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The article deals with the social characteristics of the Internet audience,
virtual social communities, as well as examples of using the Internet space in realsociety. Subjected to analysis of user behavior in virtual reality. Provide new social characteristics of Internet users.

The paper analyzes the European Community/ European Union experience in the Western Balkans in the period from 1990 onwards in different context in order to assess different mechanisms which the European Union has gained with building the Common Foreign and Security Policy and within the Enlargement Policy in the process of conflict prevention and conflict resolution. Additionally, the paper makes an assessment of the EU's involvement in the conflict prevention and conflict resolution in the Balkans after the Stabilization and Association Process was launched in 1999. The authors argue that in the case of the military conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, when the European Community was confronted with serious and hard security issues at the very beginning of creating its Common Foreign and Security Policy and in a period of time when the region was not part of the enlargement process, the Community and the Union afterwards proved to be extremely ineffective. In the second part, through three case studies, the paper demonstrate that with the combined use of CFSP mechanisms and SAP, positive examples of the EU acting as a provider of peaceful dispute settlement in the Western Balkans have been established. ; The paper analyzes the European Community/ European Union experience in the Western Balkans in the period from 1990 onwards in different context in order to assess different mechanisms which the European Union has gained with building the Common Foreign and Security Policy and within the Enlargement Policy in the process of conflict prevention and conflict resolution. Additionally, the paper makes an assessment of the EU's involvement in the conflict prevention and conflict resolution in the Balkans after the Stabilization and Association Process was launched in 1999. The authors argue that in the case of the military conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, when the European Community was confronted with serious and hard security issues at the very beginning of creating its Common Foreign and Security Policy and in a period of time when the region was not part of the enlargement process, the Community and the Union afterwards proved to be extremely ineffective. In the second part, through three case studies, the paper demonstrate that with the combined use of CFSP mechanisms and SAP, positive examples of the EU acting as a provider of peaceful dispute settlement in the Western Balkans have been established.

Nacionalno gospodarstvo svoj razvoj zasniva na uspješnosti poduzetništva. U tu uspješnost utkano je sve iskustvo nacije kao i sposobnost materijalizacije raspoloživih resursa te njena efikasnost, kroz proizvod ili uslugu realiziranu na tržištu. Usvojenost poduzetničke kompetencije glavni je indikator, ali i ograničavajući faktor povećanja uspješnosti postojećih gospodarskih subjekata kao i stvaranja novih iz poslovne prilike te ukupne nacionalne gospodarske efikasnosti. Ljudski potencijali cijele društvene zajednice na odgovarajući način participiraju u stvaranju nacionalnog gospodarskog rezultata. Upravo zato je nužno sustavno stvoriti uvjete za razvoj poduzetnosti svakog pojedinca kroz sustav cjeloživotnog učenja i to već od najranije životne dobi. Strategija učenja za poduzetništvo daje sustavna rješenja i definira nositelje i sunositelje provedbenih Mjera iz Akcijskog plana. Nacionalna koordinacija E4E - obrazovanja za poduzetništvo kao međuresorno tijelo Vlade Republike Hrvatske je zaduženo za provedbu i implementaciju Strategije i Akcijskog plana. ; The development of national economy is based on the success of entrepreneurship. The overall national experience as well as the ability to materialize available resources and its efficiency, in the form of market products or services, is mirrored in that success. The level of entrepreneurial competence is the main indicator but also the limiting factor in the increase of the success of existing and the creation of new businesses from business opportunities, and also in the overall national economic efficiency. Human resources of the entire community participate adequately in the creation of national economic results. Therefore it is necessary to start at an early age with systematic creation of conditions for the development of individual entrepreneurial competence through a system of lifelong education. National Coordination E4E - Education for Entrepreneurship, as the Interdepartmental Working Body of the Government of the Republic of Croatia, is responsible for enforcing and implementing the Strategy and the Action Plan.

Modernization of the social institution of education has caused changes in the forms, technologies and training tools. Increased demands on the labor market to graduates of higher education institutions in the transition to put competence approach to learning. The author poses the problem of finding the point of descent of the network form of training and competence-based approach, as a way to achieve such knowledge and skills that are in demand in the professional sector in the chosen field of study, as well as a method of establishing cooperation with the professional community.

