Ljudsko je lice spolno dimorfna karakteristika, a morfologija lica povezana je s različitim biološkim markerima. Prilikom percepcije lica druge osobe pojedinci stvaraju dojmove o spolu, dobi, etničkoj pripadnosti, ali i emocionalnim stanjima i osobinama ličnosti te osobe. Ovaj je proces automatski, iznimno brz i uključen je u sve situacije socijalne interakcije. Brojna istraživanja upućuju na to da ljudi imaju pristranosti prema određenim fenotipima lica prilikom donošenja odluke o tome tko bi trebao biti vođa njihove grupe, bilo da je riječ o ekonomskim ili političkim grupama. U ovom će preglednom radu biti prikazani nalazi koji iz perspektive evolucijske psihologije pokušavaju razjasniti nastanak i funkciju spomenutih pristranosti. Kao glavni teorijski okviri bit će predstavljeni: evolucijska teorija vodstva, biosocijalni model kategorizacije vođa te hipoteza evolucijske kontingencije. Nadalje, bit će opisana istraživanja koja pokazuju da ljudi preferiraju vođe s licima koja izgledaju kompetentno, ovisno o kontekstu muževno ili ženstveno, te privlačno. Na koncu, bit će prikazani određeni nedostaci istraživanja u ovom području, zajedno sa smjernicama za buduća istraživanja. ; Human face is a sexually dimorphic trait, and its morphology is related to various biological markers. During face perception, people make several inferences about others, such as sex, age, ethnicity, emotional state or personality traits. This process is automatic and rapid, and is included in all forms of social interactions. Some studies indicate that people have certain biases towards specific facial phenotypes during decision-making about who is the best candidate to be a group leader in an economic or political context. In this review paper, origins and functions of aforementioned biases will be discussed from an evolutionary psychological perspective. Evolutionary leadership theory, biosocial leadership categorization model and evolutionarycontingency hypothesis will be presented as the main theoretical frameworks in the field. Moreover, findings regarding bias towards perceived facial competence, masculinity-femininity and attractiveness will be described. Lastly, some limitations in the field will be addressed, together with the recommendations for future studies.
U hrvatskome školskom sustavu dogodilo se da je "najstariji" školski predmet, onaj s najduljom školskom tradicijom, postao najmlađi. Konfesionalni katolički vjeronauk, naime, vraćen je u hrvatsku školu školske godine 1991/92, punih 40-ak godina nakon nasilnog isključenja 1952. godine. Stoga ne čudi što i sam taj predmet, odnosno Katolička crkva u Hrvata, permanentno i danas, promišlja profil i suvremeni kurikulum vjeronauka u školi, što su još uvijek interna crkvena motrišta i danas divergentna glede toga predmeta – od tvrdnji da mu je mjesto u crkvenom dvorištu pa sve do ushita što je ponovno vraćen u hrvatski školski sustav, u kojemu treba biti temeljni odgojni predmet. Nasuprot tome, na profanom području, čak i onom pedagoškome, nerijetko se dovodi u pitanje potreba i opravdanost uvođenja tog predmeta u školski sustav, ili ga se podcjenjuje, marginalizirajući ga i prepuštajući potpuno crkvenim institucijama kako bi se izbjegla svaka odgovornost, ili ga pak uspoređujući s nastavom marksizma iz prošlih vremena. U ovom radu nastoje se usustaviti neke znanstvene pretpostavke za kvalitetnije razumijevanje i daljnji razvoj vjeronauka u školi te upozoriti na njegovu teološko-pedagošku utemeljenost; njegov profil u nacionalnim školskim sustavima zemalja Europske unije; prikazati nezaobilazni doprinos toga predmeta cjelovitom odgoju u nas, što je osobito razvidno iz pedagogijskog istraživanja provedenoga na nacionalnom planu glede toga predmeta (ovo je prvo parcijalno objavljivanje tih rezultata) te naznačiti aktualne i moguće razloge krize i(li) suvremenih izazova tom predmetu. ; In the Croatian educational system it has happened that the "oldest" school subject, the one with the longest educational tradition, has become the most recent. The confessional Catholic religious instruction was returned to Croatian school in the school year 1991/92, forty years after its forced removal in 1952. Therefore, it is not surprising that Croatian Catholic Church has permanently considered the profile and contemporary curriculum of "religious instruction in school". Internal church views are even today divergent regarding that subject – ranging from claims that its place is "in the church courtyard" to the elation because of its return to the Croatian school system in which it should represent a basic pedagogic subject. On the other side, in the profane area, even the educational one, the need and justification of including that subject into the school system is frequently questioned, or it is being underrated, marginalized and left completely to the Church institutions to avoid any possible responsibility, or compared to the subject of Marxism from the past times. This article tends to systematize some scientific premises for better understanding and further development of "religious instruction in school"; to show its theological-educational foundation; to present its profile in the national school systems in the European Union countries; to