the question of how the orientation depicted in the literary piece, the author chose, originating from a country belonging to the Orient. Kurbanas Said grew up in tolerance and multiculturalism in a conspicuous Baku. In the novel \"Ali and Nino\" depicts a city where the two intersect completely different cultural boundaries. Tank can not be assigned to either the Orient, nor occidental. City by the bridge function, and become the third space. Novels set in the Caucasus area, the precise area. This area consists of many smaller units, which are united in a common set of a homogeneous body.