In order for a preschool teacher to develop into a competent individual and continuously strengthen his/her professional identity, it is of great importance to work on all aspects of lifelong professional development. Since the academic year 2009/2010, preschool teachers have the opportunity to continue their education at university graduate studies in the Republic of Croatia in order to acquire and/or develop their competences, knowledge and skills necessary for the development of professionalism. It is the responsibility of not just the individual, but also the professional community to enable the development of preschool teacher profession in all those areas crucial to the advancement of early and preschool education system. In this sense, formal education enables acquisition of competences needed to create educational policy within the institutions. In order to determine whether preschool teachers consider themselves competent and in which areas, a self-assessment questionnaire of professional competences was developed. The aim of this research is to gain insight into the number of preschool teachers who consider themselves professionally competent for creating educational policy in the institution they work in. Furthermore, this research will examine whether there are differences in self-assessments of professional competences between preschool teachers - graduate students and preschool teachers who completed undergraduate studies, both employed in preschool institutions, and on what dimensions those estimates show correlation. ; Kako bi se odgojitelj razvijao u kompetentnog pojedinca te kontinuirano osnaživao svoj profesionalni identitet, od velike je važnosti rad na sebi putem svih oblika cjeloživotnog stručnog usavršavanja. Od akademske godine 2009./2010. u Republici Hrvatskoj odgojitelji imaju mogućnost nastaviti svoje obrazovanje na sveučilišnom diplomskom studiju kako bi stekli i/ili razvili svoje kompetencije, znanja i vještine koji su potrebni za razvoj profesionalizma. Odgovornost, ne samo pojedinca već i profesionalne zajednice, jest omogućiti razvoj odgojiteljske profesije u svim onim dijelovima ključnim za napredovanje ranog i predškolskog odgojno-obrazovnog sustava. Formalno obrazovanje, u tom smislu, omogućuje stjecanje kompetencija potrebnih za kreiranje obrazovne politike unutar vlastitih ustanova. Kako bi se procijenilo smatraju li se i u kojim se područjima odgojitelji kompetentnima, konstruiran je upitnik za samoprocjenu profesionalnih kompetencija. Cilj je ovog istraživanja dobiti uvid u to koliko se odgojitelji smatraju profesionalno kompetentnima za kreiranje obrazovne politike ustanove u kojoj rade. Nadalje, ispitat će se postoje li razlike u samoprocjenama profesionalnih kompetencija odgojitelja – polaznika diplomskih studija koji su u radnom odnosu u predškolskim ustanovama i odgojitelja sa završenim stručnim ili preddiplomskim studijem također u radnom odnosu, te na kojim dimenzijama postoji povezanost njihove procjene.

The article discusses modern approaches to the procedures for awarding qualifications based on the results of formal, non-formal, and informal education. The article analyzes domestic and best foreign practices that have received recognition from the world educational community. Innovative tools for assessing qualifications are considered. In this regard, the experience of South Korea described in the article is interesting, using the Register of Academic Credit Units as the main tool for the recognition of qualifications. Similar systems are used in France and Denmark. In Germany, Norway and Japan, modern information and communication systems are being actively introduced to accumulate information about the qualifications of the adult population. In Italy, it is legally established that qualifications obtained through formal, non-formal, and informal means are equivalent. The experience of Italy is valuable in that the results of not only non-formal but also informal learning are taken into account during the qualification recognition procedure. The educational legislation of the Russian Federation makes it possible to take into account certain documented results of non-formal and informal learning obtained in the course of mastering additional education programs, including in relation to higher education programs. However, some learning outcomes can be difficult to recognize, especially if they are not documented. The article proposes a project model for the recognition of qualifications obtained in the course of non-formal and informal education, which could be considered as promising for the Russian Federation. ; В статье рассматриваются современные подходы к процедурам присвоения квалификаций по результатам неформального и информального образования. Анализируются лучшие зарубежные практики, получившие признание мирового образовательного сообщества. Рассматриваются инновационные инструменты оценки квалификаций. В этой связи интересен описанный в статье опыт Южной Кореи, использующей в качестве основного ...

