Suchergebnisse

Метою навчальної дисципліни є вивчення студентами чинного земельного законодавства, ознайомлення із науковими працями з земельного права і надання майбутнім фахівцям-правознавцям необхідної суми знань щодо застосування положень земельного законодавства в їхній практичній діяльності. Завданням земельного права як навчальної дисципліни є формування у студентів відповідної правосвідомості, вміння застосовувати отриманні знання на практиці. Аграрне право характеризується властивим їй предметом правового регулювання – аграрними правовідносинами, які, по-перше, випливають зі спеціального правового статусу суб'єктів аграрного та земельного права, зі специфіки їх завдань та предмета діяльності; по-друге, складаються у сфері виробництва продуктів харчування, продовольства і сировини рослинного і тваринного походження, переробки та реалізації сировини суб'єктами аграрної підприємницької діяльності. Аграрні правовідносини як предмет аграрного права являють собою взаємопов'язані інтегровані відносини майнового, земельного, членського, учасницького, корпоративного, управлінського і трудового характеру в усій багатогранності їх прояву в процесі здійснення завдань діяльності суб'єктів аграрного підприємництва. Курс аграрного, земельного права передбачає опанування студентами загальних юридичних понять і категорій з подальшим переходом до основних інститутів аграрного, земельного права, спираючись на знання, здобуті під час вивчення цивільного права та інших галузей права. The purpose of the discipline is to study students of the current land legislation, to familiarize with scientific works on land law and to provide future lawyers with the necessary amount of knowledge on the application of the provisions of land legislation in their practical activities. The task of land law as a discipline is the formation of the students of the corresponding legal consciousness, the ability to apply the acquisition of knowledge in practice. Agrarian law is characterized by its legal regulation - agrarian legal relations, which, firstly, derive from the special legal status of subjects of agrarian and land law, from the specifics of their tasks and subject of activity; and secondly, they consist in the sphere of food production, food and raw materials of plant and animal origin, processing and realization of raw materials by subjects of agrarian entrepreneurial activity. Agrarian legal relations as an object of agrarian law are interconnected integrated relations of property, land, membership, participatory, corporate, managerial and labor character in all the diversity of their manifestation in the process of carrying out tasks of the subjects of agrarian entrepreneurship. The course of agrarian, land law envisages the mastering of general legal concepts and categories by students, with the subsequent transition to the main institutes of agrarian, land law, based on knowledge gained during the study of civil law and other branches of law

