Suchergebnisse

Problem setting. According to the evolution of human rights are divided into: the right of the first, second law and the rights of third generation depending ox historical era of society. However, in modern legal literature emerged ideas for possible allocation of a separate group of fourth-generation rights - human rights, in particular these include environmental law. In this respect the position deserves attention N. Kobetskoyi, which emphasizes that it is necessary to distinguish between the concept of "rights of citizens in environmental relations" and "environmental rights". She believes that the concept is much narrower first. The rights of citizens in environmental relations cover all of the powers which are somehow related to the environment, natural resources. General environmental law - a qualitatively new group of human and civil rights, which is different from the law of nature primarily focus on meeting environmental, rather than physical, spiritual and aesthetic needs and interests Recent research and publications analysis. It should be noted that this problem is reflected in the writings of many scientists. In particular, M. Volyk, S. Golub, V. Krayeva, L. Nechyporuk, V. Ovdiyenko, T. Suhorebroyi, P. Tihiy, A. Tomina. Paper objective. It consists in the study: the definition of "environmental information", its signs and types and characteristics of environmental and legal relations in determining the right to environmental information; the essence of theconcept of "right to environmental information", its content, sources, subjects of the implementation of this law and its implementation mechanism enshrined in the current legislation of Ukraine; determining the characteristics of access to environmental information as a public information about the environment, carrying out separation of environmental information from business data. Paper main body. As the information is distributed, is available for hundreds of millions of people, it is becoming increasingly high financial power that affects not only the technical issues but also on the economy as a whole, social, environmental sector, the nature of modern thought and thinking. This manifests the complexity and urgency of the regulation of social relations in the field of acquisition, storage and dissemination of information. According to Art. 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold freely trans-nan and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any means and regardless of frontiers ". Similar provisions are contained in the Constitution of Ukraine - "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and speech, freedom of expression and belief. Everyone has the right to freely collect, use and disseminate information orally, in writing or otherwise - of their choice. Conclusions of the research. Based on the content of the information types listed above, it is logical to conclude that such a list is much better suited for a broad meaning of the term "environmental information" rather than the term "information about the state of the environment", which in fact mentioned in paragraph 1 of 1 Article 25 of the Law of Ukraine "On environmental Protection". However, it appears that the use of the law of double term "information about the state of the environment" (environmental information) and created this tautology in defining the legislature were made deliberately, because the definition introduced in national legislation, which has used the term "environmental information "in connection with ratification of the Aarhus Convention, which uses the term" environmental information ". Thus it was ensured that the constitutional guarantee of openness and access the information to classify the prohibition applies to the full range ofenvironmental information listed in Article 25 of the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Protection" and Article 2 of the Aarhus Convention. It should also be noted that there are difficulties associated with the realization of the right to environmental information that indicate very poor effective mechanism for regulation of these relations. ; Рассмотрены теоретические аспекты научного и нормативно-правового определения понятия экологической информации и реализации этого конституционного экологического права гражданина. Проанализированы основные определения экологической информации, которые даются в международном и национальном законодательстве, их недостатки и предложены усовершенствования определения термина «экологическая информация». ; Розглянуто основні теоретичні аспекти наукового і нормативно-правового визначення поняття екологічної інформації та реалізації цього конституційного екологічного права громадянина. Проаналізовано основні визначення екологічної інформації, які даються в міжнародному та національному законодавстві, їх недоліки та запропоновано вдосконалення визначення терміна «екологічна інформація».

Problem setting. According to the evolution of human rights are divided into: the right of the first, second law and the rights of third generation depending ox historical era of society. However, in modern legal literature emerged ideas for possible allocation of a separate group of fourth-generation rights - human rights, in particular these include environmental law. In this respect the position deserves attention N. Kobetskoyi, which emphasizes that it is necessary to distinguish between the concept of "rights of citizens in environmental relations" and "environmental rights". She believes that the concept is much narrower first. The rights of citizens in environmental relations cover all of the powers which are somehow related to the environment, natural resources. General environmental law - a qualitatively new group of human and civil rights, which is different from the law of nature primarily focus on meeting environmental, rather than physical, spiritual and aesthetic needs and interests Recent research and publications analysis. It should be noted that this problem is reflected in the writings of many scientists. In particular, M. Volyk, S. Golub, V. Krayeva, L. Nechyporuk, V. Ovdiyenko, T. Suhorebroyi, P. Tihiy, A. Tomina. Paper objective. It consists in the study: the definition of "environmental information", its signs and types and characteristics of environmental and legal relations in determining the right to environmental information; the essence of theconcept of "right to environmental information", its content, sources, subjects of the implementation of this law and its implementation mechanism enshrined in the current legislation of Ukraine; determining the characteristics of access to environmental information as a public information about the environment, carrying out separation of environmental information from business data. Paper main body. As the information is distributed, is available for hundreds of millions of people, it is becoming increasingly high financial power that affects not only the technical issues but also on the economy as a whole, social, environmental sector, the nature of modern thought and thinking. This manifests the complexity and urgency of the regulation of social relations in the field of acquisition, storage and dissemination of information. According to Art. 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold freely trans-nan and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any means and regardless of frontiers ". Similar provisions are contained in the Constitution of Ukraine - "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and speech, freedom of expression and belief. Everyone has the right to freely collect, use and disseminate information orally, in writing or otherwise - of their choice. Conclusions of the research. Based on the content of the information types listed above, it is logical to conclude that such a list is much better suited for a broad meaning of the term "environmental information" rather than the term "information about the state of the environment", which in fact mentioned in paragraph 1 of 1 Article 25 of the Law of Ukraine "On environmental Protection". However, it appears that the use of the law of double term "information about the state of the environment" (environmental information) and created this tautology in defining the legislature were made deliberately, because the definition introduced in national legislation, which has used the term "environmental information "in connection with ratification of the Aarhus Convention, which uses the term" environmental information ". Thus it was ensured that the constitutional guarantee of openness and access the information to classify the prohibition applies to the full range ofenvironmental information listed in Article 25 of the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Protection" and Article 2 of the Aarhus Convention. It should also be noted that there are difficulties associated with the realization of the right to environmental information that indicate very poor effective mechanism for regulation of these relations. ; Рассмотрены теоретические аспекты научного и нормативно-правового определения понятия экологической информации и реализации этого конституционного экологического права гражданина. Проанализированы основные определения экологической информации, которые даются в международном и национальном законодательстве, их недостатки и предложены усовершенствования определения термина «экологическая информация». ; Розглянуто основні теоретичні аспекти наукового і нормативно-правового визначення поняття екологічної інформації та реалізації цього конституційного екологічного права громадянина. Проаналізовано основні визначення екологічної інформації, які даються в міжнародному та національному законодавстві, їх недоліки та запропоновано вдосконалення визначення терміна «екологічна інформація».