Profesionalni razvoj odgojitelja dio je oblikovanja kurikula ustanove ranoga i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja i u velikoj se mjeri odražava na cjelokupan kontekst u kojemu se kurikul konstruira, oblikuje i živi. Ovaj se rad bavi aktualnim pitanjima razvoja odgojiteljske profesije u okolnostima definiranima stalnim društvenim, političkim i tehnološkim promjenama. U prvome dijelu rada govorit će se o obilježjima zanimanja koje sebe želi artikulirati kao profesiju te specifičnim obilježjima odgojiteljske profesije i profesionalnog identiteta. Sljedeća je važna tema kompetencijski okvir odgojitelja, poglavito važnost cjeloživotnoga učenja kao ključnog elementa profesionalnog razvoja. Uz različite formalne i neformalne modalitete učenja u radu se osobito vrijednima ističu oni oblici stručnog usavršavanja koji se događaju ili bi se trebali događati unutar profesionalne zajednice. ; The professional development of teachers is a part of an institution's early and pre-school education curriculum design and it, to a large extent, affects the entire context in which the curriculum is constructed, formed and in which it lives. This paper addresses the topical issues of development of teacher profession in the circumstances defined by constant social, political and technological changes. The first part of the paper addresses the characteristics of the occupation that wants to articulate itself as a profession and the specific features of ECEC teacher profession and professional identity. The next important topic is the competence framework of teachers, and in particular the significance of the lifelong learning as the key element of professional development. In addition to various formal and informal learning modalities, the paper highlights as especially important the forms of professional development that take place or should take place within the professional community.

The article reviewes general perception of the image of the state statistics in modern Russian society, that ensures the formation of official statistical information. The presented case studies show the strengths and weaknesses of the existing constraints and applicability of the statistics as a tool for learning. The author argues the position shared by many national statisticians that the modern role of statistics is under-recognized by the government, business and society in general, and that statistical literacy of the Russian population is quite weak. The author states his position on the directions for increasing public confidence in official statistics, the improvement of statistical education and modern culture of mutual understanding and cooperation mechanisms between statistical agencies and units of statistical observation, ensuring the formation of much demanded objective statistics. ; В статье рассматриваются проблемы восприятия современным российским обществом имиджа органов государственной статистики, обеспечивающих формирование официальной статистической информации. На конкретных примерах автор показывает сильные и слабые стороны, существующие ограничения и применимость статистики как инструмента познания. Аргументируется положение, разделяемое многими отечественными статистиками, о недостаточном осознании государством, бизнесом и обществом в целом современной роли статистики, о слабой статистической грамотности российского населения. Излагается авторская позиция о направлениях повышения доверия общества к официальной статистике, совершенствовании статистического образования и современной культуры взаимопонимания и механизма взаимодействия между статистическими органами и единицами статистического наблюдения, обеспечивающего формирование востребованной объективной статистики.

The author gives a brief review of the theory of political obligation of citizens in democracy. If democracy is a regime based on the free will of individuals (citizens), then the concept of political obligation cannot be based outside this & such freedom. Unlike rights, obligations are always social (relational, reciprocal). Because their nature is social, they have to be socialized by the processes of education: this is the process of building a political habitus in the individual identity of every person. The political responsibilities, unlike the legal ones, cannot be adopted by chance (by the processes of functional socialization), but solely by means of citizens' systematic education, as they are grounded in the freedom of choice & the nurtured civic virtues. As such, they a part of the consciously built democratic political culture of citizens, & culture must be acquired only by the processes of learning & education. A separate analysis of the relationship between the citizens' political obligations & those of the political community has been carried out since the issue here is who citizens in democracy really are responsible to. Political responsibility is not due only to authority (state, sovereign) -- as initially emphasized by the social contract theories -- but also to the other fellow citizens, & to the political community as a historical repository of our obligations & responsibilities in their entirety. Finally, the problem of political obligations from the perspective of the logic of collective action is analyzed as well as the likelihood of the existence of 'freeriders' in the achieved structure of the common good. This analysis also shows how civic education is inherent to democratic regimes. References. Adapted from the source document.