The article is devoted to the study of the principles of law that determine the fundamentals of the EU functioning. The concepts of general principles of law, international principles of law as well as principles of EU law are distinguished. The principles of EU law are classified into international, democratic, economic, organizational, functional, sectoral.The study of the principles of EU law is important for Ukrainian science in the context of Ukraine's integration into the EU. The results of the research will help the judiciary to integrate the principles of EU law into its case law. The Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the Supreme Court will play an important role in the integration of EU law into the national legal order.The following definition of the concept is proposed: the principles of EU law are the fundamental ideological principles of the EU legal system, which determine legal status of the EU as a subject of law and international relations; legal status of EU citizens; basic principles of organization and functioning of the EU; areas, limits and mechanisms for exercising the powers of the EU institutions; principles of legal regulation in the areas that fall within the competence of the EU.The principle of conferral is singled out as a fundamental functional principle from which other principles of EU law originate, namely: the principle of coherence of policies and actions; the principle of open EU cooperation with Member States; the principle of subsidiarity; the principle of proportionality; the principle of open cooperation between EU institutions; the principle of institutional balance. Their relationship and the mandatory nature of compliance are established.The operation of any of the institutions contrary to the principle of conferral or any of the principles named is a ground for appealing against such actions before the Court of Justice. According to Article 263 TFEU, the Court of Justice has the jurisdiction to review the legality of legislative acts, decisions or actions of the European Council, the European Parliament, the European Commission and the European Central Bank, as well as bodies, offices and agencies intended to produce legal effects vis-à-vis third parties.The content of the functional principles of EU law is revealed and the order of their application by the Court of Justice of the EU is analyzed on the example of one of the decisions. The classification of principles of EU law on a source of their placement is offered.In the system of principles of EU law should also be distinguished: 1) the principles of law that follow from the provisions of international law (the principle of peaceful cooperation and the principles of the UN Charter); 2) the principles of law derived from the principles of market economy and social policy (the principle of economic, social, territorial unity of the Member States and solidarity between them); 3) the principles of law derived from democratic principles (principle of respect for human dignity, freedom, representative democracy, equality, rule of law, respect for human rights, including the rights of minorities). Therefore, in a general sense, the system of principles of EU law includes: international principles of law, general (democratic principles of law, economic principles, principles of EU law) (organizational, functional, sectoral). ; Досліджено принципи права, які визначають засади функціонування ЄС. Розмежовано поняття загальні принципи права, міжнародні принципи права та принципи права ЄС. Класифіковано принципи права ЄС на міжнародні, демократичні, економічні, організаційні, функціональні, галузеві.Запропоновано таке визначення поняття: принципи права ЄС – це основоположні ідеологічні засади правової системи ЄС, які визначають правовий статус ЄС як суб'єкта права та міжнародних відносин; правовий статус громадян ЄС; основні засади організації та функціонування ЄС; сфери, межі та механізми реалізації повноважень інституціями ЄС; засади правового регулювання у сферах, які належать до компетенції ЄС.Виокремлено принцип наділення повноваженнями як основоположний функціональ­ний принцип, від якого походять інші принципи права ЄС, а саме: принцип узгодженості політик і дій; принцип відкритої співпраці ЄС з державами-членами; принцип субсидіарнос­ті; принцип пропорційності; принцип відкритої співпраці установ ЄС; принцип інституційного балансу. Визначено їх взаємозв'язок між собою та обов'язковий характер дотримання.Розкрито зміст функціональних принципів права ЄС та проаналізовано порядок їх правозастосування Судом ЄС на прикладі одного з рішень. Запропоновано класифікацію принципів права ЄС за джерелом їх розміщення.

The purpose of the article is to find the best ways to resolve conflicts in the criminal law of Ukraine. Methods. Methodological tools are selected in accordance with the purpose, specifics of the object and subject of research. The main one is general dialectical method of scientific knowledge of real legal phenomena. Special research methods used in the study are: the method of systematic analysis, formal legal, interpretation of law, comparative law, modeling. The theoretical basis of the study is the latest scientific works in the chosen field of research. Results. As proved during the analysis of the legal literature, there is the following list of effective ways to resolve and prevent conflicts in law, which can be extrapolated to the field of criminal law: 1) unification of law; 2) harmonization of law; 3) approximation of law; 4) clear delineation of powers of public authorities; 5) monitoring of normative legal acts; 6) creation of model laws; 7) interpretation of law; 8) improvement of legislation. Conclusions. As a result of the study, it is proposed to apply different principles to overcome conflicts depending on their type (in particular, "a special law repeals a general law", "a later law cancels an earlier one", "the next general law does not cancel an earlier special law of similar legal force"). Types of "conflict rules" in the sources of criminal law are presented primarily depending on the specific type of such sources. Modern legislation, including criminal, contains virtually no rules aimed at overcoming intersectoral conflicts, but conflicts of law in various areas of Ukrainian law create significant problems in law enforcement.

