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The article covers the professional, scientific and artistic activity of Yulian Semenovych Zayats (1880–1971).The figure of Yulian Zayats remains a little-studied figure among Ukrainian jurists and artists. Studying at the Faculty of Law of the Lviv University in 1899–1904, Julian Zayats published in 1904 an article «Jusus fructus nominis» in the «Journal of Law and Economics». In 1907 this scientific work was finalized and defended at the Lviv University. In 1901–1902 he studied at the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University and at the Krakow Academy of Arts.Since 1906 he had been working in the financial prosecutor's office in Lviv. In 1909 he received a scholarship from the Austrian Ministry of Education and Religion and completed an internship at the Faculty of Law of the University of Berlin in 1909–1912 to write a doctoral thesis as well as studied at the Berlin Academy of Arts. In Berlin, Julian Zayats prepared a doctoral habilitation thesis in Polish on the topic: «Jus jurandum in litem», which was submitted for defense to the Faculty of Law of the Lviv University in 1912. Due to the position of Polish university professors, as Julian Zayats notes in his autobiography, the text of the thesis was lost and the defense did not take place. During the First World War, as an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army, he took part in hostilities and taught ballistics at the Military Artillery School in Budapest.After Poland's conquest of western Ukraine, he worked as a lawyer and taught Roman law at the Ukrainian Secret University in Lviv. He continued to work in the Polish state treasury again. At the request of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky, he provided legal advice to him and the Greek Catholic Church as well as prepared an appeal to the League of Nations and the Vatican regarding the discriminatory policy of the Polish state towards the Ukrainian population during the so-called "pacification".During the interwar period he studied at the Lviv Conservatory and gave solo concerts in the cities of Western ...

There was a significant crime growth in the Russian Empire In 1880s in general and in particular on Ukrainian territory that was part of the Empire at that time. It was influenced by a set of reasons of political, social, organizational, economic and psychological nature, including the disintegration of the peasant community, the proletarianization of the peasants and their influx into the cities. The authors of this topic have considered two aspects of the problem: the history of crime prevention in the late XIX century, whose experience always remains relevant, and the history of Kharkiv of the same period, which is also interesting from a scientific point of view. The topic is insufficiently researched; the authors did not find publications where it would be specially researched. The researchers set out to reveal the main aspects of crime in Kharkiv in 1880s and some measures to combat it. This purpose is specified in the following tasks: to identify the main general factors in the crime growth in the country during this period; to consider some aspects of crime in Kharkiv that have not been studied so far: a) abuse at customs; b) the fight against alcoholism; c) combating prostitution. The authors for the first time in the historical and legal literature have studied the main aspects of crime in Kharkiv in 1880s, have highlighted the prehistory and the course of the resonant Kharkiv trial of 1885 on abuses at customs. The main directions of the fight against alcoholism have been revealed. The state of counteraction to prostitution in the city has been studied. The issue of the main reasons for the rapid growth of crime during that period has been supplemented. The authors have used the historical principle of research while writing of the article; processes, events and facts were studied in chronological order taking into account the socio-political situation of that time. The principle of objectivity, which the authors tried to adhere to, meant relying on the facts in their true meaning. Each historical and social phenomenon has been considered in its diversity and contradiction, in the aggregate of both positive and negative manifestations. The Kharkiv trial of 1885 demonstrated the shortcomings of the Judicial Reform of 1864, the activities of lawyers and the jury. Counteracting alcoholism and prostitution in the city was formal and ineffective. The operation of whorehouses was regulated by the state, which understood its task only in combating the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and combating mischief in the locations of whorehouses. The materials of the article can be used while teaching the disciplines "History of State and Law of Ukraine", "History and Culture of Ukraine", special course "History of Law Enforcement Agencies of Ukraine", for writing monographs on the history of law enforcement agencies, the history of Kharkiv. ; В 1880-е годы отмечался значительный рост преступности