Suchergebnisse

A child's language development vs. blended learning
Abstract
The author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of b-learning in speech therapy of children. The article presents answers to research hypotheses from the PhD dissertation of the author, "B-learning in the diagnosis and speech therapy of children". The author tries to find an answer to the question whether new technologies have a positive impact on the linguistic development of contemporary children? The digital world has not only risks but also benefits. Speech therapist, who are responsible for the linguistic development of children, should pay particular attention to these phenomena and study them in order to develop the best possible methods of stimulating the speech and communication of "digital natives".

In 2009, following the election of Barack Obama to the Presidency of the United States, the American public entered into a fierce debate on how to reform its health care system. The intense debate on health care reform, however, is not a new phenomenon in American political life. Debate over health care has cycled its way into the American political discourse every twenty-years or so. History suggests that forceful opposition has prevailed against most major efforts to alter the health system in the United States. Yet, once again the Democratically-controlled Congress and Presidency in the United States aspire to break this cycle of history. With both houses in Congress passing a bill with significant reforms, it seems that this time may be different. While it is very likely some reforms will pass in 2010, no law has been signed yet56. In the end, only time will dictate the outcome of this round of health reform debates. Through a thorough literature review, this article provides the Polish reader a sense of health care reform efforts in the U.S. from the historical perspective and discusses the current proposed reforms. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the American health insurance system, failed efforts of past health reform initiatives, their contrast with today's efforts, and current health and economic indicators that could lead to reform in 2010.

Introduction: Over the last decade lifelong guidance has been given increasing attention at both European and national levels. It is recognised as a crucial dimension of lifelong learning, promoting both social and economic goals: in particular, improving the effi ciency and effectiveness of education, training and the labour market through its contribution to reducing drop-out, preventing skill mismatches and boosting productivity. Two EU Resolutions of the Education Council (20041; 20082) have highlighted the need for strong guidance services throughout the lifespan to equip citizens with the skills needed to manage their learning and careers, and the transitions between and within education/training and work. The Resolutions drew attention to four priority areas, i.e. the development of career management skills; accessibility of services; quality assurance; and co-ordination of services; and Member States were invited to take action to modernise and strengthen their guidance policies and systems. [Continues, please see the article.] ; peerReviewed

The federal principle in Switzerland has been developing for centuries. It was a process that has not always proceeded in a peaceful manner. The creation of Swiss statehood required reconciling different groups and interests. Today's federal solutions in Switzerland allow for the peaceful co-existence of different language and religious groups. Another challenge is to reconcile the interests of wealthy and poor cantons. Understanding how this happened can provide guidance for further integration within the European Union, which in many aspects might be compared to Switzerland. ; Zasada federalizmu w Szwajcarii rozwijała się przez wieki. Był to proces, który nie zawsze przebiega ł w sposób pokojowy. Stworzenie szwajcarskiej państwowości wymagało pogodzenia różnych grup i interesów. Dzisiejsze rozwiązania federalne w Szwajcarii umożliwiają pokojowe współistnienie różnych grup językowych i religijnych. Kolejnym wyzwaniem było pogodzenie interesów bogatych i biednych kantonów. Poznanie mechanizmów federalizmu szwajcarskiego może stanowić wskazówkę dla dalszej integracji w ramach Unii Europejskiej, która pod wieloma względami przypomina Szwajcarię.

Participation in operations abroad is an important instrument of the State's security policy as well as foreign policy, which can impact on the international security. In addition to the implementation of the political, national and strategic objectives, engagement of Polish Armed Forces (PAF) in operations also results in gathering new experiences, enabling the improvement of existing and acquisition of new operational capabilities. This is particularly true of emergency response capabilities and conducting combat operations with unequal military strengths, which include factors such as: training, quality of human resources, weapons and military equipment. In light of the potential challenges associated with the continued growth of operational capabilities in terms of changes in the security environment, an analysis of the conclusions and experiences has been conducted. They will probably have the greatest impact on the development of the PAF as well as the whole NATO. ; Udział SZ RP w misjach i operacjach zagranicznych jest ważnym instrumentem polityki bezpieczeństwa państwa, jak i polityki zagranicznej. Jednocześnie udział ten jest cennym źródłem nowych doświadczeń umożliwiających poprawę istniejących i pozyskiwanie nowych zdolności operacyjnych SZ RP. Jest to szczególnie ważne w kontekście zdolności reagowania kryzysowego i prowadzenia operacji w środowisku asymetrii potencjałów stron. W związku z tym, w świetle potencjalnych wyzwań współczesnego środowiska bezpieczeństwa, celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie w uogólnionej formie doświadczeń przede wszystkim poziomu polityczno-wojskowego z udziału SZ RP w sojuszniczych misjach i operacjach, które w opinii autora stanowią wartość dodaną w zachodzących aktualnie procesach profesjonalizacji i transformacji polskiej armii oraz jej integracji w ramach Sojuszu.