The article considers the main stages of formation, development and features of the evolution of the institution of inheritance in Ukraine. Inheritance law is one of the oldest areas of law, which has never lost relevance in both theoretical research and practical application, as the issue of transfer of property from the deceased to his descendants and close relatives existed during the Roman Empire, where the study originates. institute. Inheritance is a set of various objects of civil legal relations, each of which creates for the sphere of inheritance its challenges and problems that need to be explored - the right of permanent land use, the right of lifelong inherited land ownership, hereditary transmission, etc. The article aims to study the sources of inheritance law, from well-known documents of Roman times to modern legislation governing relations related to inheritance. Analysis of the institution of inheritance through the prism of the historical development of society and law in general makes it possible to identify general trends that were characteristic of a certain period of time, as well as to trace how the state changed its position on the transfer of property from the deceased to his relatives. ; У статті розглянуті основні етапи становлення, розвитку та особливості еволюції інституту спадкування в Україні. Спадкове право – це один із найдавніших напрямків права, який ніколи не втрачав актуальність як в теоретичному дослідженні, так в практичному застосуванні, оскільки питання переходу майна від померлої особи до його нащадків та близьких родичів існував ще за часів Римської імперії, звідки й бере початок досліджуваний інститут. Спадщина – це сукупність різноманітних об'єктів цивільних правовідносин, з яких особливість кожного створює для сфери спадкування свої виклики та проблеми, які необхідно досліджувати – право постійного користування землею, право довічного успадкованого володіння землею, спадкова трансмісія, тощо. Стаття направлена на дослідження джерел спадкового права, починаючи з відомих документів римських часів закінчуючи сучасними законодавчими актами, які регулюють відносини пов'язані із спадкуванням. Аналіз інституту спадкування через призму історичного розвитку суспільства та права в цілому дає можливість виокремити загальні тенденції, які були притаманні певному періоду часу, а також прослідкувати яким чином змінювалась позиція держави щодо переходу майна від померлого до його родичів, еволюцію поглядів на цей процес.

The article is devoted to studying the place of the state in the system of subjects of the civil law. It is noted that the realization of the interest of individual achieved by his/her individual actions, by means of combining individuals or a combination of capital, which leads to the creation of independent legal structure in the civil law, which becomes a fiction of the individual namely. Since the state is an alliance of the interests of persons united in a single social organism in order to ensure their implementation, it is logical that legal entity synthesizes not only the characteristic features of a corporation, but also the features that are characteristic for the state as a subject of the law. The state has no independent status as a subject of the civil law. Due to the relationship between the construction of the state and legal entities, we can assert the unity of the nature of their formation in the private law. The obvious special features of the state that are of a public-law nature do not exclude such features in the private-law sphere that are present in legal entity (organizational unity, property autonomy, independent property liability, participation in civilian circulation on its own behalf) do not change its goals in this area. The natural deficiency of the state capacity makes it impossible to realize its subjective civil rights and fulfill legal obligations in a way different from that established for its public-law functions, that is, through the state authorities. Such model of relations between the state and legal entities of public law fits into the design of the institution of representation. But this is not methodologically justified. Public authorities should not have legal entity status. The legal capacity of the state is revealed, its universal character is substantiated. Arguments are put forward in favor of the special legal capacity of the state authorities under the civil law of Ukraine.

The concept and essence of "public procurement" in administrative law UKRAINEAbstract. In the article the nature and characteristics of "public procurement" in the administrative law of Ukraine are analyzed from legal point of view. It is proved that the doctrine of administrative law Ukraine still doesn't have common understanding of the conceptual notions - "public procurement". In addition, legal literature has lots of scientific positions whether to consider public procurement as an institute of administrative law. Lack of scientific investigation makes it relevant not only on doctrinal, but also on the level of practical enforcement.Proposed the concept of "public procurement" to determine as an institution of administrative law that defines the process of implementation of the state order, which is the acquisition of state customers of goods and services at the best market conditions to meet the public interest (public needs). However, given that before the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On public procurement" on legislative and doctrinal levels used the term "state procurements" and after adoption - "public procurements", the term "state procurements" is synonymous to the term " public procurements" and change the wording associated exclusively with the legislative reforms in 2016.Keywords: state procurements, public procurements, the institution of administrative law, administrative agreements.