document the obvious contribution of this subject to the integral education in Croatia, which is especially evident from the national educational survey, (partially) presented here for the first time; and to point out the actual and possible reasons for crisis and/or contemporary challenges for this subject. ; Im kroatischen Schulsystem kam es dazu, dass das "älteste" Schulfach, jenes mit der längsten Schultradition, zum jüngsten Schulfach wurde. Der konfessionelle katholische Religionsunterricht wurde nämlich an den kroatischen Schulen erst im Schuljahr 1991/92 wieder eingeführt, sogar 40 Jahre nachdem er im Jahre 1952 gewaltsam aus dem Lehrplan gestrichen wurde. Deswegen ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass die Fachdidaktiker bzw. die Katholische Kirche unter den Kroaten permanent über das Profil und Curriculum des "schulischen Religionsunterrichts" nachdenken und dass interne kirchliche Standpunkte hinsichtlich dieses Schulfaches noch immer weit auseinnandergehen – von Behauptungen, dass der Religionsunterricht in den "Kirchenhof " gehört bis zur Begeisterung darüber, dass er wieder seinen Platz im kroatischen Schulsystem gefunden hatte, wo er das grundlegende Erziehungsfach darstellen sollte. Andererseits werden auf der weltlichen Seite, sogar unter den Pädagogen Stimmen laut, die oft den Sinn und die Notwendigkeit einer Wiedereinführung dieses Faches in das kroatische Schulsystem in Frage stellen, oder dessen Bedeutung unterschätzen, indem sie es marginalisieren und vollständig den kirchlichen Institutionen überlassen, um jede mögliche Verantwortung zu vermeiden, oder es mit dem Marxismusunterricht aus den früheren Zeiten vergleichen. In dieser Arbeit wird versucht, einige wissenschaftliche Voraussetzungen für ein besseres Verständnis und weitere Entwicklung des "schulischen Religionsunterrichts" zu systematisieren, sowie auf seine theologisch-pädagogische Begründung und dessen Profil in den nationalen Schulsystemen der Europäischen Union hinzuweisen. Dieses Fach leistet bei uns einen unumgänglichen Beitrag zu einer ganzheitlichen Erziehung, was insbesondere aus einer landesweit durchgeführten Untersuchung über dieses Schulfach ersichtlich wird, deren Ergebnisse hier zum ersten Mal (partiell) veröffentlicht werden. Zum Schluss werden aktuelle Ursachen sowie mögliche Gründe für die gegenwärtige Krise und/oder Herausforderungen genannt, mit denen sich dieses Fach konfrontieren muss.
U našoj historiografiji prevladava mišljenje da je atentat u Narodnoj skupštini 20. lipnja 1928. bio izvršen iz nacionalnog razloga, tj. zahtjeva poslanika iz Hrvatske da Hrvatska bude tretirana kao posebna jedinica, odnosno da joj se poštuju njena stečena prava za autonomijom. O smrti Stjepana Radića i događajima koji su posljedica atentata u Narodnoj skupštini pisali su mnogi - i političari i povjesničari - i gotovo su svi apostrofirali nacionalni karakter tog sukoba, ali analiza zbivanja pokazuje da je sukobljavanje srpskih radikala i Kluba Seljačko-demokratske koalicije imalo više uzroka među kojima gospodarski razlozi zauzimaju značajno mjesto. ; The widespread view in Croatian historiography is that the assassination in the National Assembly that took place on 20 June 2018 was motivated by nationalism, i.e. that it came about due to the request of the Croatian deputies for Croatia to be treated as a single unit, that is to respect the vested right of Croatia to autonomy. Many politicians and historians wrote about the death of Stjepan Radić and the events that unfolded as a consequence of the assassination in the National Assembly, most of which emphasized the ethnic character of that conflict, but an analysis of events shows that the cause of the conflict between Serbian nationals and the Peasant-Democratic Coalition deputies was multifaceted, with economic grounds having a prominent place. It is worth noting that the harshest conflict in the Assembly was over Glavnjača and economic/financial issues. The Radicals wanted to reap the benefits of sending food into impoverished parts of the country because they already owned large swaths of land, but Radić believed Croatian regions should also take part in that state-funded operation. His idea was supported by Svetozar Pribićević, while the text of the Nettuno Conventions further exacerbated the conflicts in the Assembly. His efforts in the field of nutrition did not begin just before he passed away. He was supposed to become the Commissioner for Economic Affairs, which included food-related issues, as early as November 1918, but his appointment fell through due to him promoting republicanism and the opposition of Pribićević. Radić and Pribićević operated in unison during 1928, which represented a massive improvement. It is a shame that the assassination severed this connection and worsened the relations between Croatians and Serbs. Stjepan Radić died on 8 August 1928, which was a consequence of the gunshot wound inflicted during the session of the National Assembly held in Belgrade on 20 June. Dr Đuro Basariček died in the Assembly, Pavao Radić was mortally wounded and died shortly after being hospitalized, while three CPP deputies suffered gunshot wounds (Ivan Granđa and Ivan Pernar, as well as S. Radić).
