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19 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, supporting information https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002526 ; We use the trajectory of three buoys dragged below the surface mixed layer, together with sea surface temperature imagery, to examine the evolution of an anticyclonic warm-core eddy since its generation by the Canary Islands. Two buoys remain within the eddy during some 100 days, and the third one remains almost 200 days, while drifting southwestward up to 500 km with the mean Canary Current. The eddy merges with several younger anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies, in each occasion, suffering substantial changes. The eddy core, defined as a region with near-solid-body-type rotation and radial convergence, initially occupies the whole eddy. After interacting with another vortex the inner core markedly slows down, although it continues displaying radial convergence and relatively small radial oscillations, and an uncoupled outer ring is formed or enhanced, which revolves even more slowly and displays large radial fluctuations. The vortex extensive life is consistent with its inertially stable character and observations of radial convergence. A very simple model of vortex merging, where cylinders fuse conserving mass and angular momentum, gives fair results. The observations suggest that the eddy changes, as the result of its own slow evolution and sporadic mixing events, from a young stage, where the core retains its vorticity and occupies most of the eddy, through a mature stage, where the eddy has a reduced inner core and a slowly revolving outer ring, to a decay stage, where the vorticity maximum is substantially reduced ; This work has been supported by the Spanish government through projects FRENTES (AMB95-0731), COCA (REN2000-1471-C02-02MAR), and BREDDIES (REN2001-2650/ANT) and the special action MAR1999-1489-E and by the European Union through projects CANIGO (MAS3-CT96-0060) and OASIS (EVK3-CT-2002-00073-OASIS) ; Peer Reviewed

The study of lives as wholes has not yet been well developed in the social sciences, though a good many anthropologists, psychologists, political scientists, and sociologists have written about its importance. These authors agree that a main shortcoming in such study is the lack of suitable concepts to make up a coherent frame of reference. Three procedural suggestions, the ideas of adaptation, dimension, and turning, may be useful for the beginnings of such a frame. These suggestions are intended as guidelines for the collection and analysis of data. Their applicability is illustrated in the life history of Gandhi, a man whose life is worth studying for a number of reasons.

A detailed biographical sketch of Ralph W. Spitzer (b. 1918), a graduate student of Linus Pauling's and promising academic who joined the Oregon State College chemistry department in 1946. Promoted to Assistant Professor in 1947, Spitzer was nonetheless fired from the OSC faculty in 1949 by President August L. Strand, almost certainly because of progressive political views espoused by Spitzer and his wife Teresa. Spitzer eventually matriculated to Canada where he earned an M.D. specializing in chemical pathology and co-founded a successful diagnostic laboratory firm, C.J. Coady Associates. The paper is based upon a series of oral history interviews conducted by the author with Ralph Spitzer, his daughter Eloise Spitzer, and his wife Hisako Kurotaki.

What causes interindividual variation in fitness? Evidence of heritability of latent individual fitness traits has resparked a debate about the causes of variation in life histories in populations: neutralism versus empirical adaptationism. This debate about the processes underlying observed variation pits neutral stochastic demographic processes against evolutionarily relevant differences among individual fitness traits. Advancing this debate requires careful consideration of differences among inference approaches used by proponents of each hypothesis. Here we draw parallels between several disciplines focusing on processes generating variation in individuals' life-course, and we contrast methodologies to disentangle these processes. We draw on other disciplines to clarify terminology, risks of flawed inference, and expand the panel of hypotheses and formalizations of processes generating variation in life histories. Trends Evidence of heritability of individual fitness traits in wild populations has reopened a debate about the relative contribution of neutral, stochastic demographic processes to observed variations in life histories. There are conceptual differences among published studies documenting heterogeneity in life histories; differences so fundamental that they led to misunderstandings between schools of thought. The question of the processes generating heterogeneity in longitudinal trajectories has stimulated a large body of work in econometrics, political, social and biomedical sciences, which have highlighted risks of flawed inference; these risks have been overlooked in biology. Other disciplines offer useful frameworks for future work on life histories in three areas: terminology, the characterization of the diversity of processes underlying variation in life histories, and the methods of statistical inference to disentangle these processes.

Sponsoring organisations of this event: Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, The Regional Government of Galicia (Xunta de Galicia), The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the Zoological Society of London, the North Pacific Atlantic Organization (PICES), the University of Vigo, the City Council of Vigo and Caixanova. ; Peer reviewed

The aim of this paper is to explain and discuss timeline interviews as a method for doing life history research. It is a 'how to' article explaining the strengths and weaknesses of using a timeline when conducting qualitative interviews. The method allows the interviewee to participate in the reporting of the interview which may give raise to ownership and sharing of the analytical power in the interview situation. Exactly for this reason, it may not be the most appropriate method for interviewing elites or for conducting insider interviews where positionality can be at play. The use of the timeline should not lead the nterviewer or the interviewee to assume linearity and coherence; it is an rganising principle for the events. It provides an opportunity for linking the story with the wider social, political and environmental context during the interview. hile the method is very suitable for life story research, it can also be used for ther types of studies where interviews are made.

Understanding the Umwelt or being-ness of an octopus is a fascinating problem. Mather's review provides us with significant insights into the ways of living of non-humans that exploit a perceptual and physical world we can only guess at. Octopus "distributed minds" call into question our primate-based understandings of the importance of sociality and the pace of life in the evolution of complex perceptual and behavioural abilities.