Протягом останнього часу рішення національних судів все частіше і частіше містять вказівку на рішення Європейського суду з прав людини, що є свого роду трендом вітчизняного правозастосування. Додамо, що відповідно до чинного законодавства України, практика Європейського суду з прав людини є джерелом національного права. Означене вказує на актуальність обраної проблематики та важливість її розв'язання для правничої діяльності, що дозволяє імплементувати правнику цінності західної правової культури та реалізовувати положення Конвенції про захист прав людини та основоположних свобод. ; In recent times, the decisions of national courts have increasingly referred to the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which is a kind of trend in domestic law enforcement. We will add that according to the current legislation of Ukraine, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights is a source of national law. This indicates the relevance of the chosen issue and the importance of its solution for legal activities, which allows the lawyer to implement the values of Western legal culture and implement the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

This paper describes the stages of formation and development of the historical and law school at the Law Faculties of the University. Special attention is paid to the analysis of historical and scientific law school, reveals research activities most prominent historians of law and state law faculty in the history of law.The article shows that the Department of History of State and Law Lviv National University was founded as part of the Faculty of Law, according to the diploma Austrian Emperor Joseph II in 1784 established that during 1784‑887 the Department was entitled «Department of History of the German and Austrian law». From 1874 to 1887 the department was headed by K. Liska, who gave a history of Austrian law. In addition to his work at the Department G. Roszkowska who read the philosophy of law and international law, F. Hryzetskyy ‑ Church and state law, A. Fanahor ‑ Polish private law, F. Zrodlovskyy ‑ Roman law. Determined that in 1887 a joint decision of administration and the Senate (Academic Council) at the Faculty was established also chair of the history of Polish law. Argued that it was the second such department in the territory and province of Galicia Lodomeria. The first was established in 1877 in Krakow Jagiellonian University. Since the head of the department for prof. A. Baltsera who headed the department for more than forty years, using well-deserved authority and respect among the Lviv intelligentsia, teachers and students. While the department has intensified study of the history of Poland early-feudal, caste government in the Kingdom of Poland, the period of gentry Commonwealth (1505–1788 gg.) And more. Since 1887/1888 academic year Professor. A. Baltser launched at the Department a statement of the subject «History of Polish procedural law». Read course for two semesters, 5 hours each week. In 1894 due to changes in curriculum, the department decided to also read a course on «History of government of Austria.» For him responsible professor. A. Baltser.It is shown that the history of Polish law department was reorganized into the Department of German law. P. Dombkovskyy was appointed its head January 1, 1916 after the First World War, when the independent Polish state revived, Ministry of Education and religions Poland 1 April 1919 P. Dombkovskomu assigned the title of Professor of course, but at Lviv University Senate elected him to head the department reorganized old Polish Private Law Faculty of Lviv University.Outlined in Lviv in the early twentieth century. faces a complicated political situation. Continued Ukrainian-Polish War for East Galicia, which began November 1, 1918 ‑ between the West Ukrainian National Republic and Poland. Classes at the University of L'viv longer actually not performed, department and faculty did not act. After the death of professor of history right Lviv University Halbana A. P. Dombkovskyy further (temporary) also headed the Department of Western European law, and the death of prof. Baltsera A. (1933) was the leading teacher full course of history of law in Poland. According to the decision of the Council of Ministers of Poland on February 26, 1920 transferred to the University of Lvov use Galician regional house of the Diet, which effectively ceased operations in 1914, and legally in 1918Deals that during the Second World War Department and the University as a whole has not acted. After the restoration in 1944 of the university, created the department of theory and history of law. Under this name department functioned until 2008 Over the years the department was headed by prof. P. Dombkovskyy (1925‑1934 рр. And 1944–1946 gg.), Prof. P. Nedbaylo (1946–1954 gg.), Assistant professor. B. Kalinovych (1954–1960 gg.), Prof. B. Sokurenko (1960–1990 gg.). Since 1990 the department is headed by B. Tischikov Distinguished Professor of Lviv National University, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, which is one of the leading scientists of Ukraine in the history of law, a sort of «patriarch» of science, his name as reputable and experienced scientist teacher widely known in Ukraine and abroad. ; Охарактеризовано етапи становлення та розвитку історико-правової школи на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету. Значну увагу зосереджено на аналізі розвитку наукової історико-правової школи, розкрито наукову діяльність найбільш видатних істориків права і держави юридичного факультету в галузі історії держави і права.