Autori u radu istražuju fenomen političkoga vodstva kao jednoga od segmenata šireg koncepta društvenog vodstva. Ukazuju na više definicija potvrđujući činjenicu da se vodstvo danas u suvremenoj literaturi različito definira. Za dublje razumijevanje teme ukazuje se na osnovne elemente i aktivnosti (posao) vodstva. Razumijevanje političkoga vodstva znači i razumijevanje utjecaja političke kulture. Ukazano je na ključnu razliku između vodstva i upravljanja kao i specifičnosti predsjedničkoga vodstva. Političko vodstvo u užemu kontekstu uvijek se razmatra preko izvora autoriteta i moći, te etike vodstva. Ovaj rad time daje osnove teorijskoga pristupa proučavanja političkog liderstva. ; The authors research the phenomenon of political leadership as one of the segments of the broader concept of social leadership. It is pointed to several definitions, confirming the fact that leadership is defined differently in contemporary literature today. For a deeper understanding of the topic, the basic elements and activities (work) of leadership are outlined. Understanding political leadership also means understanding the impact of political culture. The key difference between leadership and management, as well as the specifics of presidential leadership, is pointed out. In a narrow context, political leadership is always analysed through sources of authority and power, and ethics of leadership. This paper provides the basis for a theoretical approach to the study of political leadership.
Od široj javnosti nepoznate političke opcije, MOST nezavisnih lista je u manje od godinu dana prije parlamentarnih izbora uspio privući ogromno biračko tijelo i osvojiti čak 19 mandata u Hrvatskom Saboru. Prije toga su u samo pola godina od osnutka do lokalnih izbora u Metkoviću, srušili Stipu Gabrića Jamba koji je tim gradom vladao punih 16 godina. Što je to što je MOST približilo hrvatskim građanima koji su dotad svoje glasove redovito dijelili između HDZ-a i SDP-a? Jesu li to dotad ostvareni uspjesi u Metkoviću ili je MOST svojom političkom komunikacijom uspio uvjeriti građane u svoju politiku, odnosno predstaviti se kao drugačiji, "outsideri" koji se bore protiv snažnih političkih elita? Ovaj diplomski rad kreće od pretpostavke da je MOST nezavisnih lista u svojoj predizbornoj kampanji za parlamentarne izbore 2015. godine veoma uspješno koristio populističke metode kao što su isticanje podjele društva na pošten narod i korumpiranu političku elitu, izjednačavanje s građanima te snažno naglašenu ulogu vođe. ; From unknown political option to the wider public, MOST nezavisnih lista (The Bridge of Independent lists) has in less than a year before Croatian parliamentary election gathered a respectable following winning 19 seats in the Croatian Parliament. Even earlier, the party won local elections in Metković in just 6 months after the establishment conquering Stipe Gabrić Jambo that had ruled the city for 16 years. What is it about MOST that appealed to Croatian citizens that would regularly choose between the Croatian Democratic Union and Social Democratic Party? Is it about their success in Metković or has MOST managed to use its political communication to convince the citizens that their policy is the best, that is, to present itself as a different party, outsiders fighting against strong political elites? This thesis starts from the premise that MOST successfully used populist methods as highlighting the problems of the division of Croatian society into honest people and corrupt political elites, ...
