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Distribution Systems Established by Vertical Agreements in E-commerce: Problems of Competition Law Enforcement Electronic commerce is in the center of attention within the business of undertakings, life of consumers and activities of competent authorities. According to the inquiry of the European Commission, undertakings meet specific challenges within the sector of e-commerce which very often are related to competition law. Due to the latter reasons, it is necessary to identify and assess problems of competition law enforcement which arise within the distribution systems established via vertical agreements. First part of the thesis includes analyses of the problems arising in separation of active and passive sales in exclusive distribution system. Therefore, competition law provisions regarding internet distribution and language of the website which sometimes might be interpreted too narrow are analysed, features of the websites like domain, marketing tools, newsletters are analysed, also the problems regarding directivity of distribution to specific territory while using various distribution platforms and whether the case law of selective distribution could be sometimes applicable in the case of exclusive distribution. Second part of the thesis includes analyses of problems arising within the selective distribution system. Problems related to restriction to distribute online, third party marketplaces, price comparison tolls are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fast-developing national case law which, if lagged behind, could further away from harmonization of the European Union competition rules, the questionable relevance of certain current competition law provisions in respect to future conditions of the market, problems of interpretation and enforcement of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, for example, Coty decision, which could be met by undertakings, problems regarding certain provisions of contracts, for example, regarding MFN clauses. Third part of the thesis includes assessment of how the goal to ensure fair competition to small and medium companies by providing them with possibility to distribute via various platforms on e-commerce may increase the market power of the owners of the beforementioned platforms, for example, Amazon or Google, and thus increase the risk of abuse of dominant position or horizontal agreements. Fourth part of the thesis includes the assessment of problems that may arise upon the Regulation No. 2018/302 came into force in respect to competition law provisions, the compatibility between these legal spheres, as well as how these two institutes supplement each other and why some problems might be met by undertakings.

Distribution Systems Established by Vertical Agreements in E-commerce: Problems of Competition Law Enforcement Electronic commerce is in the center of attention within the business of undertakings, life of consumers and activities of competent authorities. According to the inquiry of the European Commission, undertakings meet specific challenges within the sector of e-commerce which very often are related to competition law. Due to the latter reasons, it is necessary to identify and assess problems of competition law enforcement which arise within the distribution systems established via vertical agreements. First part of the thesis includes analyses of the problems arising in separation of active and passive sales in exclusive distribution system. Therefore, competition law provisions regarding internet distribution and language of the website which sometimes might be interpreted too narrow are analysed, features of the websites like domain, marketing tools, newsletters are analysed, also the problems regarding directivity of distribution to specific territory while using various distribution platforms and whether the case law of selective distribution could be sometimes applicable in the case of exclusive distribution. Second part of the thesis includes analyses of problems arising within the selective distribution system. Problems related to restriction to distribute online, third party marketplaces, price comparison tolls are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fast-developing national case law which, if lagged behind, could further away from harmonization of the European Union competition rules, the questionable relevance of certain current competition law provisions in respect to future conditions of the market, problems of interpretation and enforcement of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, for example, Coty decision, which could be met by undertakings, problems regarding certain provisions of contracts, for example, regarding MFN clauses. Third part of the thesis includes assessment of how the goal to ensure fair competition to small and medium companies by providing them with possibility to distribute via various platforms on e-commerce may increase the market power of the owners of the beforementioned platforms, for example, Amazon or Google, and thus increase the risk of abuse of dominant position or horizontal agreements. Fourth part of the thesis includes the assessment of problems that may arise upon the Regulation No. 2018/302 came into force in respect to competition law provisions, the compatibility between these legal spheres, as well as how these two institutes supplement each other and why some problems might be met by undertakings.