This paper describes the stages of formation and development of the historical and law school at the Law Faculties of the University. Special attention is paid to the analysis of historical and scientific law school, reveals research activities most prominent historians of law and state law faculty in the history of law.The article shows that the Department of History of State and Law Lviv National University was founded as part of the Faculty of Law, according to the diploma Austrian Emperor Joseph II in 1784 established that during 1784‑887 the Department was entitled «Department of History of the German and Austrian law». From 1874 to 1887 the department was headed by K. Liska, who gave a history of Austrian law. In addition to his work at the Department G. Roszkowska who read the philosophy of law and international law, F. Hryzetskyy ‑ Church and state law, A. Fanahor ‑ Polish private law, F. Zrodlovskyy ‑ Roman law. Determined that in 1887 a joint decision of administration and the Senate (Academic Council) at the Faculty was established also chair of the history of Polish law. Argued that it was the second such department in the territory and province of Galicia Lodomeria. The first was established in 1877 in Krakow Jagiellonian University. Since the head of the department for prof. A. Baltsera who headed the department for more than forty years, using well-deserved authority and respect among the Lviv intelligentsia, teachers and students. While the department has intensified study of the history of Poland early-feudal, caste government in the Kingdom of Poland, the period of gentry Commonwealth (1505–1788 gg.) And more. Since 1887/1888 academic year Professor. A. Baltser launched at the Department a statement of the subject «History of Polish procedural law». Read course for two semesters, 5 hours each week. In 1894 due to changes in curriculum, the department decided to also read a course on «History of government of Austria.» For him responsible professor. A. Baltser.It is shown that the history of Polish law department was reorganized into the Department of German law. P. Dombkovskyy was appointed its head January 1, 1916 after the First World War, when the independent Polish state revived, Ministry of Education and religions Poland 1 April 1919 P. Dombkovskomu assigned the title of Professor of course, but at Lviv University Senate elected him to head the department reorganized old Polish Private Law Faculty of Lviv University.Outlined in Lviv in the early twentieth century. faces a complicated political situation. Continued Ukrainian-Polish War for East Galicia, which began November 1, 1918 ‑ between the West Ukrainian National Republic and Poland. Classes at the University of L'viv longer actually not performed, department and faculty did not act. After the death of professor of history right Lviv University Halbana A. P. Dombkovskyy further (temporary) also headed the Department of Western European law, and the death of prof. Baltsera A. (1933) was the leading teacher full course of history of law in Poland. According to the decision of the Council of Ministers of Poland on February 26, 1920 transferred to the University of Lvov use Galician regional house of the Diet, which effectively ceased operations in 1914, and legally in 1918Deals that during the Second World War Department and the University as a whole has not acted. After the restoration in 1944 of the university, created the department of theory and history of law. Under this name department functioned until 2008 Over the years the department was headed by prof. P. Dombkovskyy (1925‑1934 рр. And 1944–1946 gg.), Prof. P. Nedbaylo (1946–1954 gg.), Assistant professor. B. Kalinovych (1954–1960 gg.), Prof. B. Sokurenko (1960–1990 gg.). Since 1990 the department is headed by B. Tischikov Distinguished Professor of Lviv National University, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, which is one of the leading scientists of Ukraine in the history of law, a sort of «patriarch» of science, his name as reputable and experienced scientist teacher widely known in Ukraine and abroad. ; Охарактеризовано етапи становлення та розвитку історико-правової школи на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету. Значну увагу зосереджено на аналізі розвитку наукової історико-правової школи, розкрито наукову діяльність найбільш видатних істориків права і держави юридичного факультету в галузі історії держави і права.