The paper presents the principle directions of the innovative development of Moscow University for the Humanities, which are part of the MosGU Development Strategy and aim to respond to the challenges that the university and Russian education are facing. The author defines the tasks, priorities, and tools of this direction of the university's work. One part of the innovations is already being implemented at the university; the other still requires considerable in the years to come.There are following directions: renewal of the university positioning in the eyes of Russian and foreign applicants as the flagship of Russian non-state education; using the campus potential, which is unique for Russia and Moscow, to attract applicants; the "Green Unversity" project development, and the integration of the themes of ecology and steady development into scientific, educational, and disciplinary programmes; the revival of the unique project "Young People for the Culture of Peace and Democracy" by International Institute, created in 1977 within the UNESCO programme "The Culture of Peace"; taking the cooperation with employees to a new level, creating a professional community at the university, necessary for getting students ready for the labour market; implementation of innovative teaching technologies and their flexible integration in the educational process; opening innovative teaching directions; further development of the project "Electronic Learning"; implementation of the lifelong learning system from college to post-graduate courses, second university degree, and supplementary education; using alumni's potential for sprawling the partner employees base, rising the university profile; implementation of innovative organisational tools for students and teachers. ; В статье представлены основные направления инновационного развития Московского гуманитарного университета, которые являются частью Стратегии развития МосГУ и имеют целью ответить на стоящие перед вузом и российским образованием вызовы. Определены задачи, приоритеты и инструменты этого направления деятельности вуза. Часть инноваций уже внедряются в вузе, по другой предстоит большая работа в последующие годы.Среди направлений: обновление позиционирования вуза в глазах российских и зарубежных абитуриентов как флагмана российского негосударственного образования; использование для привлечения абитуриентов потенциала уникального для России и Москвы студгородка; развитие проекта «Зеленый университет» и интеграция тем экологии и устойчивого развития в научные, образовательные и воспитательные программы; возрождение уникального проекта Международного института «Молодежь за культуру мира и демократии», созданного в 1997 г. в рамках программы «Культура мира в России» ЮНЕСКО; вывод сотрудничества с работодателями на новый уровень, создание в вузе профессионального сообщества, необходимого для подготовки студентов к выходу на рынок труда; внедрение инновационных технологий обучения и их гибкая интеграция в учебный процесс, открытие инновационных направлений обучения; дальнейшее развитие проекта «Электронное обучение»; реализация системы непрерывного образования от колледжа до аспирантуры, второго высшего и дополнительного образования; использование потенциала выпускников для расширения базы партнеров-работодателей, повышения престижа вуза; внедрение инновационных организационных инструментов для студентов и сотрудников.

Обоснована необходимость изучения новых участников образовательных процессов – разновозрастных сообществ (со-бытийных общностей), создаваемых детьми, молодежью, взрослыми (родителями, педагогами, учеными, политиками, др.) на культурно-образовательных форумах посредством формально запланированных мероприятий, через просветительские события и ежедневное со-бытие. Цель исследования: проектирование событийных просветительских сетей, использующих русский язык как язык общения, посредством межкультурного диалога разновозрастных сообществ. Результаты: обосновано, что развитие образования разновозрастных сообществ требует переформатирования сферы просветительства, связанного с актуализацией неформального (само)образования, наращиванием информационных сетевых ресурсов, разграничением гуманитарной просветительской деятельности и деятельности с деструктивными ценностными установками, усилением взаимосвязи просвещения, социализации, воспитания, развития, образования человека. ; The necessity of learning new educational process participants - different age's communities (eventual community) created by children, youth, adults (parents, teachers, scientists, politicians, etc.) at cultural and educational forums through formally planned events, through educational events and daily co-existence is analyzed. The purpose of the research: it is substantiated that the designing event enlightenment networks using the Russian language as a language of communication through intercultural dialogue of different age's communities. Results: it is proved that the development of education of different age's communities requires reformatting the sphere of enlightenment related to updating non-formal (self-education), increasing information network resources, delimiting humanitarian educational activities and activities with destructive value orientations, strengthening the relationship of education, socialization, upbringing, development, human education.