The US is the front-runner of the contemporary process of globalization. The global American superiority in the political, military, economic, & cultural spheres goes hand in hand with globalization trends, focusing on the activity of the global leader. The design of the new strategic approach, which was to include its vision of new relations as well as of its global leading role, has been unhurried & circumspect. In the course of two Clinton mandates, the finishing touches of that new outlook gained concrete contours in practical actions, so it seems that the search for the place of the leader is soon going to be called off. American politics is entering the next millennium as a well-defined & organized enterprise with well-thought-out global objectives. Adapted from the source document.
The article discusses the historical foundations & development of the right to free development of personality guaranteed by Article 2 section 1 of the BL. Though Article 2 section 1 has remained unchanged since enactment of the BL, the right to free development of personality has been significantly developed & elaborated by the Federal Constitutional Court. On the one hand, when interpreted in conjunction with Art. 1 section 1 of the BL it protects the general right of personality, & on the other hand a broadly defined general freedom of action. Both lines of jurisprudence are supported by a large number of cases that have granted protection to a number of unspecified rights. Examples are protection of private & intimate life sphere, data protection rights, right to personal dignity, right to one's own spoken word, etc. That leads to a conclusion that any attempt to create a comprehensive formal catalogue of fundamental rights must necessarily remain incomplete. An exhaustive list of fundamental rights is possible only in absence of their concretization. As the German experience shows, any interpretation, ie, concretization of fundamental rights, necessarily leads to the change of their scope & substance. Adapted from the source document.
Kant's philosophy of religion is inseparably linked with his onto-gnoseological & ethic concepts. The author explains his concept of religion within the limits of practical reason as well as his theoretical agnosticism. We can only have certain ideas & beliefs about the transcedental, God, & immorality of the soul -- they are solely the notions of practical reason -- but we cannot have any theoretical knowledge. The author shows how the absence of critical awareness about the possibility of rational cognition leads to various kinds of dogmatism. Adapted from the source document.
Kant's philosophy of religion is inseparably linked with his onto-gnoseological & ethic concepts. The author explains his concept of religion within the limits of practical reason as well as his theoretical agnosticism. We can only have certain ideas & beliefs about the transcedental, God, & immorality of the soul -- they are solely the notions of practical reason -- but we cannot have any theoretical knowledge. The author shows how the absence of critical awareness about the possibility of rational cognition leads to various kinds of dogmatism. Adapted from the source document.
The author shows modern conservative concepts of politics as a variant of normative political theory. Conservatism shows up as a reaction to enlightened rationalism. In contrast to rationalistic revolutionary constructivism, conservatism pleads for a return to a religious basis for man's spiritual & political life. Conservatism creates policies based on tradition & the family, which sustains feelings of obligation toward the community. The state is not just an instrument for special interests, but an expression of substantial cooperation in the nation & its society. Thus, conservatism leads to a demand for reforms of existing liberal institutions. Adapted from the source document.
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has maintained control over the Chinese political system since the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949. Although the Chinese economic system has experienced a drastic change, passing from socialist to more market-oriented economy, the CCP maintained the communist rhetoric that has been adapted to a new reality. Though the political system suffered significant modifications, it never made a U-turn towards liberal democracy. Yet, the most important reform is the transition from a country ruled by a strong leader, to what has been called a collective leadership. Accordingly, the leadership transition has been somehow institutionalized and became a complex process, which is happening in a peaceful way, avoiding major political turbulences. Deng Xiaoping, even though he could be indicated as the last absolute leader of China, promoted the reforms that eventually led to creation of collective leadership and a peaceful leadership transition. The most important aspects were the implementation of the pension system for administration and the top leadership positions, and the establishment of a maximum of two terms in office for all major positions in the country. The collective leadership prevents the possibility of a one-man show and the creation of a dictatorship. Although the system has its discrepancies, it makes PR China a predictable power in which the consensus-based decision-making process is intended to avoid struggles among various fractions and leaders in the Party. Adapted from the source document.
Previše je komentatora koji krivnju za zločin povezuju s drogom. Da, oni su uistinu povezani, ali smjer uzrokovanja ide gotovo suprotno. Radi se o tome da zabrana supstanci koje uzrokoju ovisnost vodi do zločinačkog ponašanja, a ne obrnuto. Ukoliko želimo sigurnost povezanu s drogom, utoliko je legalizacija preferentno rješenje za javnu politiku. ; All too many commentators blame crime on drugs. Yes, the two are indeed correlated, but the direction of causation is almost entirely in the opposite direction. It is the prohibition of addictive substances that leads to criminal behavior, not the other way around. If we want drug safety, legalization is the preferred public policy solution.