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of «abuse of rights» in terms of its negative manifestation in different legal systems. In order to clarify the legal nature and content of the abuse of law, the question of the relationship between lawful and wrongful conduct was analyzed. Based on the study of doctrinal sources on this issue, ways to overcome the abuse of rights have been identified at the international and regional levels. The monitoring of foreign and national legislation in the article led to the conclusion that abuse of law is a phenomenon that permeates all branches of law and all groups of legal relations. The implementation of knowledge and legal traditions of international and domestic regulation of this category makes it possible to develop new ways to combat abuse of law at the social and legal levels. In our opinion, the legal significance of regulations aimed at counteracting the phenomenon of abuse of rights at the regional level in domestic law is significantly underestimated. The principle of inadmissibility of abuse of rights does not have its own stable logical theoretical construction, including at the constitutional and legal level, which indicates the need to enshrine it in a separate provision of the Constitution of Ukraine. At the same time, it should be recognized that effective counteraction to abuse of rights at the legislative level should be carried out both at the level of general legal principles and at the level of special industry regulations and norms.

The article deals with theoretical and methodological approaches to the essence of the state sovereignty in modern conditions of legal globalization and European interstate integration from the point of view of searching for effective means of complex legal modernization of society. The author analyzes the legal content of this category, shows its specific features, reveals the importance of the processes of improving the basic elements of social relations and constitutional modernization of society and the state in modern conditions of legal globalization and European interstate integration. The need for further improvement of constitutional and legal regulation of the most important social relations as a key direction of legal modernization of social relations in a modern democratic state based on the fundamental foundations of European constitutionalism is underlined. At the same time, at the doctrinal level, there is no doubt that the Constitution of Ukraine has a certain degree of almost all the well-known features of the world, in particular, the European, constitutions. Summarizing the above, we consider it necessary to highlight the following main formal and legal features of the Constitution of Ukraine, which is the fundamental ground for modern constitutional and legal reform in our state: 1) a special subject accepting (people's character); 2) the fundamental (institutional) nature; 3) stability is coupled with dynamism; 4) reality; 5) formal and legal properties: the Constitution – the Fundamental Law of Ukraine; its highest legal force; Constitution – the legal base of legislation; A special procedure for making and amending; Special content and structure of the Constitution; Direct effect of its norms. This list is not exhaustive, but in our opinion, it is optimal for defining the main tasks and principles of constitutional and legal reform in the current conditions of legal globalization and European interstate integration. Thus, with the improvement of the Constitution of Ukraine as the main source of constitutional law of Ukraine, it is necessary to focus not only on the modernization of certain institutions that regulate it, but also on the strengthening of its legal properties in general. In other words, the leading role of the Constitution in the system of sources of constitutional law of Ukraine is due to its inherent legal properties, ensuring their effectiveness in society and is a priority task of modern constitutional and legal reform. Thus, under the constitutional and legal reform, in today's conditions of legal globalization and European interstate integration, it is necessary to reform of the sphere of constitutional law directly as a leading national branch of law of Ukraine, the formally-legal improvement and improvement of the constitutional legal material at all its system levels, as provisions, institutions, sub-sectors and industry as a whole. It should also be noted that the subject and object of the branch of constitutional law varies in modern conditions under the influence of a whole range of objective factors of legal and political reality, in particular, it refers to the processes of legal globalization and intergovernmental integration, which, in turn, internally causes the emergence of new branches and subnets of national law, strengthening the internationalization of constitutional law and the constitutionality of international and European law, the adaptation of domestic constitutional laws and to basic European legal standards as a prerequisite quality of the constitutional and legal reform in accordance with objectively existing conditions of society. The need for further improvement of the constitutional and legal regulation of the most important social relations as the most important line of public power in the context of the perception of the European legal system by the national legal system of Ukraine

The article deals with the substantive aspects of military law as a specific area of regulation of military relations. The main attention is paid to the coverage and generalization of theoretical positions of achievements of scientists and practitioners in this field, as well as a critical analysis of existing methodological approaches and conclusions concerning the identification and justification of the laws of military law. The thesis about the priority of the military and defense component of military law as its main substantive factor, which, in fact, should determine the legal paradigm of the military phenomenon, is put forward and substantiated. ; У статті йде мова про сутнісно-змістовні аспекти військового права як специфічної сфери регулювання військових відносин. Головна увага приділяється висвітленню та узагальненню теоретичних положень здобутків науковців та практиків у цій сфері, а також здійснено критичний аналіз наявних методологічних підходів і висновків, що стосуються виявлення та обґрунтування закономірностей військового права. Висунута та обґрунтовується теза про пріоритетність військово-оборонної складової військового права як його головного сутнісно-змістовного чинника, який, власне, і повинен визначати правову парадигму військового феномену.