Introduction. According to the concept of lifelong learning, vocational education system should cover all age categories of working population, including people of the so-called "silver age" (people of the third age). However, in reality, the proportion of citizens over 45 years involved in continuing vocational training is very small, as the current system does not meet their specific needs. Meanwhile, for many representatives of this social community, the continuation of education, the renewal of knowledge, the acquisition of new qualifications or specialties are now becoming a chance to promote an individual's employability over a lifetime in a rapidly changing labour market and an unstable "life market". The aim of the article is to identify the opportunities and barriers to the inclusion of "silver age" people in the practice of vocational education, taking into account the positions of all key actors - the senior generation of Russians, the state, employers and educational organisations. Methodology and research methods. The work was based on the methodological framework of three theories: continuous education, third age, social community. The empirical material was collected through the following methods: the analysis of educational and demographic statistics (2015-2018); the analysis of the content of recruitment agencies' websites and media publications devoted to the problems of the "silver" labour market; the secondary analysis of sociological data; the survey of Sverdlovsk region residents aged over 45 years old in February - March 2019. Results and scientific novelty. The structure and a number of qualitative characteristics of Russians of the elder generation are clarified. The authors give the definition of the concept of social community of "silver age" people ("third age" people), including the group of pre-pensioners. A new interpretation of this category of citizens allowed the authors to reevaluate the old options and to identify the new options for vocational training for "silver age" people. The problems and trends revealed in the course of the survey in this professional training niche of a particular Russian region were focused on the all-Russian situation. Critical differences between the requests for "silver" vocational education from older people, state, educational organisations and employers are identified. The contradictions and necessity of purposeful formation of educational needs and strategies of people of the "third age" are demonstrated. The state and prospects of development of various types and forms of "silver" professional education are described; the conditions of its transformation into a resource of active ageing are formulated. Practical significance. The urgency and relevance of adjusting the content and specific tasks of educational policy of the state aimed at the older generation of citizens have been scientifically proved. It is planned to create and improve training programmes for older people, implemented by various educational structures. Such programmes and research findings can serve as a basis for developing human resources strategies for older people both in government and commercial organisations. © 2019 Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University. All rights reserved. ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 19–011–00096 ; Acknowledgements. The article was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project № 19–011–00096 "Education as a Resource for the Preservation and Development of People of the Third Age".

The article analyses the global social risks related to the expansion of information technologies, mass digitalisation, and the accessibility of sources of all information. The possibility of risky situations arising in different areas of society under postmodern conditions has been demonstrated. This is due to the massive spread of information and Internet technology, global changes in the structure of values of modern society, and the reassessment of a number of historical events and characters by some social groups. The focus is on the destruction of traditional mechanisms for transmitting social experience and memory and the transformation of perceptions of history through the use of virtual forms of communication. A different, own interpretation of historical events, the liberation of historical knowledge from politicisation and mythologisation can lead to risks of distortion of historical memory and even to conflicting situations of interpretation of the past. Case studies show that this, in turn, can lead to a set of risks in the economic sphere, for example: the risk of a situation of global redistribution of economic resources, the risk of losing the source of legitimacy of an economic resource, the risk of loss the reputation of a memory entity. These processes negatively affect social stability in society and distort the integrity of historical memory.Particular attention is paid to the topic of cognitive transformation risk related to the mass use of virtual media in the educational process. On the one hand, they are an effective teaching tool based on rapid search, transformation and storage of learning information. But, on the other hand, practice shows that knowledge loses its consistency and becomes "mosaic", "clichéd". The consequences of these processes are of a lasting nature and require further in-depth study by the scientific community, including psychologists, educators, and sociologists. ; В статье проанализированы глобальные социальные риски, связанные с распространением информационных ...