в Российской империи в целом и на украинских землях, входивших тогда в ее состав, в частности. На это повлиял комплекс причин политического, социального, организационного, экономического и психологического характера, в частности разложение крестьянской общины, пролетаризация крестьян и приток их в города, что выбивало крестьян из привычной колеи, они пополняли ряды нищих и безработных, и это катализировало преступность. Рассмотрены статистика преступности, борьба с проституцией и пьянством, материалы резонансного Харьковского процесса 1885 г. о злоупотреблениях на таможне. ; У 1880-х роках спостерігалося значне зростання рівня злочинності в Російській імперії в цілому та на українських землях, що входили тоді до її складу, зокрема. На це вплинув комплекс причин політичного, соціального, організаційного, економічного та психологічного характеру, зокрема розклад селянської громади, пролетаризація селян і приплив їх до міст, що виштовхувало селян зі звичної колії, вони поповнювали лави жебраків та безробітних, і це каталізувало злочинність. Розглянуто статистику злочинності, боротьби з проституцією та пияцтвом, матеріали резонансного Харківського процесу 1885 р. щодо зловживань на митниці.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of Dragan Tsankov as the head of the government of the Bulgarian Principality in 1880. Based on archival materials from the scientific archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Bulgarian Historical Archive at the National Library named after St. Cyril and Methodius, as well as the press of the period under review and the works of modern Bulgarian and Ukrainian researchers, identified the tasks that D. Tsankov set for the ministries, the main stages of the implementation of government and party goals, as well as foreign policy guidelines. Also the author touches on the issue of disagreements between the leaders of the Liberal Party and the internal party contradictions. The author comes to the conclusion that a homogeneous liberal government led by D. Tsankov in a fairly short time prepared and passed through the National Assembly a several important bills aimed primarily at financially and economically stabilizing the state. He was a supporter of a system of broad self-government as a guarantee of the Constitution and national freedom, and also proceeded from the needs and interests of the state and the Bulgarian people. However, part of the election promises were not fulfilled, in particular, the land issue was not completely resolved. Decline in authority, disagreement between party members and strained relations with the prince became significant reasons for the collapse of D. Tsankov's cabinet. However, this stage in the life brought D. Tsankov invaluable experience in public administration, which was an opportunity to popularize his political principles, find like-minded people and, in the future, gain a foothold as a separate political force from the Liberal and Conservative parties. ; Статья посвящена анализу деятельности Драгана Цанкова в качестве главы правительства Болгарского княжества в 1880 г. На основе архивных материалов научного архива Болгарской академии наук (НА–БАН), Болгарского исторического архива при Национальной библиотеке им. св. Кирилла и Мефодия (БИА–НБКМ), а также прессе рассматриваемого периода, работ современных болгарских и украинских исследователей были определены задачи, которые Д. Цанков ставил перед министерствами, основные этапы реализации правительственных и партийных целей, а также внешнеполитические ориентиры. Кроме того, автор затрагивает тему разногласий между лидерами Либеральной партии и внутрипартийных противоречий. Автор приходит к выводу, что гомогенное либеральное правительство во главе с Д. Цанковым за достаточно короткое время подготовило и провело через Народное собрание ряд важных законопроектов, направленных, прежде всего, на финансово-экономическую стабилизацию государства. Он был сторонником системы широкого самоуправления, как гарантии Конституции и национальной свободы, а также исходил из потребностей и интересов государства и болгар. Однако часть предвыборных обещаний не была выполнена, в частности, не до конца был решен земельный вопрос. Снижение авторитета, разногласия между однопартийцами и натянутые отношения с князем стали весомыми причинами краха кабинета Д. Цанкова. Однако данный этап в жизни принес политику бесценный опыт государственного управления, что явилось возможностью популяризировать свои политические принципы, найти единомышленников и в будущем – закрепиться в качестве отдельной от Либеральной и Консервативной партий политической силы.