The article deals with the substantive aspects of military law as a specific area of regulation of military relations. The main attention is paid to the coverage and generalization of theoretical positions of achievements of scientists and practitioners in this field, as well as a critical analysis of existing methodological approaches and conclusions concerning the identification and justification of the laws of military law. The thesis about the priority of the military and defense component of military law as its main substantive factor, which, in fact, should determine the legal paradigm of the military phenomenon, is put forward and substantiated. ; У статті йде мова про сутнісно-змістовні аспекти військового права як специфічної сфери регулювання військових відносин. Головна увага приділяється висвітленню та узагальненню теоретичних положень здобутків науковців та практиків у цій сфері, а також здійснено критичний аналіз наявних методологічних підходів і висновків, що стосуються виявлення та обґрунтування закономірностей військового права. Висунута та обґрунтовується теза про пріоритетність військово-оборонної складової військового права як його головного сутнісно-змістовного чинника, який, власне, і повинен визначати правову парадигму військового феномену.

The history of China originates from the 5th millennium B.C. Written sources relating to the beginning of the period of the seven strongest states "Chuntsu" (Spring and Autumn period) originated in the 7th century B.C.The first elements of the philosophical teachings of China originated in the 5th century B.C., the most significant being Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, the School of In-Yang, and Nominalism. The thorough analysis of the abovementioned teachings provides an insight into a contemptuous attitude to the law as a means of regulating social relations and conflict resolution, as well as the faith in the harmony of human relationships and justice, and the need for a search for consensus and agreement.These teachings demonstrate a vivid confrontation between the humanist (Confucian and partly the doctrine of Mohism) and anti-humanistic (Legalist) doctrine, morality and law. It was also common to the European tradition.They had significant influence on the nature of ancient Chinese law, although it was also based on customary law, as well as on the traditions of Eastern despotism, which held the sacramentality of the ruler's figure (him and his power, as well as the laws that emanated from him, deified), the political arbitrariness, qualitatively different from the European view of the relationship between the state and the individual on the basis of blind submission, the absolute dominance of the state over society, the lack of democratic traditions of the formation of state authorities and governance, the lack of controlling authorities based directly on force, and the lack of guarantees of individual rights as its grounding features.The ancient Chinese law of the period had a very obscure caste character. The status of a person depended on the social situation this person was in, and not on his/her origin. Therefore, the linchpin here was occupied by the representatives of the ruling dynasty, as well as representatives of the state power apparatus, whose status was derived from the ruler.The second grade was occupied by regular persons (scientists, landowners, artisans, and merchants) who entirely depended on the will of the ruler and his officials. As for certain categories of persons, the extent of their eligibility was different. The following categories were personally free (Lyangen, Zhuzhen, Pingmin) and personally unfriendly, "Underworld" (Jian-jen), in addition to landowners and tenants. There also existed different statuses of father and son, spouses, separate categories of children, age categories of persons in criminal law (in particular, persons under 10 and over 80 were not held liable).The law was also featured by collective responsibility for committing crimes (the perpetrators of the crime could be punished by relatives of the offender to the third degree), a combination of functions of administration and justice (the ruler belonged to the supreme judicial authority), as well as extremely cruel sanctions for committing crimes. Court proceedings had an inquisitive character, where the person completely depended on the discretion of the authorities. Civil-law relations had the features of the lack of economic freedom and the existence of contractual relations in a rather limited framework not accompanied by clear legal guarantees.Article received 14.03.2019 ; Статтю присвячено висвітленню світоглядних основ права Стародавнього Китаю періоду розпаду первісного ладу і формування ранніх міст-держав (VII–II ст. до Р.Х.). Досліджено перші космологічні уявлення про певну єдність законів Неба, Землі і Людини, які становили першооснову світогляду, моральне і релігійно-міфічне підґрунтя суспільного і державного устрою, а також філософські вчення цього періоду, які справили важливий вплив не тільки на чинне на той час законодавство Китаю, а й на всю стародавню філософію Японії, Кореї, В'єтнаму та Тайваню, а саме: даосизм, конфуціанство, мої́зм, легізм, школа «інь-ян», номіналізм. Розкрито процеси трансформації звичаєвого права, поступового підвищення ролі закону в китайському суспільстві, протиборство конфуціанства і легізму на тлі формування централізованої держави, а також особливості правового становища особи; наведено стислу характеристику права.Матеріал надійшов 14.03.2019