Distribution Systems Established by Vertical Agreements in E-commerce: Problems of Competition Law Enforcement Electronic commerce is in the center of attention within the business of undertakings, life of consumers and activities of competent authorities. According to the inquiry of the European Commission, undertakings meet specific challenges within the sector of e-commerce which very often are related to competition law. Due to the latter reasons, it is necessary to identify and assess problems of competition law enforcement which arise within the distribution systems established via vertical agreements. First part of the thesis includes analyses of the problems arising in separation of active and passive sales in exclusive distribution system. Therefore, competition law provisions regarding internet distribution and language of the website which sometimes might be interpreted too narrow are analysed, features of the websites like domain, marketing tools, newsletters are analysed, also the problems regarding directivity of distribution to specific territory while using various distribution platforms and whether the case law of selective distribution could be sometimes applicable in the case of exclusive distribution. Second part of the thesis includes analyses of problems arising within the selective distribution system. Problems related to restriction to distribute online, third party marketplaces, price comparison tolls are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fast-developing national case law which, if lagged behind, could further away from harmonization of the European Union competition rules, the questionable relevance of certain current competition law provisions in respect to future conditions of the market, problems of interpretation and enforcement of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, for example, Coty decision, which could be met by undertakings, problems regarding certain provisions of contracts, for example, regarding MFN clauses. Third part of the thesis includes assessment of how the goal to ensure fair competition to small and medium companies by providing them with possibility to distribute via various platforms on e-commerce may increase the market power of the owners of the beforementioned platforms, for example, Amazon or Google, and thus increase the risk of abuse of dominant position or horizontal agreements. Fourth part of the thesis includes the assessment of problems that may arise upon the Regulation No. 2018/302 came into force in respect to competition law provisions, the compatibility between these legal spheres, as well as how these two institutes supplement each other and why some problems might be met by undertakings.

Distribution Systems Established by Vertical Agreements in E-commerce: Problems of Competition Law Enforcement Electronic commerce is in the center of attention within the business of undertakings, life of consumers and activities of competent authorities. According to the inquiry of the European Commission, undertakings meet specific challenges within the sector of e-commerce which very often are related to competition law. Due to the latter reasons, it is necessary to identify and assess problems of competition law enforcement which arise within the distribution systems established via vertical agreements. First part of the thesis includes analyses of the problems arising in separation of active and passive sales in exclusive distribution system. Therefore, competition law provisions regarding internet distribution and language of the website which sometimes might be interpreted too narrow are analysed, features of the websites like domain, marketing tools, newsletters are analysed, also the problems regarding directivity of distribution to specific territory while using various distribution platforms and whether the case law of selective distribution could be sometimes applicable in the case of exclusive distribution. Second part of the thesis includes analyses of problems arising within the selective distribution system. Problems related to restriction to distribute online, third party marketplaces, price comparison tolls are analysed. Attention is drawn to the fast-developing national case law which, if lagged behind, could further away from harmonization of the European Union competition rules, the questionable relevance of certain current competition law provisions in respect to future conditions of the market, problems of interpretation and enforcement of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, for example, Coty decision, which could be met by undertakings, problems regarding certain provisions of contracts, for example, regarding MFN clauses. Third part of the thesis includes assessment of how the goal to ensure fair competition to small and medium companies by providing them with possibility to distribute via various platforms on e-commerce may increase the market power of the owners of the beforementioned platforms, for example, Amazon or Google, and thus increase the risk of abuse of dominant position or horizontal agreements. Fourth part of the thesis includes the assessment of problems that may arise upon the Regulation No. 2018/302 came into force in respect to competition law provisions, the compatibility between these legal spheres, as well as how these two institutes supplement each other and why some problems might be met by undertakings.