En marzo de 2014, el Parlamento español reformó la jurisdicción universal de los tribunales nacionales. El presente artículo analiza la evolución legislativa que condujo a esta reforma, sus orígenes políticos y sus consecuencias en la práctica judicial. Tal análisis demuestra que las limitaciones al ejercicio de la jurisdicción española sobre crímenes internacionales cometidos en el extranjero contra víctimas no españolas comenzaron por vía judicial en el año 2003. Cuando dichas limitaciones fueron declaradas contrarias a la Constitución española, el legislador enmendó la ley en 2009 para establecer límites al ejercicio de la jurisdicción universal por razones económicas y diplomáticas y lo hizo de nuevo en 2014, con la intención aparente de impedir directamente el ejercicio de dicha jurisdicción. Esta última reforma, llevada a cabo de manera unilateral y expedita, impuso estrictas condiciones legales a la jurisdicción universal en España y desnaturalizó por completo su ejercicio. La deficiente calidad jurídica de la reforma no solo ha generado tensiones dentro de los tribunales, al impedirles seguir conociendo de la mayoría de los crímenes internacionales que estaban siendo investigados, sino que también ha dado lugar a una preocupante falta de seguridad jurídica de cara a procesos futuros. ; Em março de 2014, o Parlamento espanhol reformou a jurisdição universal dos tribunais nacionais. Este artigo analisa os desenvolvimentos legislativos que levaram a esta reforma, as suas origens políticas e as suas consequências na prática judicial. Esta análise mostra que as limitações ao exercício da jurisdição espanhola sobre crimes internacionais cometidos no estrangeiro contra as vítimas não-espanhóis começaram judicialmente em 2003. Quando estas restrições foram declaradas contrárias à Constituição espanhola, o legislador alterou a lei em 2009 para estabelecer limites ao exercício da jurisdição universal por razões económicas e diplomáticas e fez novamente em 2014, com a aparente intenção de impedir directamente o exercício dessa competência. Esta última reforma, realizada maneira unilateral e célere, impôs leis estritas sobre jurisdição universal em Espanha condições completamente desnaturado e exercício. Má qualidade reforma legal não só criou tensões dentro dos tribunais, para impedi-los de continuar a ouvir da maioria dos crimes internacionais que estavam sendo investigados, mas também levou a uma preocupante falta de segurança jurídica para os processos futuro.En marzo de 2014, el Parlamento español reformó la jurisdicción universal de los tribunales nacionales. El presente artículo analiza la evolución legislativa que condujo a esta reforma, sus orígenes políticos y sus consecuencias en la práctica judicial. Tal análisis demuestra que las limitaciones al ejercicio de la jurisdicción española sobre crímenes internacionales cometidos en el extranjero contra víctimas no españolas comenzaron por vía judicial en el año 2003. Cuando dichas limitaciones fueron declaradas contrarias a la Constitución española, el legislador enmendó la ley en 2009 para establecer límites al ejercicio de la jurisdicción universal por razones económicas y diplomáticas y lo hizo de nuevo en 2014, con la intención aparente de impedir directamente el ejercicio de dicha jurisdicción. Esta última reforma, llevada a cabo de manera unilateral y expedita, impuso estrictas condiciones legales a la jurisdicción universal en España y desnaturalizó por completo su ejercicio. La deficiente calidad jurídica de la reforma no solo ha generado tensiones dentro de los tribunales, al impedirles seguir conociendo de la mayoría de los crímenes internacionales que estaban siendo investigados, sino que también ha dado lugar a una preocupante falta de seguridad jurídica de cara a procesos futuros. ; In March 2014, the Spanish Parliament reformed the universal jurisdiction of national courts. This article analyzes the legislative developments that led to this reform, its political origins and its consequences in judicial practice. This analysis shows that the limitations on the exercise of Spanish jurisdiction over international crimes committed abroad against non-Spanish victims began judicially in 2003. When these restrictions were declared contrary to the Spanish Constitution, the legislature amended the law in 2009 to establish limits on the exercise of universal jurisdiction for economic and diplomatic reasons and did it again in 2014, with the apparent intention of directly prevent the exercise of such jurisdiction. This latest reform, carried out unilaterally and expeditious manner, imposed strict laws on universal jurisdiction in Spain completely denatured conditions and exercise. Poor quality legal reform has not only created tensions within the courts, to prevent them from continuing to hear from most international crimes that were being investigated, but has also led to a worrying lack of legal certainty for processes futures.

La presente investigación referida a las contravenciones en que incurren o cometen los Policías de la Metropolitana de Bogotá D.C., momentos en los cuales se encuentran en situaciones administrativas tales como: franquicia, permiso, vacaciones, suspendido, incapacitado, excusado del servicio, o en hospitalización, desde la vista de la tesina de investigación, no siempre se pueden interpretar como actuaciones en las cuales ameriten o den lugar al inicio de investigación de tipo disciplinario, por parte de las Oficinas de Control Disciplinario Interno de la Policía Metropolitana de Bogotá D.C., en el entendido que algunas de ellas, no reúnen los requisitos legales y de orden constitucional para adelantarla y por ende, fallar con responsabilidad disciplinaria contra el infractor, pese a que la Ley 1015 del 07 de febrero de 2006, (Congreso de la República Régimen Disciplinario para la Policía Nacional), norma que configura como falta grave citado comportamiento contravencional. Si bien es cierto, que el legislador colombiano a través del Congreso de la República, al expedir la norma disciplinaria de carácter especial, dirigida exclusivamente a los miembros activos de la Policía nacional y para aquellos que en asignación de retiro o destituidos, hayan incurrido en transgresión a referida norma, siempre y cuando su comportamiento o actuación se haya enmarcado como falta disciplinaria momentos en los cuales cumplían el servicio y la función institucional, para que ello se le pueda enrostrar e iniciársele el proceso disciplinario, se deben cumplir ciertos requisitos citados por la Corte Constitucional, (Sentencia C - 819, M.P. Córdoba Triviño, Jaime 4 de octubre de 2006), en el entendido que referida alta corporación y máximo ente protector de los derechos constitucionales, enfáticamente estableció que …siempre y cuando se establezca la necesaria conexidad entre la conducta (…) contravencional y el menoscabo de la función pública…; sin embargo, pese a la exigencia instituida, encontramos que no se da la correspondiente aplicación para los casos en que un policía incurre en contravención encontrándose temporalmente separado de la institución por cualquiera de las situaciones administrativas que señala la norma, solo basta con que se allegue al órgano disciplinario la queja o informe para proceder a investigar al funcionario, sin realizar la respectiva valoración que establezca la conexidad y menoscabo de la función pública, que por cierto, en la gran mayoría de los casos no cumplen con la regla taxativa mencionada por la corte. ; This research relating to infringements incurred or committed by the Metropolitan Police of Bogota, moments which are in administrative situations such as franchise, permit, vacations, suspended, disabled, toilet service, or hospitalization from the view of the thesis research, not always they can be interpreted as performances which warrant or lead to the initiation of an investigation of a disciplinary nature, by the Office of Internal Disciplinary Control of the Metropolitan Police of Bogota, in the understanding that some of them do not meet the legal and constitutional requirements for advance it and therefore fail to disciplinary action against the offender, although the Law 1015 of February 7, 2006, (Congress Regime Republic Discipline to the National Police), which configures standard cited as serious misconduct misdemeanor behavior. While it is true that the Colombian legislature through the Congress, to issue the disciplinary rule of special character, directed exclusively to active members of the National Police and to those in allocation of retirement or dismissed, incurred in transgression of said standard, as long as their behavior or action has been framed as a disciplinary offense who met moments in service and institutional function, so that it will be reproached and iniciársele the disciplinary process, it must meet certain requirements given by the Constitutional Court (Judgement C - 819, MP Córdoba Triviño, Jaime October 4, 2006), on the understanding that referred High corporation and maximum body protector of constitutional rights, emphatically stated that . as long as the necessary connectedness is established between behavior (.) undermining misdemeanor and civil .; However, despite the established requirement, are not given the appropriate application to cases where a policeman incurred in contravention finding temporarily separated from the institution by either administrative situations pointing the norm, just enough that it Allegue the disciplinary body to report the complaint or proceed to investigate the official, without making the respective valuation established by the connectedness and impairment of the public service, by the way, in most cases do not meet the restrictive rule mentioned by the cut.