The history of China originates from the 5th millennium B.C. Written sources relating to the beginning of the period of the seven strongest states "Chuntsu" (Spring and Autumn period) originated in the 7th century B.C.The first elements of the philosophical teachings of China originated in the 5th century B.C., the most significant being Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, the School of In-Yang, and Nominalism. The thorough analysis of the abovementioned teachings provides an insight into a contemptuous attitude to the law as a means of regulating social relations and conflict resolution, as well as the faith in the harmony of human relationships and justice, and the need for a search for consensus and agreement.These teachings demonstrate a vivid confrontation between the humanist (Confucian and partly the doctrine of Mohism) and anti-humanistic (Legalist) doctrine, morality and law. It was also common to the European tradition.They had significant influence on the nature of ancient Chinese law, although it was also based on customary law, as well as on the traditions of Eastern despotism, which held the sacramentality of the ruler's figure (him and his power, as well as the laws that emanated from him, deified), the political arbitrariness, qualitatively different from the European view of the relationship between the state and the individual on the basis of blind submission, the absolute dominance of the state over society, the lack of democratic traditions of the formation of state authorities and governance, the lack of controlling authorities based directly on force, and the lack of guarantees of individual rights as its grounding features.The ancient Chinese law of the period had a very obscure caste character. The status of a person depended on the social situation this person was in, and not on his/her origin. Therefore, the linchpin here was occupied by the representatives of the ruling dynasty, as well as representatives of the state power apparatus, whose status was derived from the ruler.The second grade was occupied by regular persons (scientists, landowners, artisans, and merchants) who entirely depended on the will of the ruler and his officials. As for certain categories of persons, the extent of their eligibility was different. The following categories were personally free (Lyangen, Zhuzhen, Pingmin) and personally unfriendly, "Underworld" (Jian-jen), in addition to landowners and tenants. There also existed different statuses of father and son, spouses, separate categories of children, age categories of persons in criminal law (in particular, persons under 10 and over 80 were not held liable).The law was also featured by collective responsibility for committing crimes (the perpetrators of the crime could be punished by relatives of the offender to the third degree), a combination of functions of administration and justice (the ruler belonged to the supreme judicial authority), as well as extremely cruel sanctions for committing crimes. Court proceedings had an inquisitive character, where the person completely depended on the discretion of the authorities. Civil-law relations had the features of the lack of economic freedom and the existence of contractual relations in a rather limited framework not accompanied by clear legal guarantees.Article received 14.03.2019 ; Статтю присвячено висвітленню світоглядних основ права Стародавнього Китаю періоду розпаду первісного ладу і формування ранніх міст-держав (VII–II ст. до Р.Х.). Досліджено перші космологічні уявлення про певну єдність законів Неба, Землі і Людини, які становили першооснову світогляду, моральне і релігійно-міфічне підґрунтя суспільного і державного устрою, а також філософські вчення цього періоду, які справили важливий вплив не тільки на чинне на той час законодавство Китаю, а й на всю стародавню філософію Японії, Кореї, В'єтнаму та Тайваню, а саме: даосизм, конфуціанство, мої́зм, легізм, школа «інь-ян», номіналізм. Розкрито процеси трансформації звичаєвого права, поступового підвищення ролі закону в китайському суспільстві, протиборство конфуціанства і легізму на тлі формування централізованої держави, а також особливості правового становища особи; наведено стислу характеристику права.Матеріал надійшов 14.03.2019