This article deals with the concept of introducing international proverbs to the foreign language lesson. International proverbs can be a good way to improve language skills in at least two foreign languages with less effort by using the analogy between the languages. What is more the experience that the student gains by learning the first foreign language, can be used while learning the second and the next one. Moreover international proverbs, in regard of the European policy supporting multilingualism among the European citizens, help to achieve this goal. ; This article deals with the concept of introducing international proverbs to the foreign language lesson. International proverbs can be a good way to improve language skills in at least two foreign languages with less effort by using the analogy between the languages. What is more the experience that the student gains by learning the first foreign language, can be used while learning the second and the next one. Moreover international proverbs, in regard of the European policy supporting multilingualism among the European citizens, help to achieve this goal.

Instruments for contracting territorial development have been employed in Poland for over two decades. The first Polish experience in this area dates back to 1995, when, as a pilot project, the Regional Contract for Katowickie Voivodeship was concluded. Contracts concluded in subsequent years were addressed to all 16 Polish regions. However, the Polish experience related to contracting development to date allows us to conclude that the implementation of this approach was moderately successful. Responsible for this state of affairs are errors and inconsistencies committed both at the programming stage and at the implementation stage of subsequent versions of a contract. It should be emphasized, however, that these failures and the reasons behind them did not escape the notice of the institutions responsible for regional policy in Poland, therefore the conclusions drawn from them were used to improve subsequent versions of the contract. The last attempt took place in 2020. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present new development contracting instruments described in revised in 2020 the Act of 6 December 2006 on the principles of development policy, namely: programme contract, sectoral contract and territorial agreement. Their introduction is another step leading to the strengthening of the territorial dimension of Polish regional policy. Analysis of the three new instruments was preceded by the presentation of Poland's experience to date in contracting development. Thanks to this, it was possible to illustrate how Polish regional policy improved its approach in this respect, trying to eliminate the weaknesses identified during the implementation of their previous versions in subsequent editions of contracts. ; Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie nowych instrumentów kontraktowania rozwoju opisanych w ustawie z dnia 6 grudnia 2006 r. o zasadach prowadzenia polityki rozwoju mianowicie: kontraktu programowego, kontraktu sektorowego oraz porozumienia terytorialnego. Ich wprowadzenie w 2020 r. do ...

From today's perspective, local self-government regions, including Małopolska, are key entities as far as the allocation of EU funds is concerned, as well as important actors in the process of implementing many tasks in the field of public and development policy. The development of these local government institutions took place at the beginning of the 21st century and they formed, apart from being bound by institutional frameworks, in the course of and partly on the basis of their ongoing activities. One such milestone activity for the self-government of Małopolska was the preparation of the first Development Strategy of the Małopolska Region (2000–2006). This process not only led to the creation of the strategy itself, but also shaped the organization (UMWM) and its future practices. The aim of this article is to analyze to what extent the creation of this strategy could have become an element shaping the organization, in the light of Peter Senge's theory of the learning organization. From this perspective, the authors conclude that the process of creating the analyzed strategy was an important element that influenced the formation of the organization and also that public organizations can learn and consequently that the theories of learning organizations also apply to them. ; Z dzisiejszej perspektywy czasowej województwa samorządowe, w tym Mało­polska, to kluczowe podmioty z punktu widzenia rozdysponowywania fun­duszy unijnych, jak również poważni aktorzy, jeżeli chodzi o realizację wielu zadań z zakresu polityki publicznej i rozwojowej. Wypracowywanie pozycji oraz praktyk związanych z funkcjonowaniem tych podmiotów dokonywało się na początku XXI w., a budowa pozycji tych jednostek, oprócz tego, że obwa­rowana była ramami instytucjonalnymi, odbywała się również w trakcie i po części na podstawie prowadzonych działań. Jednym z takich kamieni milo­wych dla samorządowej Małopolski był proces przygotowania przez Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Małopolskiego (UMWM) pierwszej Strategii Rozwoju Województwa ...

This article explores current issues of minority education in China, especially in the context of religion and language education. In the first part of the article, the author describes (1) cultural and political framework of Chinese education in general and (2) current educational conditions, also discussing differences in educational attainment for minority groups in China. The second part of the article presents the situation of minority religions, which is not really recognised in state schooling in China. The author shows educational examples from the Tibet region and from Muslim education. The third part of the article explores another major challenge related to ethnic minority schooling, which is language diversity. In the final part of the paper, the author tries to comment on Chinese minority education dilemmas and concludes with some social recommendations. ; This article explores current issues of minority education in China, especially in the context of religion and language education. In the first part of the article, the author describes (1) cultural and political framework of Chinese education in general and (2) current educational conditions, also discussing differences in educational attainment for minority groups in China. The second part of the article presents the situation of minority religions, which is not really recognised in state schooling in China. The author shows educational examples from the Tibet region and from Muslim education. The third part of the article explores another major challenge related to ethnic minority schooling, which is language diversity. In the final part of the paper, the author tries to comment on Chinese minority education dilemmas and concludes with some social recommendations.