The situation of conflict of interest may appear in activity of every professional irre­spective of affiliation to public, private or nongovernmental sector. The consequences of conflict of interests is biased, subjective and nontransparent decision, improper fulfillment of prescribed duties, falling standards and decreased public trust not just in politicians or civil servants but in public institutions and government. The notion of conflict of interests varies but in this paper the following definition is used. Conflict of interest is a situation in which a person (in this paper politician or public official) has a private or other interest which is such as to influence, or appear to influence, the impartial and objective performance of his / her official duties. Research of this problem can be described as moving from legalistic towards more general understanding. The topic is interdisciplinary and can be analyzed from the political science, public administration, ethics or management perspective. Analy­ses of the practice allowed researchers to distinguish the third type of such conflict of interest – the apparent conflict-to the existing or potential conflict of interests. De­velopment of society and changed surrounding of government activity increased the potential risk areas (gift giving, hospitality, bribery, contracts, trading information, etc.) for such situation to appear. In the past few decades increasing perceptions of falling ethical standards in legislatures, executive or ordinary public officials activity (scandals, misbehavior) have led in many advanced democracies to the introduction of ethics frameworks for elected or appointed officials. In order to give priority to public interest and properly perform public duties some regulation can be applied. 1) Prohibitions on the perform­ance of certain functions, and/or the holding of certain positions or certain interests by public officials. 2) The establishment of duties of public officials to declare inter­ests they have, either generally or in specific cases. 3) Exclusion or self-exclusion of public officials from participation in decision-making processes or matters where they are subject to a conflict of interest. These regulations are generally established and implemented through three main instruments: civil service legislation, conflict of interest legislation and codes of ethics / codes of conduct. The historical development of Lithuanian society in XIX and XX century was not in favor to develop clear sense of drawing the line between public and private interest but during the interwar Lithuanian Republic period few attempts to prohibit such conflict of interest were taken. The legislation prohibited holding a few offices and to employ relatives. Some current Lithuanian legislation directly some indirectly (Public Service Act, Seimas' Statute, etc.) try to control similar situation which may turn into corrupt acti-vity or misuse of public office for private or other interests. The first special legisla­tion prohibiting conflict of interests was issued in 1997. The Law on the Compatibil­ity of Public and Private Interests in the Public Service underwent three main correc­tions. The analysis of this legislation allows concluding that the main weakness was not corrected. The usage of the term "adjust" instead of "separation" might be under­stood as a compromise instead of taking the stricter position dealing with the issue. The Law seeks "to adjust private and public interests, to ensure that priority is given to public interests, to strengthen impartiality of decisions and to prevent corruption in public service" and applies to both public servants and politicians. Meanwhile in other countries legislative has more ambitious goal to ensue public interest priority. The analyses of seventeen codes of ethics and codes of conduct existing in vari­ous Lithuanian public institutions showed that their authors paid some attention to this issue. Some codes refer to existing legislation; some describe general principles for conduct or try to explain how to behave in such uneasy situations. There are fundamental differences between elected officials and civil servants which have major implications for conflict of interest regulation first of all due to their different roles, term of service. Some Lithuanian legislation regulating conflict of interests apply to politicians and civil servants, some differ. As in other democra­cies activity of civil servants are more regulated (Public service act, law on Pub­lic administration, Ethical rules of conduct, etc.). But existing legislation does not change the situation and can not increase public trust if is not understood and properly implemented.

La ridefinizione della nozione di subordinazione nel diritto italiano Attraverso la ricostruzione del dibattito italiano intorno al concetto di subordinazione nel diritto del lavoro, la presente tesi di ricerca si propone di enucleare i diversi problemi davanti ai quali sia il legislatore sia l'interprete del diritto devono misurarsi nel tentativo di ridefinire l'area del lavoro dipendente nel nostro ordinamento. Questa esigenza di ridefinizione, richiamata da più voci, almeno a partire dagli anni Ottanta del secolo scorso, oggi sembra stentare a trovare una forma stabile sulla quale il diritto del lavoro possa svilupparsi negli anni a venire. Osservare con attenzione l'evoluzione del concetto di subordinazione, l'intenso dibattito dottrinale che introno a questa nozione si è sviluppato nel tempo, gli orientamenti della giurisprudenza, le soluzioni legislative attuate e anche quelle solo proposte, può fornire elementi preziosi per leggere criticamente lo stato attuale del dibattito in materia con l'obiettivo di ricercare le soluzioni più efficaci ad enucleare un concetto di lavoro dipendente capace di rispondere in maniera adeguata alle esigenze qualificatorie e di tutela dell'attuale mercato del lavoro. La tesi che in questo lavoro si intende sostenere è la seguente: una "equilibrata" definizione di subordinazione, capace di resistere alla "tempesta di interessi" che caratterizza il mercato del lavoro, non può poggiare esclusivamente su una valutazione tecnico-giuridica relativa alla scelta degli elementi definitori della fattispecie e al metodo adottato nella qualificazione del rapporto, ma deve tener conto delle conseguenze sociali ed economiche che produrrà nella sua applicazione. Solo attraverso questa valutazione socio-economica dell'impatto della ridefinizione della fattispecie sarà infatti possibile individuare una disciplina applicabile "sostenibile", ossia in grado di evitare nella propria applicazione effetti patologici come la "istituzionalizzazione" delle forme di lavoro precario o, peggio ancora, l'incentivazione del lavoro irregolare. Una ridefinizione del concetto di subordinazione che produca un'espansione dell'area della disciplina applicabile dovrà così confrontarsi con l'esigenza di rimodulare il sistema di protezione del lavoro dipendente, rendendolo più flessibile nel rapporto e più intenso nel mercato. Maggiori saranno gli elementi di contesto favorevoli al datore di lavoro, pensiamo alle azioni di semplificazione normativa o di riduzione della pressione fiscale da parte del legislatore, maggiore sarà la possibilità di rendere "economicamente compatibile" un'efficace assetto di tutele per il lavoratore. ; The redefinition of subordination's concept in Italian law Throughout the reconstruction of the Italian debate regarding the concept of subordination in labor law, this thesis research aims to identifying the various problems to be considered by the legislature and the interpreter when attempting to redefine the area of the dependent work in our system. This need for redefinition, called for by multiple voices, at least since the eighties of the last century, today hardly seems to find a stable basis on which the labor law can evolve in the coming years. Carefully looking the evolution of the concept of subordination - the intense doctrinal debate, that as evolved around this concept over time, the guidelines of the law, the legislative solutions implemented and also only those proposed - can provide valuable elements for critically reading of the current state of the debate on this subject, that aims to find a concept of depended work capable of responding adequately to the qualifiers and protection needs of the present labor market. The author's thesis is that a "balanced" definition of subordination, able to resist the "storm of interests" which characterizes the labor market, cannot be based solely on an assessment of technical legal aspects relating to the choice of the defining elements of the case and the method adopted in the qualification of the employment relationship, but must take into account the social and economic consequences it that will produce. Only through this socio-economic assessment of the redefinition of the case's impact it will be possible to identify a "sustainable" applicable discipline able to avoid pathological effects in its own application as the "institutionalization" of precarious forms of employment or, even worse, the encouragement of illegal labor. A redefinition of the concept of subordination that produces an expansion of the "protection area" will have to confront with the need to restructure the applicable rules of the dependent work, making it more flexible in the employment relationship and more intense in the market's protections. Greater will be the context items favourable to the employer – we think here about actions of regulatory simplification or reduction of the tax burden - the greater will be the possibility of making "economically acceptable" an effective framework of safeguards for employees.

IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NO.2 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG PENYESUAIAN BATASAN TINDAK PIDANA RINGAN DAN JUMLAH DENDA DALAM KUHP DI PENGADILAN NEGERI SURABAYA Oktaria Rakhmawati Prodi S1 Ilmu Hukum,Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, dewijustitia@gmail.com Dr. Pudji Astuti, S.H, M.H. Prodi S1 Ilmu Hukum,Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, toetche60@yahoo.co.id Abstrak PERMA No. 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ri ngan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP bertujuan mengurangi penumpukkan beban perkara Tindak Pidana Ringan di Pengadilan. Karena masa berlakunya masih relatif singkat, peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti tentang Penerapan/ Implementasi PERMA No. 2 Tahun 2012 tersebut di Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian Deskriptif kualitatif yang menggambarkan penerapan PERMA No. 2 Tahun 2012 di Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya. Data diperoleh melalui informan, yaitu Panitera dan Hakim di Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Di Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya terdapat 4 perkara Tipiring dengan nilai kerugian maksimal Rp 2,5 juta ternyata diproses dengan Acara Pemeriksaan Biasa (2 perkara) dan Singkat (2 perkara) dengan alasan pembuktiannya mudah / sulit. Sedangkan menurut PERMA No. 2 Tahun 2012, perkara Tipiring yang dimaksud Pasal 1 PERMA seharusnya diperiksa menggunakan Acara Cepat untuk mengurangi penumpukkan beban perkara di Pengadilan. Hakim berpendapat tidak menerapkan PERMA tersebut disebabkan, kedudukan PERMA yang berada di bawah Undang-Undang, tidak dapat menyesuaikan maupun merubah KUHP dan tidak dapat diterapkan bagi residivis. Menurut Peneliti, meskipun PERMA ada di bawah hierarkhi peraturan perundang-undangan, namun PERMA berwujud suatu peraturan, yang dibentuk oleh Mahkamah Agung, dan memiliki kekuatan mengikat, berdasarkan pasal 8 Ayat (2) Undang-Undang No. 12 Tahun 2011. PERMA No.2 Tahun 2012 samasekali tidak bermaksud merubah KUHP, ia hanya melakukan perluasan nilai mata uang dengan masa kini. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh, Implementasi PERMA No. 2 Tahun 2012, belum berjalan secara efektif. Maka Untuk mengubah nilai nominal kerugian yang tercantum dalam KUHP, yang terkait dengan pencurian ringan, penipuan ringan, penadahan ringan, penggelapan ringan, Legislatif harus segera mengambil langkah konkrit untuk mengesahkan RUU KUHP menjadi Undang-Undang sebagai KUHP baru. Sehingga upaya pembaharuan hukum Pidana di Indonesia lebih efektif. Serta sosialisasi PERMA No. 2 Tahun 2012 harus lebih gencar agar PERMA dapat berjalan efektif. Kata Kunci: Implementasi; Tindak Pidana Ringan/ Tipiring. Abstract The Rules of Supreme Court /PERMA No. 2 in 2012 in 2012 about Adjustments Limitations of a Criminal Act lightweight and limitation of amercement in Criminal Code aims to reduce the burden matter of Criminal case in court. Because the effectuation PERMA No.2/2012 is still relatively short, researcher are interested to do the research about The application/ implementation of PERMA No. 2 in 2012 in the Court of Surabaya. This research is Descriptive qualitative research, that describes the application PERMA No. 2 in 2012 in the Court of Surabaya. Data obtained from the informers, the officials and Judges in the Court of Surabaya. Data was received by analyzed by using qualitative research approach. In the Court of Surabaya there are 4 criminal act lightweight case with the value of the loss maximum Rp 2.5 million in fact be processed with ordinary investigation (2 case) and brief investigation (2 case) on the grounds that this case verification is easy or difficult. While according to PERMA No. 2 in 2012, the Criminal Act Lightweight case that mentioned in Article 1 PERMA should be checked using Fast quickly to reduce their proliferation burden case to The Court. Judges do not implement PERMA was due, the position PERMA that are under Law, not being able to adapt and change Criminal Code and cannot be applied to recidive. According to researcher, even though it is under hierarchy PERMA regulation, but PERMA tangible a regulation, which was established by the Supreme Court, and has a binding power, based on article 8 paragraph (2) of Act No. 12 in 2011. PERMA No. 2 in 2012 it did not intend to alter the Criminal Code, it only expanding the currency values with the present. Conclusion, implementation of PERMA No. 2 in 2012, has not been running effectively. So, To change the nominal loss that was listed in Criminal Code, which are related to theft light, deception lightweight, light robbery case, embezzlement light, for the Legislature must immediately take concrete steps to confirm the Draft Law Criminal Code to new Criminal Code. So, the establish of legal reform in Indonesia more effective. And socialization PERMA No. 2 in 2012 must be more aggressive in order that PERMA can effectively run Keywords : Implementation, Criminal Act Lightweight/ Lichte Misdrijven.

In the mid-twenties, France was achieving its reconstruction, both economical and political. In 1924, and for the first time since the beginning of the century, the general election took place in a context of a clear bipolarization between left and right, which had a structuring effect on French political field. The victory of the Cartel des gauches at this election appears as a political break-point, that the historiography about political life during interwar years has rather neglected since Jean-Noël Jeanneney's studies upon Cartel des gauches in the seventies. The organizations of the right-wing learnt a few important lessons from this period when they were in the parliamentary opposition. The most important one was that the political majority coming out democratic election could be changed in the middle of the parliamentary legislature. Indeed, in July 1926, weakened by the growing divisions between radicals and socialists incapable of giving an answer to the increasing financial and monetary crisis, the cartellist majority fell definitely. Raymond Poincaré, the main opponent of the left in 1924, came back to the Council presidency, leading a new parliamentary majority of national union. When the right had been defeated again in 1932 and 1936, it remembered this precedent. Another lesson was that the various social and political mobilizations against the Cartel des gauches had played a significant role to weaken the socialist and radical majority. The community movements, such as catholic or professional ones, and the political organizations mobilized in this period, built a culture and abilities of being in political opposition, that they have reactivated later during the interwar years. This episode proved also the persistence, in political opposition, of structural divisions of the political field of the French right-wing, due to the permanence of doctrinal and strategic splits (the first ones about questions of secularism, foreign policy or parliamentary nature of institutions; the second ones about the political attitude toward the radicals, between uncompromising attitude and conciliation). These divisions, but also the nature of the political debates and the political practices which were developed during these two years, had lasted until the mid-thirties. ; Alors que la reconstruction matérielle du pays s'achevait au milieu des années Vingt, il en allait de même pour le champ politique français. A partir de 1924, le retour à une nette bipolarisation entre gauche et droite eut un effet structurant sur le champ politique français, qui n'avait plus connu une telle configuration depuis le début du XXe siècle. Les élections de 1924, marquées par la victoire du Cartel des gauches face au Bloc national, apparaissent comme une césure politique, largement négligée par l'historiographie de l'entre-deux-guerres depuis les travaux de Jean-Noël Jeanneney sur le Cartel des gauches dans les années 1970. De leur passage dans l'opposition en 1924-1926, les droites françaises tirèrent un certain nombre de leçons. La principale était que le verdict des urnes pouvait être renversé en cours de législature : en juillet 1926, la majorité cartelliste, affaiblie par les contradictions entre socialistes et radicaux face à une crise financière et monétaire qui s'aggravait, laissa définitivement place à une majorité d'union nationale, réunie sous l'autorité du principal adversaire des gauches lors de la campagne de 1924, Raymond Poincaré. Pour les droites de nouveau vaincues en 1932 et en 1936, c'était un précédent à retenir. Autre leçon, les mobilisations anticartellistes, dans leur diversité, au sein du champ politique ou du champ social, avaient contribué à affaiblir la majorité radicale et socialiste : l'action militante, politique et sociale, avait une capacité d'influence non négligeable au sein du régime parlementaire de la Troisième République. De 1924 à 1926, les organisations anticartellistes politiques ou associatives, à l'instar de celles entendant représenter les intérêts des catholiques ou des commerçants et artisans, développèrent une culture et des pratiques politiques d'opposition, qu'elles firent rejouer tout au long de l'entre-deux-guerres. Cette expérience démontra également la persistance, dans l'opposition, des divisions structurelles du champ politique des droites, en raison du maintien de clivages tant doctrinaux (sur la laïcité, la politique étrangère ou le parlementarisme), que stratégiques (attitude d'intransigeance ou de conciliation vis-à-vis des radicaux). Dans leur ensemble, ces divisions, mais aussi les débats et les pratiques politiques qui s'épanouirent pendant ces deux années, perdurèrent jusqu'au milieu des années Trente.