The author claims that we are living in a time of formal democracy & multipartyism. He advocates a thesis that the Croatian government tolerates the opposition but at the same time deligitimizes it & renders it untrustworthy. The government does not rule by the book & has no systematic ideology. Thus three types of opposition are immanent to it: the one that leads into totalitarianism, the one that strives towards democracy, & finally the one that is given to internal reforms. The key condition for the success of the move towards democracy in Croatia is in countering nationalism & in coexistence within a heterogeneous society with a functional elite & interdependence as a principle. Adapted from the source document.
Zaposlene žene sklonije su kompulzivnoj kupovini što može dovesti do značajnog povećanja izdataka za potrošnju kućanstava. U ovom radu istražuje se utjecaj promjene broja zaposlenih žena na potrošnju kućanstva po glavi stanovnika. Testira se hipoteza da promjena u broju zaposlenih žena ima značajan utjecaj na izdatke finalne potrošnje kućanstva per capita, zbog različitih sklonosti potrošnji, a provedena je empirijska analiza temeljena na skupu panel podataka 36 gospodarstava OECD-a u razdoblju 2000. – 2016. Rezultati pokazuju da promjena broja zaposlenih žena povećava rashode kućanstva per capita. Nadalje, rezultati impliciraju da životna dob zaposlenih žena ima vrlo značajnu ulogu u donošenju odluka o potrošnji što može dovesti do značajnih razlika u ukupnim izdacima potrošnje. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na važnost razumijevanja činjenice da promjena broja zaposlenih žena utječe i na planiranje ukupne potrošnje i formuliranje politika gospodarskog rasta. ; Working women have more compulsive buying tendencies which can lead to a significant increase in their household consumption expenditures. This study investigates the effects of changes in the number of working women on household per capita consumption. We test the hypothesis that changes in the number of working women have a discernible impact on household final per capita consumption expenditures, due to their differing consumption propensities, by doing an empirical analysis based on panel data set of 36 OECD economies within the period 2000-2016. The results indicate that changes in the number of working women increase the household per capita consumption expenditures. The result also implies that age plays a significant role in working women consumption decision making and may lead to significant differences in aggregate consumption expenditure. These findings suggest the importance of understanding changes in the number of working women in planning for aggregate consumption mobilization and in the formulation of aggregate growth policies.
U ovom istraživanju ispitana je realna ekonomska aktivnost i monetarna politika SAD-a u usporedbi s vanjskotrgovinskom bilancom i valutnim tečajevima, primjenjujući modele Qual VAR i nelinearni VAR model. Ustanovili smo da međunarodno poslovanje s Brazilom, Kanadom i Meksikom ne dovodi do moguće recesije u SAD-u. Vrijednost domaće valute Brazila, Kanade i Meksika u odnosu na američki dolar ne pridonosi mogućoj recesiji na deviznom tržištu. Također smo pokazali da će kontrakcija američke ekonomije i kontrakcijska monetarna politika dovesti do aprecijacije američkog dolara vodeći do priljeva kapitala. Iako negativna stopa federalnih fondova (shadow interest rate) može imati asimetrične učinke na vanjskotrgovinsku bilancu s Kanadom i USD / CAD-om, smatramo da će vanjskotrgovinska bilanca s Meksikom i USD / MXN biti pozitivno ili negativno uvjetovana povećanjem odnosno smanjenjem stope federalnih fondova. ; In this study, the real economic activity and monetary policy in the US are examined in comparison with the foreign trade balance and exchange rates, using Qual VAR and nonlinear VAR models. We found that the foreign trade with Brazil, Canada and Mexico do not lead to a possible recession in the US. The value of the domestic currency of Brazil, Canada and Mexico against the US dollar does not contribute to a possible recession over the foreign exchange market. We also show that a contraction in the US economy and contractionary monetary policy will lead to the appreciation of the US dollar by leading to capital inflows. Although the shadow interest rate may have asymmetric effects on the foreign trade balance with Canada and USD/CAD, we find that the foreign trade balance with Mexico and USD/MXN will be affected positively/negatively by an increase/decrease in the shadow interest rate.