This master thesis analyses the private enforcement of competition law in private international law. It should be noted that competition law can be implemented under two methods: (a) public enforcement (regulatory norms that preserves the proper competition policy); (b) private enforcement (by allowing to seek redress for those who are victims of acts of anti-competitive or restrictive practices). As the international economy develops, with the increasing competitiveness of its entities, there is an expanding need to address the issue of applicable law. However, if such a dispute arises in two EU countries, then the applicable law and procedural redress transactions are governed by the Rome II Regulation and Directive of antitrust damages actions (since 2017). Furthermore, this directive harmonizes the regulation in the EU member states' domestic legal systems. Moreover, at EU level, the enforcement of private competition law is being resolved. Nevertheless, practically this institute is not applicable. The key to this problem is the lack of successful precedents. However, given the fact that UK declared to be leaving EU, this may affect not only the domestic law of UK, but additionally the application of the above-mentioned EU legislation. Although the effects of Brexit are not yet foreseen, predictions can already be made now. It goes without saying that the EU has commercial ties not only with the Member States but also with the third countries. Thus, in cases of vulnerability, such as the markets of Japan and the EU Member States, the issue of applicable law arises. Notwithstanding, the EU has concluded international agreements with the third countries and these agreements are considered to have an impact on public but not private competition law. Hence, the paper scrutinizes conceivable rules under the private international law.

This master thesis analyses the private enforcement of competition law in private international law. It should be noted that competition law can be implemented under two methods: (a) public enforcement (regulatory norms that preserves the proper competition policy); (b) private enforcement (by allowing to seek redress for those who are victims of acts of anti-competitive or restrictive practices). As the international economy develops, with the increasing competitiveness of its entities, there is an expanding need to address the issue of applicable law. However, if such a dispute arises in two EU countries, then the applicable law and procedural redress transactions are governed by the Rome II Regulation and Directive of antitrust damages actions (since 2017). Furthermore, this directive harmonizes the regulation in the EU member states' domestic legal systems. Moreover, at EU level, the enforcement of private competition law is being resolved. Nevertheless, practically this institute is not applicable. The key to this problem is the lack of successful precedents. However, given the fact that UK declared to be leaving EU, this may affect not only the domestic law of UK, but additionally the application of the above-mentioned EU legislation. Although the effects of Brexit are not yet foreseen, predictions can already be made now. It goes without saying that the EU has commercial ties not only with the Member States but also with the third countries. Thus, in cases of vulnerability, such as the markets of Japan and the EU Member States, the issue of applicable law arises. Notwithstanding, the EU has concluded international agreements with the third countries and these agreements are considered to have an impact on public but not private competition law. Hence, the paper scrutinizes conceivable rules under the private international law.

This master thesis analyses the private enforcement of competition law in private international law. It should be noted that competition law can be implemented under two methods: (a) public enforcement (regulatory norms that preserves the proper competition policy); (b) private enforcement (by allowing to seek redress for those who are victims of acts of anti-competitive or restrictive practices). As the international economy develops, with the increasing competitiveness of its entities, there is an expanding need to address the issue of applicable law. However, if such a dispute arises in two EU countries, then the applicable law and procedural redress transactions are governed by the Rome II Regulation and Directive of antitrust damages actions (since 2017). Furthermore, this directive harmonizes the regulation in the EU member states' domestic legal systems. Moreover, at EU level, the enforcement of private competition law is being resolved. Nevertheless, practically this institute is not applicable. The key to this problem is the lack of successful precedents. However, given the fact that UK declared to be leaving EU, this may affect not only the domestic law of UK, but additionally the application of the above-mentioned EU legislation. Although the effects of Brexit are not yet foreseen, predictions can already be made now. It goes without saying that the EU has commercial ties not only with the Member States but also with the third countries. Thus, in cases of vulnerability, such as the markets of Japan and the EU Member States, the issue of applicable law arises. Notwithstanding, the EU has concluded international agreements with the third countries and these agreements are considered to have an impact on public but not private competition law. Hence, the paper scrutinizes conceivable rules under the private international law.