Este trabajo cobra importancia por el análisis relacionado con la Responsabilidad Fiscal, pues no solamente tiene como finalidad cuestionar la manera como el órgano legislativo a la fecha ha venido entendiendo el ejercicio de la función que conlleva la definición de la responsabilidad fiscal en Colombia; sino que trasciende a demostrar su ineficacia desde el punto de vista de la realidad práctica; al demostrar aspectos relacionados con la naturaleza jurídica de la función pública que ejerce el órgano de control fiscal cuando asume competencia y jurisdicción para definir la Responsabilidad Fiscal de los sujetos pasivos de la misma a través del Procedimiento de Responsabilidad Fiscal, concluyendo que no debe desarrollarse desde el punto de vista de la función administrativa, sino de la función jurisdiccional. función jurisdiccional en nuestro Estado Social de Derecho; con el fin de demostrar que las atribuciones que la Constitución otorga al legislador no pueden ser ejercidas de manera arbitraria sino por el contrario deben respetar la naturaleza de cada una de las funciones públicas y la respuesta que le ha dado el legislador a la naturaleza de la Responsabilidad Fiscal; teniendo en cuenta que los temas de la declaratoria de Responsabilidad de los ciudadanos, independientemente de los supuestos de hecho o de derecho que conlleven a la misma, han sido objeto de la función jurisdiccional. Se estudia desde el bloque de constitucionalidad del tema de la Responsabilidad y específicamente de la Responsabilidad Fiscal; el soporte constitucional, sus semejanzas y diferencias con otros tipos de responsabilidad, para clarificar que constitucionalmente están dadas las bases para que el legislador opte por definir la naturaleza administrativa o jurisdiccional de la Responsabilidad Fiscal en Colombia. Para concluir que el legislador al regular y otorgar naturaleza de Función Administrativa a la declaratoria de Responsabilidad Fiscal ha desnaturalizado el objeto y la razón de ser de esa función, a punto que la declaratoria de Responsabilidad Fiscal no implica el ejercicio de una Función Administrativa, sino de una Función Jurisdiccional y que esa declaratoria de Responsabilidad Fiscal debe ser ejercida de acuerdo con el marco constitucional por el propio órgano de control fiscal (Contraloría), pero en ejercicio de una función jurisdiccional; lo cual es factible con fundamento en la aplicación del Artículo 116 Constitucional. ; This work is important in order to analyze fiscal responsibility, because not only aims to question the way how legislature understands the development of the function that leads the definition of Fiscal Responsibility in Colombia. It also transcends to demonstrate its inefficiency from a practical point of view. This can be done by exposing topics related to thelegal nature of the public function which is prosecuted by the fiscal control body when it assumes jurisdiction to define the fiscal responsibility of its passive subjects through The Fiscal Responsibility Procedure. It is finally concluded that It should not be developed from point of view of administrative function, but from jurisdictional function. It discusses the issues that characterize and differentiate the administrative function and the judicial function in our Rule of Law, in order to demonstrate that the powers given by the Constitution to the legislator cannot be arbitrarily exerted. They must respect the nature of each one of the public functions and the response given by legislator to the nature of Fiscal Responsibility. This is taking into account that the issues about responsibility statement of citizens have been the subject of the judicial function, no matter what circumstances in fact or law leaded to it. It studies from constitutionality the topic of Responsibility and specifically the Fiscal Responsibility, the constitutional support, their similarities and their differences with the other types of responsibility. Thus, it is clarified that the Constitution gives the basis to the legislator for defining the administrative or judicial nature of the Fiscal Responsibility in Colombia. To conclude, when the legislator regulates and gives the nature of administrative function to the Fiscal Responsibility statement there is a substantial change in the main purpose of the function. As a result the fiscal responsibility statement does not imply the exercise of an administrative function but from a judicial function, and that fiscal responsibility statement must be exercised by the fiscal control body (Contraloría) in accordance with the Constitution but exercising a jurisdictional function, which is feasible on the basis of the application of Article 116 of the Constitution. ; Maestría ; Derecho Administrativo

Il divieto dei patti successori è stato oggetto di forti critiche sia in passato che in tempi più recenti, da ultimo le recenti riforme legislative hanno introdotto il nuovo istituto del Patto di Famiglia ed il trust, che per gli operatori hanno dischiuso nuove ciance di contrattualistica in ambiti c.d. para successori. Il progetto di ricerca prende si le mosse dal divieto dei patti successori, "formalmente" a tutti ben noto ma, attraverso le considerazioni svolte dalla dottrina più risalente, muove verso la disamina tra tutti gli altri istituti che si trovano in quella c.d."zona grigia", di confine, tra la nullità e la liceità del contratto avente ad oggetto disposizioni non "mortis causa"vietate, ma "post mortem"e/o "transmorte". Lo studio di istituti quali il contratto di donazione "mortis causa" ed il contratto di mantenimento saranno affrontati attraverso le più recenti posizioni dottrinali e giurisprudenziali, per vagliare non solo l'attualità o l'anacronisticità del divieto de quo, ma anche per verificare gli strumenti a disposizione del privato in alternativa al testamento, per regolare la propria successione. Fine ultimo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare il tema del "trapasso generazionale dell'impresa", alla luce della recente riforma del divieto dei patti successori, che ha introdotto il nuovo istituto del Patto di Famiglia, da molti salutato come l'ennesima occasione mancata del legislatore. A tal fine anche attraverso la riforma del diritto societario che, con i rinnovati sistemi di amministrazione e con l'accrescimento dell'autonomia privata arricchito della possibilità di creare degli statuti sociali ad hoc ( la deroga espressa contenuta nell'art. 2355bis, terzo comma, all'art. 458 del codice civile) offre dei validi strumenti atti a tutelare l'integrità del patrimonio aziendale, preservandolo dal rischio di disgregazione da un lato e, consentendo la continuazione dell'attività imprenditoriale nonché il mantenimento del controllo in capo all'imprenditore, dall'altro. Brevi cenni saranno svolti, infine, alla luce dei nuovi trends contrattuali, ma di recente acquisizione e studio, sui vari tipi di Trusts e su alcune esperienze di diritto comparato, quali il patto di famiglia olandese ed il contratto successorio svizzero. --- The prohibition of mutual wills was the subject of strong criticism in the past and in more recent times, most recently the recent legislative reforms have introduced a new institute of the Family Agreement and the Trust, and the industry have opened up new nonsense of contracts in para successors areas. The research project will take the moves from the prohibition of mutual wills, "formally" well known to all, but through the considerations of the doctrine dates back more, moves the discussion of all other institutions that are in the so-called "gray zone "border between the void and the legality of the contract for the provisions do not" mortis causa "banned, but" post mortem "and / or" "transmorte". The study of institutions such as the contract of donation "upon death" and the maintenance contract will be addressed through the most recent case law and doctrinal positions, to consider not only the timeliness by the ban, but also to check the tools available to the private alternative to a will, to adjust his own succession. The ultimate goal of this study is to analyze the theme of "passing of the generation" in the light of the recent reform of the prohibition of mutual wills, which introduced the new institute of the Family Agreement, hailed by many as yet another opportunity failure of the legislature. To this end, including through the reform of company law, with the renewed management systems and the growth of private enriched the possibility of creating ad hoc statutes (the express derogation contained in Art. 2355bis third paragraph , art. 458 of the Civil Code) offer valid tools to protect the integrity of corporate assets, protecting them from the risk of disruption on the one hand and allowing the continuation of business as well as maintaining control in the hands of all ' entrepreneur on the other. Brief will be carried out, finally, in the light of the new trends of contract, but of recent acquisition and study the various types of trusts and some experience of comparative law, which the family pact Dutch and Swiss contract of inheritance.