W artykule przedstawiono multimedialną grę dydaktyczną I SPY (poz. A2–B1), przeznaczoną dla młodzieży uczącej się kilku europejskich języków obcych, w tym języka polskiego. Polskojęzyczna wersja gry przygotowywana jest obecnie w ramach projektu edukacyjnego, w którym uczestniczy Uniwersytet Łódzki. W części teoretycznej artykułu gra została ukazana jako narzędzie umożliwiające realizację zasad podejścia ludycznego oraz zadaniowego. W części głównej – analitycznej – skoncentrowano się na określeniu przydatności gry w zakresie skłaniania użytkowników języka do podejmowania działań językowych wynikających z wcześniej postawionych zadań. ; The multimedia educational game I SPY is addressed to the A2–B1 level learners of six European languages: English, Dutch, Spanish, German, Romanian, and Polish. The game was created by the international team with the participation of the University of Łódź School of Polish for Foreigners. The authors of the article, and co-creators of Polish version of the game as well, present the game as an effective tool for realization of the assumptions of the ludic and action-oriented approaches to learning and teaching foreign languages. In the main, analytical, part of the article, the authors concentrate on defining the effectiveness of the game in making learners undertake the linguistic activities in order to perform various tasks set in the game.

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistic competence. Knowledge about a society and its culture is a part of general knowledge about the world. Therefore, it is especially important for a learner of a language to acquire socio-cultural knowledge. There are a lot of stereotypes about a country, its culture and society among its neighbours. Learning Polish in Lithuania promotes a better understanding of Polish culture and helps to overcome stereotypes. Both countries have the common history; however, Lithuanian society's perception of the Poles is not always rational. The public opinion polls show that Lithuanians perceive the Poles worse than they perceive Russians. Does learning the Polish language provide the opportunity to understand the country and the culture as well as to reassess the views on the Poles? The students, who have been learning the Polish language for three semesters (A1-B1) at VMU, were asked to share their opinion. The questions were the following: Why did they choose to learn Polish? What did they know about Poland and Polish culture before the course? What are their insights into Poland after the course? The students were not satisfied with their knowledge about Poland prior to starting the course. It should be noted that they assessed their knowledge on the subject from the perspective of three semesters. In the meantime, some students went to the Summer School of the Polish Language and Culture in Poland and had an opportunity to visit Warsaw. The students, who completed B2 course of the Polish language, have changed their views and perceptions of Poland and its culture. The learning of the language has become an opportunity to learn about Poland and its culture and enabled students to evaluate the country very positively. [.]

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistic competence. Knowledge about a society and its culture is a part of general knowledge about the world. Therefore, it is especially important for a learner of a language to acquire socio-cultural knowledge. There are a lot of stereotypes about a country, its culture and society among its neighbours. Learning Polish in Lithuania promotes a better understanding of Polish culture and helps to overcome stereotypes. Both countries have the common history; however, Lithuanian society's perception of the Poles is not always rational. The public opinion polls show that Lithuanians perceive the Poles worse than they perceive Russians. Does learning the Polish language provide the opportunity to understand the country and the culture as well as to reassess the views on the Poles? The students, who have been learning the Polish language for three semesters (A1-B1) at VMU, were asked to share their opinion. The questions were the following: Why did they choose to learn Polish? What did they know about Poland and Polish culture before the course? What are their insights into Poland after the course? The students were not satisfied with their knowledge about Poland prior to starting the course. It should be noted that they assessed their knowledge on the subject from the perspective of three semesters. In the meantime, some students went to the Summer School of the Polish Language and Culture in Poland and had an opportunity to visit Warsaw. The students, who completed B2 course of the Polish language, have changed their views and perceptions of Poland and its culture. The learning of the language has become an opportunity to learn about Poland and its culture and enabled students to evaluate the country very positively. [.]

The paper concerns foreign language typhlomethodology and presents an overview of available research findings in the field, arranged in chronological order. The studies discussed in the paper have insight into either first language acquisition or foreign language learning by visually impaired learners. The former shed light on the potential problems the visually impaired might have while learning foreign languages. The problems might emerge both in the phonological or semantic domain. The latter, in turn, discuss such issues as the use of foreign language vocabulary learning strategies and the role of affective factors which facilitate the language learning process. Nowadays the European Union promotes 'Languages to All' principle, i.e. teaching languages to all groups of learners, regardless of their disabilities and impairments, preferably in inclusive education setting. Therefore, foreign language teachers should be acquainted with the research findings and their implications presented herein. ; The paper concerns foreign language typhlomethodology and presents an overview of available research findings in the field, arranged in chronological order. The studies discussed in the paper have insight into either first language acquisition or foreign language learning by visually impaired learners. The former shed light on the potential problems the visually impaired might have while learning foreign languages. The problems might emerge both in the phonological or semantic domain. The latter, in turn, discuss such issues as the use of foreign language vocabulary learning strategies and the role of affective factors which facilitate the language learning process. Nowadays the European Union promotes 'Languages to All' principle, i.e. teaching languages to all groups of learners, regardless of their disabilities and impairments, preferably in inclusive education setting. Therefore, foreign language teachers should be acquainted with the research findings and their implications presented herein.