This master thesis analyses the private enforcement of competition law in private international law. It should be noted that competition law can be implemented under two methods: (a) public enforcement (regulatory norms that preserves the proper competition policy); (b) private enforcement (by allowing to seek redress for those who are victims of acts of anti-competitive or restrictive practices). As the international economy develops, with the increasing competitiveness of its entities, there is an expanding need to address the issue of applicable law. However, if such a dispute arises in two EU countries, then the applicable law and procedural redress transactions are governed by the Rome II Regulation and Directive of antitrust damages actions (since 2017). Furthermore, this directive harmonizes the regulation in the EU member states' domestic legal systems. Moreover, at EU level, the enforcement of private competition law is being resolved. Nevertheless, practically this institute is not applicable. The key to this problem is the lack of successful precedents. However, given the fact that UK declared to be leaving EU, this may affect not only the domestic law of UK, but additionally the application of the above-mentioned EU legislation. Although the effects of Brexit are not yet foreseen, predictions can already be made now. It goes without saying that the EU has commercial ties not only with the Member States but also with the third countries. Thus, in cases of vulnerability, such as the markets of Japan and the EU Member States, the issue of applicable law arises. Notwithstanding, the EU has concluded international agreements with the third countries and these agreements are considered to have an impact on public but not private competition law. Hence, the paper scrutinizes conceivable rules under the private international law.

A systematic solution to this issue would allow both the Ministry of the Interior and subordinate institutions, including the Police department, to apply the uniform EU's financial support distribution mechanism, based on rationality, transparency and objectivity principles, systematic and measured behavior. It is also suggested when evaluating the EU and other funding sources to create a financial source correlation system: to create the map of funded areas, which would allow to see whether there is a duplication of the same areas financed by different sources. In order to achieve more effective systemic distribution of EU's financial support mechanism, the EU financial support distribution model should be introduced in accordance with a number of components: - to make the legal regulation of EU's financial support distribution more exact in the level of Ministry of Interior (to specify the provisions according to: responsible subjects, the EU's support distribution criteria, EU's support distribution procedures and importance of priorities by distributing the support; support distribution mechanism). - to define the criteria of EU's financial support distribution, according to which the EU's financial support is distributed. Criteria (leverages) would allow a more rational and objective distribution of EU's financial support. - to determine (specify) the EU's financial support distribution procedures and importance of priorities when distributing the support logically ranking the priorities according to their importance and providing a very clear position as to why a particular priority has specific need for funds. - to specify the EU's financial support distribution mechanism while providing in advance the target expenditure need inside the area, and only then generalizing a need for specific area.

A systematic solution to this issue would allow both the Ministry of the Interior and subordinate institutions, including the Police department, to apply the uniform EU's financial support distribution mechanism, based on rationality, transparency and objectivity principles, systematic and measured behavior. It is also suggested when evaluating the EU and other funding sources to create a financial source correlation system: to create the map of funded areas, which would allow to see whether there is a duplication of the same areas financed by different sources. In order to achieve more effective systemic distribution of EU's financial support mechanism, the EU financial support distribution model should be introduced in accordance with a number of components: - to make the legal regulation of EU's financial support distribution more exact in the level of Ministry of Interior (to specify the provisions according to: responsible subjects, the EU's support distribution criteria, EU's support distribution procedures and importance of priorities by distributing the support; support distribution mechanism). - to define the criteria of EU's financial support distribution, according to which the EU's financial support is distributed. Criteria (leverages) would allow a more rational and objective distribution of EU's financial support. - to determine (specify) the EU's financial support distribution procedures and importance of priorities when distributing the support logically ranking the priorities according to their importance and providing a very clear position as to why a particular priority has specific need for funds. - to specify the EU's financial support distribution mechanism while providing in advance the target expenditure need inside the area, and only then generalizing a need for specific area.

The article deals with the issues of implementation & application of EU law can be defined as a complex processes aimed to ensure full respect of the requirements of EU legislation. Implementation often concerns various EU & national legal provisions, individual factual circumstances and, no doubt, differences in their interpretation. Consequently, infringements done by the Member States may take number of forms. To disclose present situation, find underpinning reasons & look for possible solutions for the improvement of the implementation of EU law, it is necessary to identify relevant infringements, establish common features & to proceed with evaluation. General analysis of infringement cases when Lithuania is accused, allegedly or correctly, for not fulfillment of its commitments related to the implementation of EU law is provided in the article. Experience of Lithuania is displayed in the context of ten new Member States of the EU and some comparison with the 'old' Member States is also provided occasionally. Analysis of the particular types of the infringements is focused to establish their nature & character as well as possible actions suitable to reduce their number. Adapted from the source document.