The Internet has transformed the economics of communication, creating a spirited debate about the proper role of federal, state, and international governments in regulating conduct related to the Internet. Many argue that Internet communications should be entirely self-regulated because such communications cannot or should not be the subject of government regulation. The advocates of that approach would prefer a no-regulation zone around Internet communications, based largely on the unexamined view that Internet activity is fundamentally different in a way that justifies broad regulatory exemption. At the same time, some kinds of activity that the Internet facilitates undisputedly violate widely shared norms and legal rules. State legislatures motivated by that concern have begun to respond with Internet-specific laws directed at particular contexts, giving little or no credence to the claims that the Internet needs special treatment. This Article starts from the realist assumption that government regulation of the Internet is inevitable. Thus, instead of focusing on the naive question of whether the Internet should be regulated, this Article discusses how to regulate Internet-related activity in a way that is consistent with approaches to analogous offline conduct. The Article also assumes that the Internet's most salient characteristici s that it inserts intermediaries into relationships that could be, and previously would have been, conducted directly in an offline environment. Existing liability schemes generally join traditional fault-based liability rules with broad Internet-specific liability exemptions. Those exemptions are supported by the premise that in many cases the conduct of the intermediaries is so wholly passive as to make liability inappropriate. Over time, this has produced a great volume of litigation, mostly in the context of the piracy of copyrighted works, in which the responsibility of the intermediary generally turns on fault, as measured by the intermediary's level of involvement in the challenged conduct. This Article argues that the pervasive role of intermediaries calls not for a broad scheme of exoneration, premised on passivity, but rather for a more thoughtful development of principles for determining when and how it makes economic sense to allocate responsibility for wrongful conduct to the least cost avoider. The Internet's rise has brought about three changes that make intermediaries more likely to be least cost avoiders in the Internet context than they previously have been in offline contexts: (1) an increase in the likelihood that it will be easy to identify specific intermediaries for large classes of transactions, (2) a reduction in information costs, which makes it easier for the intermediaries to monitor the conduct of end users, and (3) increased anonymity, which makes remedies against end users generally less effective. Accordingly, in cases where intermediaries can feasibly control the conduct, this Article recommends serious attention to the possibility of one of three different schemes of intermediary liability: traditional liability for damages, takedown schemes in which the intermediary must remove offensive content upon proper notice, and 'hot list" schemes in which the intermediary must avoid facilitation of transactions with certain parties. Part III of this Article uses that framework to analyze the propriety of intermediary liability for several kinds of Internet-related misconduct. This Article is agnostic about the propriety of any particular regulatory scheme, recognizing the technological and contextual contingency of any specific proposal. Because any suchscheme will impose costs on innocent end users, selecting a particular level of regulation should depend on policymakers' view of the net social benefits of eradicating the misconduct, taking into account the intermediaries'andi nnocent users'compliancec osts associatedw ith the regulation. Still, the analysis of this Article suggests three points. First, the practicality of peer-to-peer distribution networks for the activity in question is an important consideration because those networks undermine the regulatory scheme's effectiveness, thereby making regulation less useful. Second, the highly concentrated market structure of Internet payment intermediaries makes reliance on payment intermediaries particularly effective as a regulatory strategy because of the difficulty illicit actors have in relocating to new payment vehicles. Third, with respect to security harms, such as viruses, spam, phishing, and hacking, this Article concludes that the addition of intermediary liability in those cases is less likely to be beneficial because market incentives appear to be causing intermediaries to undertake substantial efforts to solve these problems without the threat of liability.

Our reports assess and rank the states based on whether they are funding tobacco prevention programs at the minimum levels recommended by the CDC, which usually amount to 20 to 25 percent of a state's annual settlement proceeds and an even smaller percentage of a state's total tobacco revenues from the tobacco settlement and tobacco taxes. The findings for this year: · Only four states – Maine, Delaware, Mississippi and Arkansas – currently fund tobacco prevention programs at minimum levels recommended by the CDC. · Only eight other states are funding tobacco prevention programs at even half the minimum levels recommended by the CDC. · Thirty-three states are spending less than half the CDC's minimum amount. Another five states – Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, South Carolina and Tennessee – and the District of Columbia allocate no significant state funds for tobacco prevention. · In the current budget year, Fiscal Year 2004, the states cumulatively plan to spend $541.1 million on tobacco prevention programs. This amounts to just 33.8 percent of the CDC's minimum recommendations for all the states, which total $1.6 billion. · Over the past two years, the states have cut total annual funding for tobacco prevention by 28 percent, or $209 million (from a high of $749.7 million in Fiscal Year 2002 to $674.4 million in Fiscal 2003 and $541.1 million in Fiscal 2004). These cuts have decimated three o f the nation's longest standing and most successful tobacco prevention programs, in Florida, Massachusetts and Oregon, and they have seriously hampered some of the nation's most promising new programs, including those in Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska and New Jersey. · While many states have cut funding for tobacco prevention, the tobacco industry increased its marketing expenditures by 66 percent in the three years after the settlement to a record $11.45 billion a year, or $31.4 million a day, according to the Federal Trade Commission's most recent annual report on tobacco marketing. While the FTC report was for calendar year 2001, there is strong evidence that tobacco industry marketing expenditures have continued to increase. Based on the latest FTC figures, the tobacco companies are spending more than twenty dollars marketing their deadly products for every dollar the states spend to prevent tobacco use. Put another way, the tobacco companies spend more in three weeks marketing their products than all 50 states spend over a full year trying to prevent tobacco use. · The states this year will collect $19.5 billion in tobacco-generated revenue from tobacco taxes and the tobacco settlements. It would take just 8.2 percent of this total for every state to fund tobacco prevention programs at the minimum levels recommended by the CDC ($1.6 billion for all the states). The states are spending only about one-third of what the CDC recommends for tobacco prevention, amounting to only 2.8 percent of their total tobacco revenue. (Looking only at settlement money, the National Conference of State Legislatures recently reported that in Fiscal 2004 states are spending just three percent of their tobacco settlement money on tobacco prevention.) · At least 20 states and the District of Columbia have also sold to investors, or securitized, their rights to all or part of their future tobacco settlement payments for a much smaller, up -front payment, or have passed laws authorizing such action. Several states used the revenue generated to balance budgets for just one year. Securitization eliminates or reduces the amount of settlement money available to fund tobacco prevention and meet other needs in the future. Five years after the 1998 state tobacco settlement, we are at a critical juncture in determining the settlement's long-term impact. Our nation has made important progress in recent years in reducing youth tobacco use with a comprehensive approach that includes well-funded tobacco prevention and cessation programs in some states, cigarette price increases, smoke-free air laws, and the American Legacy Foundation's campaigns. But continued progress in reducing youth smoking, and acceleration of the slow decline in adult smoking rates, will not occur unless more states use more of the billions of dollars they are receiving from the tobacco settlement, and from tobacco taxes, to fund comprehensive tobacco prevention and cessation programs based on the recommendations of the CDC. If they do, the 1998 state tobacco settlement could yet mark a historic turning point in the battle to reduce tobacco's terrible toll. If they do not, it will be a tragic missed opportunity for the nation's health.