The future of an individual and society in the global world is reflected in the organization and quality of today's school, educational system and teacher education. Interculturalism is encouraged by education in school as a social community which accepts diversity as a value. The aim of intercultural education is the development of intercultural sensitivity and acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities needed for functioning in a multicultural society. Inclusion of intercultural education in the school curriculum implies the responsibility of all, mostly teachers because they are directly involved in the educational process. The intercultural competence of teachers refers to the interaction encouraging mutual learning with culturally diverse pupils. The paper analyzes valid legal documents and university programs of Croatian teacher studies from the point of interculturalism. The aim of the research is to inspect the relevant legal framework and determine intercultural contents in the Croatian primary teacher education study programs. The comparative analysis of study programs for primary school teachers (in Osijek, Zagreb, Split, Rijeka and Pula) shows that intercultural content is present but differs in number and type. The premise of successful intercultural education is a quality initial teacher education. ; Budućnost pojedinca i društva u globalnom svijetu ogleda se u ustroju i kvaliteti današnje škole, sustavu odgoja i obrazovanja te izobrazbe učitelja. Interkulturalizam se potiče odgojem i obrazovanjem u školi kao socijalnoj zajednici koja prihvaća različitost kao vrijednost. Cilj interkulturalnoga obrazovanja je razvoj interkulturalne osjetljivosti te stjecanje znanja, vještina i sposobnosti potrebnih za djelovanje u multikulturalnom društvu. Uključivanje interkulturalnoga obrazovanja u školski kurikul implicira odgovornost svih, najviše učitelja jer neposredno sudjeluju u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu. Interkulturalna kompetencija učitelja odnosi se na ostvarivanje interakcija koje potiču uzajamno učenje s kulturalno drukčijim učenicima. U radu se analiziraju pojedine važeći dokumenti zakonske legislative i sveučilišni programi hrvatskih učiteljskih studija s motrišta interkulturalizma. Cilj istraživanja je uvid u relevantni zakonski okvir i utvrđivanje interkulturalnih sadržaja u hrvatskim studijskim programima za školskoga učitelja. Komparativnom analizom studijskih programa za školskoga učitelja (u Osijeku, Zagrebu, Splitu, Rijeci, Zadru i Puli) evidentno je da interkulturalnih sadržaja ima, no oni se razlikuju po broju i vrsti. Pretpostavka uspješnoga interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja jest kvalitetno inicijalno obrazovanje učitelja.

Cilj ovog rada je prikaz usporedne analize između dva kolegija koji se predaju na učiteljskim fakultetima u Danskoj i Hrvatskoj, a putem kojih se studenti osposobljavaju za poučavanje prirodnih znanosti u osnovnim školama. To su kolegiji Priroda i tehnika u Danskoj te Metodika prirode i društva u Hrvatskoj. Poučavanje prirodnih znanosti je jedan od najkompleksnijih predmeta u osnovnoj školi, a na učiteljskim fakultetima jedan od najzahtjevnijih kolegija. Provedena analiza obuhvaća karakteristike obrazovnog sustava u ovim zemljama, sadržaje kolegija i specifičnosti inicijalnog obrazovanja učitelja s posebnim osvrtom na neophodne kompetencije u poučavanju ovih predmeta u osnovnoj školi. Na temelju usporedne analize može se zaključiti da studijski program Metodike prirode i društva u Hrvatskoj nedovoljno priprema buduće učitelje za sudjelovanje u znanstvenim istraživanjima, suradnju s predstavnicima lokalne zajednice kao i za cjeloživotno učenje. Imajući na umu, da se u demokratskim društvima, koji se temelje na znanju i aktivnom sudjelovanju njihovih građana, od učitelja očekuje da razviju kod svojih učenika vještine istraživanja, komunikacije i intelektualnog razvoja tijekom života, pitanje je kako oni mogu uspješno ostvariti svoju profesionalnu zadaću, ako ih učiteljski fakulteti adekvatno ne osposobe prije ulaska u školu. ; The aim of this paper is to present the results of a comparative analysis of the two courses taught at teacher training institutions in Denmark and Croatia through which students are prepared to teach science at primary schools, namely the course on Nature and Techniques taught in Denmark and the course on Teaching Science taught in Croatia. Science is one of the most complex subjects to teach in primary schools and one of the most demanding subjects at teacher training faculties, in general. The analysis encompassed the characteristics of public education systems in both countries, the content of the courses and the specificities of the teacher pre-service training to implement this subject, with emphasis on competences required to teach them in primary schools. The analysis of teacher training curricula yielded that Teaching Science poorly prepares Croatian future teachers for participating in scientific research, establishing contacts with the representatives of local community, as well as for lifelong learning. Having in mind that, in democratic societies based on knowledge and participation, teachers are expected to develop in their students the skills for inquiry, communication and intellectual growth throughout their lives, the question emerges on how they could fulfil their professional tasks if teacher training faculties fail to properly prepare them before they enter schools.