The Enforcement of European Union Law by the administrative courts of Lithuania is analyzed in this Master's paper. National courts may enforce and apply European Union law directly or indirectly, but these methods are analyzed on a small scale because the object of paper – enforcement of European Union law is analyzed through the stages of judicial proceedings of national administrative courts. First of all, it is described the position and duty of judge to choose the applicable law. It is analyzed the supremacy of European Union law and it's coherence with the principle of national procedural autonomy, commented on the direct applicability and direct effect doctrines. In the first part of paper it is also ascribed the question of validity of applicable law and who is competent to judge this. In the second part of paper it is estimated the necessity to interpret law rules, methods of interpretation of national and Community law. It is also analyzed the possible problems in administrative courts of Lithuania which arise while applying European Union law properly and seeking to ensure consistent practice in the whole Community. The purpose of the paper is to research how the application of European Union law is specific and different from the application of national law in the administrative courts of Lithuania and whether the courts apply European Union law properly.

The Enforcement of European Union Law by the administrative courts of Lithuania is analyzed in this Master's paper. National courts may enforce and apply European Union law directly or indirectly, but these methods are analyzed on a small scale because the object of paper – enforcement of European Union law is analyzed through the stages of judicial proceedings of national administrative courts. First of all, it is described the position and duty of judge to choose the applicable law. It is analyzed the supremacy of European Union law and it's coherence with the principle of national procedural autonomy, commented on the direct applicability and direct effect doctrines. In the first part of paper it is also ascribed the question of validity of applicable law and who is competent to judge this. In the second part of paper it is estimated the necessity to interpret law rules, methods of interpretation of national and Community law. It is also analyzed the possible problems in administrative courts of Lithuania which arise while applying European Union law properly and seeking to ensure consistent practice in the whole Community. The purpose of the paper is to research how the application of European Union law is specific and different from the application of national law in the administrative courts of Lithuania and whether the courts apply European Union law properly.

This Master's thesis analyzes the enforcement measures that are realized by the bailiff - the forced sale of assets (the forced realization of the assets). The objectives of this thesis were: to identify the concept of enforcement process, to determine the place of realization of assets in the context of enforcement measures; to identify the conditions for the realization of the assets; to analyze three specific forms of realization of the assets, which are executed by the bailiff, to determine their problematic aspects and suggest possible solutions. By implementing the objectives, the goals of this thesis were reached, i.e. to determine whether the legal regulation of coercive sale of assets ensures the practical implementation of purposes raised in enforcement process, as well as seeking balance of interests between debtor and creditor. While exploring the legislation and judicial practice of enforcement proceedings, it was proved that non-comprehensive legal regulation of realization of the assets in enforcement proceedings causes practical problems, a different interpretation of the law and leads to violation of person's rights and interests.

This Master's thesis analyzes the enforcement measures that are realized by the bailiff - the forced sale of assets (the forced realization of the assets). The objectives of this thesis were: to identify the concept of enforcement process, to determine the place of realization of assets in the context of enforcement measures; to identify the conditions for the realization of the assets; to analyze three specific forms of realization of the assets, which are executed by the bailiff, to determine their problematic aspects and suggest possible solutions. By implementing the objectives, the goals of this thesis were reached, i.e. to determine whether the legal regulation of coercive sale of assets ensures the practical implementation of purposes raised in enforcement process, as well as seeking balance of interests between debtor and creditor. While exploring the legislation and judicial practice of enforcement proceedings, it was proved that non-comprehensive legal regulation of realization of the assets in enforcement proceedings causes practical problems, a different interpretation of the law and leads to violation of person's rights and interests.