-Philip D. Morgan, Marcus Wood, Blind memory: Visual representations of slavery in England and America 1780-1865. New York: Routledge, 2000. xxi + 341 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Ron Ramdin, Arising from bondage: A history of the Indo-Caribbean people. New York: New York University Press, 2000. x + 387 pp.-Flávio dos Santos Gomes, David Eltis, The rise of African slavery in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. xvii + 353 pp.-Peter Redfield, D. Graham Burnett, Masters of all they surveyed: Exploration, geography, and a British El Dorado. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. xv + 298 pp.-Bernard Moitt, Eugenia O'Neal, From the field to the legislature: A history of women in the Virgin Islands. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. xiii + 150 pp.-Allen M. Howard, Nemata Amelia Blyden, West Indians in West Africa, 1808-1880: The African Diaspora in reverse. Rochester NY: University of Rochester Press, 2000. xi + 258 pp.-Michaeline A. Crichlow, Kari Levitt, The George Beckford papers. Kingston: Canoe Press, 2000. lxxi + 468 pp.-Michaeline A. Crichlow, Audley G. Reid, Community formation; A study of the 'village' in postemancipation Jamaica. Kingston: Canoe Press, 2000. xvi + 156 pp.-Linden Lewis, Brian Meeks, Narratives of resistance: Jamaica, Trinidad, the Caribbean. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2000. xviii + 240 pp.-Roderick A. McDonald, Bridget Brereton, Law, justice, and empire: The colonial career of John Gorrie, 1829-1892. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1997. xx + 371 pp.-Karl Watson, Gary Lewis, White rebel: The life and times of TT Lewis. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1999. xxvii + 214 pp.-Mary Turner, Armando Lampe, Mission or submission? Moravian and Catholic missionaries in the Dutch Caribbean during the nineteenth century. Göttingen, FRG: Vandenburg & Ruprecht, 2001. 244 pp.-O. Nigel Bolland, Anton L. Allahar, Caribbean charisma: Reflections on leadership, legitimacy and populist politics. Kingston: Ian Randle; Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. xvi + 264 pp.-Bill Maurer, Cynthia Weber, Faking it: U.S. Hegemony in a 'post-phallic' era. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. xvi + 151 pp.-Kelvin Santiago-Valles, Christina Duffy Burnett ,Foreign in a domestic sense: Puerto Rico, American expansion, and the constitution. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2001. xv + 422 pp., Burke Marshall (eds)-Rubén Nazario, Efrén Rivera Ramos, The legal construction of identity: The judicial and social legacy of American colonialism in Puerto Rico. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2000. 275 pp.-Marc McLeod, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Winds of change: Hurricanes and the transformation of nineteenth-century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. x + 199 pp.-Jorge L. Giovannetti, Fernando Martínez Heredia ,Espacios, silencios y los sentidos de la libertad: Cuba entre 1878 y 1912. Havana: Ediciones Unión, 2001. 359 pp., Rebecca J. Scott, Orlando F. García Martínez (eds)-Reinaldo L. Román, Miguel Barnet, Afro-Cuban religions. Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2001. 170 pp.-Philip W. Scher, Hollis 'Chalkdust' Liverpool, Rituals of power and rebellion: The carnival tradition in Trinidad and Tobago, 1763-1962. Chicago: Research Associates School Times Publications and Frontline distribution international, 2001. xviii + 518 pp.-Asmund Weltzien, David Griffith ,Fishers at work, workers at sea: A Puerto Rican journey through labor and refuge. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 2002. xiv + 265 pp., Manuel Valdés Pizzini (eds)-Riva Berleant-Schiller, Eudine Barriteau, The political economy of gender in the twentieth-century Caribbean. New York: Palgrave, 2001. xvi + 214 pp.-Edward Dew, Rosemarijn Hoefte ,Twentieth-century Suriname: Continuities and discontinuities in a new world society. Kingston: Ian Randle; Leiden: KITLV Press, 2001. xvi + 365 pp., Peter Meel (eds)-Joseph L. Scarpaci, Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, Power to the people: Energy and the Cuban nuclear program. New York: Routledge, 2000. xiii + 178 pp.-Lynn M. Festa, Keith A. Sandiford, The cultural politics of sugar: Caribbean slavery and narratives of colonialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 221 pp.-Maria Christina Fumagalli, John Thieme, Derek Walcott. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999. xvii + 251 pp.-Laurence A. Breiner, Stewart Brown, All are involved: The art of Martin Carter. Leeds U.K.: Peepal Tree, 2000. 413 pp.-Mikael Parkvall, John Holm, An introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. xxi + 282 pp.

The records of NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia (originally known as the Georgia Abortion Rights Action League), 1964, 1980-2006, document the direction and administration of the organization, its involvement in the political process in the state, the projects and programs it undertook to further its mission, and materials it gathered regarding reproductive health and rights, activism in Georgia, and political issues. The records include correspondence, printed material, minutes, legal documents, photographs, artifacts, and audiovisual recordings. The NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia records are organized in 15 series, each of which is described individually. ; NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia described itself as ""the political arm of the pro-choice movement."" The non-profit organization engaged state and national politics in order ""to guarantee every woman the right to make personal decisions regarding the full range of reproductive choices, including preventing unintended pregnancy, bearing healthy children, and choosing legal abortion."" Incorporated in 1980 as the Georgia Abortion Rights Action League (GARAL), it was the Georgia affiliate of the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL), which had been established in 1969 as The National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. For much of GARAL's existence, the president of NARAL was Kate Michelman, who served 1985-2004. NARAL's state affiliates build local grassroots organizations, develop and support pro-choice policy and leadership in the states, and insure that pro-choice strategies are coordinated. GARAL created a separate non-profit entity, the Georgia Abortion Rights Action League Education Foundation (with Internal Revenue Service status as a 501(c)(3) organization), to pursue strictly educational, not policy-based, goals. In 2003, when the national organization shortened its official name to NARAL Pro-Choice America, GARAL took the name NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia and the foundation was renamed the NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia Educational Foundation. NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia dissolved in 2007.; Governed by an elected board, NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia employed an executive director and other staff members, though it relied upon volunteers. The Development Committee oversaw soliciting financial support. The broad mission of the organization, ensuring reproductive choices for Georgia women, was to be achieved through both direct lobbying of the legislature and through affecting the electoral process. Specific goals of NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia included effective sex education, accessible birth control, pre- and post-natal care, and coverage of reproductive health issues in health care reform. It also worked toward providing public funding for abortions for those women who needed it, safe access to abortion providers, and continuing availability of abortion services in Georgia.; NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia's advocacy efforts included direct and grassroots lobbying, grassroots and internet organizing, coalition work, and media relations. NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia educated citizens about the political process, trained activists, created newsletters and other publications, organized political events, and served as ""a pro-choice voice in the media"" through press releases and interviews.; During the legislative session, NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia employed a full-time contract lobbyist who was at the Georgia Capitol every day tracking bills, creating strategy and writing weekly reports. It also sponsored an electoral program to evaluate, endorse, and help elect pro-choice candidates. The organization created its own political action committee, GARAL-PAC, a statewide, non-partisan organization dedicated to electing pro-choice candidates to the Georgia General Assembly.; NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia's staff and volunteers undertook numerous projects and programs, many of which were intended to encourage and train new activists and leaders in the reproductive rights movement. Examples include TORCH (a teen leadership program), the Women of Color Leadership Program, the Campus Organizing Program, and a Volunteer and Intern Program. In other instances, NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia undertook projects to research the availability of reproductive services and counseling in Georgia.; Executive Directors of GARAL and NARAL Pro-Choice Georgia included Janelle Yamarick (1990-1996), Beth Cope (1997-2003), Becky Rafter (2003-2006), and Dionne Vann (2006-2007). Other staff members over the years included Program Coordinator Roxanne Formey (1999-2001); Errin Vulay and Jennifer J. Sorrells, who served as Director of Organizing (2000-2001 and 2001-2002, respectively); and Ebony Barley, who coordinated several programs as Director of Communications and Community Relations.