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of Dragan Tsankov as the head of the government of the Bulgarian Principality in 1880. Based on archival materials from the scientific archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Bulgarian Historical Archive at the National Library named after St. Cyril and Methodius, as well as the press of the period under review and the works of modern Bulgarian and Ukrainian researchers, identified the tasks that D. Tsankov set for the ministries, the main stages of the implementation of government and party goals, as well as foreign policy guidelines. Also the author touches on the issue of disagreements between the leaders of the Liberal Party and the internal party contradictions. The author comes to the conclusion that a homogeneous liberal government led by D. Tsankov in a fairly short time prepared and passed through the National Assembly a several important bills aimed primarily at financially and economically stabilizing the state. He was a supporter of a system of broad self-government as a guarantee of the Constitution and national freedom, and also proceeded from the needs and interests of the state and the Bulgarian people. However, part of the election promises were not fulfilled, in particular, the land issue was not completely resolved. Decline in authority, disagreement between party members and strained relations with the prince became significant reasons for the collapse of D. Tsankov's cabinet. However, this stage in the life brought D. Tsankov invaluable experience in public administration, which was an opportunity to popularize his political principles, find like-minded people and, in the future, gain a foothold as a separate political force from the Liberal and Conservative parties. ; Статья посвящена анализу деятельности Драгана Цанкова в качестве главы правительства Болгарского княжества в 1880 г. На основе архивных материалов научного архива Болгарской академии наук (НА–БАН), Болгарского исторического архива при Национальной библиотеке им. св. Кирилла и Мефодия (БИА–НБКМ), а также прессе рассматриваемого периода, работ современных болгарских и украинских исследователей были определены задачи, которые Д. Цанков ставил перед министерствами, основные этапы реализации правительственных и партийных целей, а также внешнеполитические ориентиры. Кроме того, автор затрагивает тему разногласий между лидерами Либеральной партии и внутрипартийных противоречий. Автор приходит к выводу, что гомогенное либеральное правительство во главе с Д. Цанковым за достаточно короткое время подготовило и провело через Народное собрание ряд важных законопроектов, направленных, прежде всего, на финансово-экономическую стабилизацию государства. Он был сторонником системы широкого самоуправления, как гарантии Конституции и национальной свободы, а также исходил из потребностей и интересов государства и болгар. Однако часть предвыборных обещаний не была выполнена, в частности, не до конца был решен земельный вопрос. Снижение авторитета, разногласия между однопартийцами и натянутые отношения с князем стали весомыми причинами краха кабинета Д. Цанкова. Однако данный этап в жизни принес политику бесценный опыт государственного управления, что явилось возможностью популяризировать свои политические принципы, найти единомышленников и в будущем – закрепиться в качестве отдельной от Либеральной и Консервативной партий политической силы.

The reformative activity of Argentine liberal presidents Bartolomé Mitre, Domingo Sarmiento and Nicolas Avelande, who sequentially occupied the presidency during 1862-1880 are analyzed in the paper. The successful modernization measures in the fields of reforming the army and the legislative system, in the development of financial, educational and scientific institutions, transport and communications, and the creation of a favorable immigration atmosphere is reviewed. It is asserted that these measures brought Argentina closer to the leading countries of the world and contributed to its prosperity over the following decades. The introduction of new technologies in agriculture and improved products transportation conditions strengthened Argentina's position on the international food export market. Economic prosperity favoured the influx of European immigrants, which became an additional factor of economic development. The increase of the amount of primary and secondary educational institutions positively influenced Argentina's political, technological and economic development in the future. At the same time, among unsuccessful measures were the introduction of a free market policy, low rates of import duties, which slowed the development of industry in Argentina. The practice of large foreign loans, which resulted in the financial crisis and the entry of the country into a money pit also had a negative influence. Those negative factors, in turn, led to the country's failure to rise above the level of the supplier of agricultural raw materials on the world market. The issues of great social differentiation also remained unresolved. Listed problems in the long run laid the foundations of crisis phenomena. ; У статті проаналізовано реформаторську діяльність ліберальних президентів Аргентини Бартоломе Мітре, Домінго Сарм'єнто та Ніколаса Авельянеди, які послідовно обіймали посаду президента впродовж 1862-1880рр. Розглянуто успішні модернізаційні заходи у сфері реформування армії та системи законодавства, у розбудові фінансових, освітніх і наукових інституцій, транспорту та комунікацій, створення сприятливого імміграційного клімату.