Book reviewed in this article:1988 AND ALL THAT: New Views of Australia's Past Edited by George Shaw.AUSTRALIAN DICTIONARY OF AUSTRALIA: Volume 11:1891–1939 Nes‐Smi General Editor, Geoffrey Serle.GIPPS‐LA TROBE CORRESPONDENCE 1839–1846 Edited by A. G. L. Shaw.CONSTRUCTING CAPITALISM: An Economic History of Eastern Australia 1788–1901 By Andrew Wells.SEX & SECRETS: Crimes Involving Australian Women Since 1800 By Judith A. Allen.FEDERATION FATHERS By L. F. Crisp, edited by John Hart, with a foreword by Professor Manning Clark.ENEMY ALIENS: Internment and the Homefront Experience in Australia 1914–1920 Gerhard Fischer.THE SECRET ARMY AND THE PREMIER: Conservative Paramilitary Organisations in New South Wales 1930–1932 By Andrew Moore.DEFENDING THE NATIONAL TUCKSHOP: Australia's Secret Army Intrigue of 1931 Michael CathcartTHE BLACK DIGGERS: Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in the Second World War By Robert A. Hall.THE SHADOW'S EDGE: Australia's Northern War Alan Powell.DIVISION OF LABOUR: Industrial Relations in the Chifley Years, 1945–1949 By Tom Sheridan.MANAGING GENDER: The State, The New Middle Class and Women Workers 1830–1930 By Desley Deacon.NATION: The Life of an Independent Journal of Opinion 1958–1972 Edited by K. S. Inglis.THE PREMIERS OF QUEENSLAND Edited by Denis Murphy, Roger Joyce and Margaret Cribb.LABOR IN QUEENSLAND FROM THE 1880s TO 1988 By Ross Fitzgerald and Harold Thornton.CORRUPTION AND REFORM: The Fitzgerald Vision Edited by Scott Prasser, Roe Wear and John Nethercote.THE HAWKE‐KEATING HUACK: The ALP in Transition By Dean Jaensch.SEVENTEENTH CENTURY EUROPE: State, Conflict and the Social Order in Europe 1598–1700 By Thomas Munck.EIGHTEENTH CENTURY EUROPE 1700–1789 By Jeremy Black.NAVIES AND ARMIES: The Anglo‐Dutch Relationship in War and Peace 1688–1988 Edited by G. J. A. Raven & N.A.M. Rodger.SOCIALISM, RADICALISM, AND NOSTALGIA: Social Criticism in Britain, 1775–1830 By William Stafford.GOOD GIRLS MAKE GOOD WIVES: Guidance for Girls in Victorian Fiction By Judith Rowbotham.DEMOCRACY AND RELIGION: Gladstone and the Liberal Party 1867–1875 By J. P. Parry.RULING PERFORMANCE: British Governments from Attlee to Thatcher Edited by Peter Hennessy and Anthony Seldon.BRITISH GENERAL ELECTIONS SINCE 1945 By David Butler.CONSERVATIVE PARTY CONFERENCES: The Hidden System By Richard N. Kelly.THATCHERISM Edited by Robert Skidelsky.BRITISH DEFENCE SINCE 1945 By Michael Dockrill.THE DYNAMICS OF CULTURAL NATIONALISM: The Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish Nation State By John Hutchinson.THE REVOLUTIONARY CAREER OF MAXIMILIAN ROBESPIERRE By David P. Jordan.GLASNOST IN ACTION: Cultural Renaissance in Russia By Alec Nove. BostonFEDERALISM AND EUROPEAN UNION: Political Ideas, Influences and Strategies in the European Community By Michael Burgess.THE FRENCH PRESENCE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC, 1842–1940 By Robert Aldrich.NO LONGER AN AMERICAN LAKE? Edited by John Ravenhill.LAND, POWER AND PEOPLE: Rural Elite in Transition, 1801–1970 By Rajendra Singh.POLITICS OF TERRORISM: The Sri Lanka Experience By Sinha Ratnatunga.THAILAND AND THE UNITED STATES By Robert J. Muscat.THE ROAD TO MADIUN: THE INDONESIAN COMMUNIST UPRISING OF 1948 By Ann Swift.FROM CLASS TO CULTURE: Social Conscience in Malay Novels Since Independence By David J. Banks.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL LAW IN CHINA Edited by William C. Jones.HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: National and International Dimensions By Ann Kent.THE BLIGHTED BLOSSOM By Roy Thomas.THE DEFICIT AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST: The Search For Responsible Budgeting in the 1980s By Joseph White and Aaron Wildavsky.NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE: An International Review of Achievements and Prospects Edited by Adrian Leftwich.THE STATE By John A. Hall and G. John Ikenberry.MINISTERIAL RESPONSIBILITY Edited by Geoffrey Marshall.FOREIGN POLICY AND LEGISLATURES: An Analysis of Seven Parliaments Edited by Manohar L. SondhiINTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN THE AMERICAN ADMINISTRATIVE STATE: The Johnson Presidency By David M. Welborn and Jesse Burkhead.DEMOCRACY AND THE WELFARE STATE: Studies from the Project on the Federal Social Role Edited by Amy Gutmann.POLITICAL THEORY AND THE MODERN STATE: Essays on State, Power and Democracy By David Held.GOVERNING FEDERATIONS: Constitution, Politics, Resources Edited by Michael Wood, Christopher Williams and Campbell Sharman.NETWORKS OF POWER: Organisational Actors at the National, Corporate, and Community Levels Robert Perrucci and Harry R. Potter, eds.HOW TO BECOME PRIME MINISTER By Barry Cohen.VICTORIAN LIBERALISM: Nineteenth‐Century Political Thought and Practice Edited by Richard Bellamy.SIMONE WEIL: Utopian Pessimist By David McLellan.POLITICS FOR A RATIONAL LEFT: Political Writing 1977–1988 By Eric Hobsbawm.ARGUING FOR SOCIALISM: Theoretical Considerations By Andrew Levine.ARGUING FOR EQUALITY By John Baker.POLITICS, INNOCENCE AND THE LIMITS OF GOODNESS By Peter Johnson.COLONIALISM, TRADITION AND REFORM: An Analysis of Gandhi's Political Discourse By Bhikhu Parekh.THE ANALYSIS OF IDEOLOGY By Raymond Boudon. Translated by Malcolm Slater.THE PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE OF MODERNITY: Twelve Lectures By Jürgen Habermas.THE NATURE OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE By Michael Stanford.THE NATURE OF HISTORY By Arthur Marwick.