Includes bibliographical references ; This thesis employs a life-history approach to investigate how a teacher-identity is cohered under conditions of education resistance in South Africa. The life-history is situated within the broad rubric of narrative studies, but extends this to investigating a teacher's life within its complex locations of class, race, gender and religion. Alie Fataar was a legendary teacher at the Livingstone High School in Claremont, Cape Town, was a founder-member of the Non European Unity Movement (NEUM), General-Secretary of the Teachers' League of South Africa (TLSA), founder-member of the African People's Democratic Union of Southern Africa (APDUSA), and Joint-Secretary of the Unity Movement of South Africa (UMSA) in exile. He was banned in 1961 under the Suppression of Communism Act, and went into exile in 1965. The study tracks his teaching and political journeys in South Africa, and across three fledgling post-colonial African countries, namely Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The primary data employed in the study are the transcribed narratives of more than fifty hours of semi-structured interviews conducted with the teacher, Alie Fataar. The study also employs secondary data in the form of life-history documents sourced from the respondent, and is supplemented by photographs sourced from the respondent, as well as archival materials which supplement the narrative data. This vast body of data is analysed using a constructivist grounded theory approach. Data analysis was facilitated by the employment of QSR-NVivo 10, a qualitative data-analysis computer software package well suited to a grounded theory analysis. The study is the first known doctoral work in South Africa to utilise a life-history framework to explore the contextualised life of a teacher associated with the TLSA as this life engages with legislative frameworks, official policies, professional teacher associations, local communities, colleagues, personal networks, political movements and other social actors in the context of resistance in South African education. The study helps us understand the fluid discursive dimensions of a teaching life as it navigates complex personal, political and professional fields in the broader context of education resistance in fiercely contested social and political arenas. The study's main finding is that Alie Fataar resists several essentialising social forces, including class, racial and religious identities, and, in doing so, the study finds that Alie Fataar holds consistently to a central, life-organising identity of the teacher as the supreme public intellectual under conditions of resistance in education and the broader socio-political-economic framework in South Africa. The study contributes to the still-sparse academic literature on the teachers of the TLSA, and simultaneously contributes to Cape social history and the politics of intellectual marginalisation in the Muslim community in the Cape from the first quarter of the twentieth century. The study makes theoretical contributions to the academic fields of life-history and the literature on exile, and contends that the researcher-researched continuum must be made explicit throughout a life-history study if the authorial voice of the subject of such a study is not to be subjugated. In terms of teacher-policy formulation, the study finds that the complex and nuanced identity-formation of teachers makes it imperative that the teacher-policy arena incorporates the voices of teachers in policy formulation. This avoids policy mismatches with regard to the very group, teachers, who are expected to adopt and implement these policies in schools.

This life history is one of 29 life history interviews which are a part of a larger project, Life Histories of Individuals Who Have Been Influential in Developing Occupational Therapy (OT) in North Dakota and Wyoming. The purpose of the project is to gather information about the history and evaluation of occupational therapy (OT) practice in North Dakota and Wyoming through life histories of individuals who have been influential in developing OT in these two states. It is anticipated that the life history process will be a powerful way to gather this information. This study is intended to provide current and future generations of occupational therapists a view of the history and how occupational therapy practice has evolved from its inception to current practice in North Dakota and Wyoming. Dr. Carol Olson, a UND graduate, has been a practicing OT for the past 37 years. For the past 20 years, she has been a professor at the University of Mary in Bismarck, North Dakota. Prior to teaching, she worked in mental health before specializing in pediatrics. She was formerly the VP of Legislation/Practice and President of North Dakota Occupational Therapy Association, as well as a registered lobbyist for state legislative session. Throughout her career, Dr. Olson has accumulated a great number of rich experiences both in her professional work and altruistic work abroad. ; https://commons.und.edu/ot-oral-histories-posters/1001/thumbnail.jpg

9 pages, 5 figures, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12341 ; Understanding the drivers of restoration success is a central issue for marine conservation. Here, we explore the role of life‐history strategies of sessile marine species in shaping restoration outcomes and their associated timescales. A transplantation experiment for the extremely slow‐growing and threatened octocoral Corallium rubrum was highly successful over a relatively short term due to high survival and reproductive potential of the transplanted colonies. However, demographic projections predict that from 30 to 40 years may be required for fully functional C. rubrum populations to develop. More broadly, a comprehensive meta‐analysis revealed a negative correlation between survival after transplanting and growth rates among sessile species. As a result, simulated dynamics for a range of marine sessile invertebrates predict that longer recovery times are positively associated with survival rates. These results demonstrate a tradeoff between initial transplantation efforts and the speed of recovery. Transplantation of slow‐growing species will tend to require lower initial effort due to higher survival after transplanting, but the period required to fully recover habitat complexity will tend to be far longer. This study highlights the important role of life history as a driver of marine restoration outcomes and shows how demographic knowledge and modeling tools can help managers to anticipate the dynamics and timescales of restored populations ; Funding was provided by the Spanish MINECO (CTM2009-08045 and CGL2012-32194), the Oak Foundation, the TOTAL Foundation Perfect Project, and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 689518 (MERCES). [.] IMS was supported by a FPI grant (BES-2013-066150), CL by a Ramon y Cajal (RyC-2011-08134), and JBL by a Postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/74400/2010). Authors are part of the Medrecover group (2014SGR1297) ; Peer Reviewed

The aim of this paper is to explain and discuss timeline interviews as a method for doing life history research. It is a 'how to' article explaining the strengths and weaknesses of using a timeline when conducting qualitative interviews. The method allows the interviewee to participate in the reporting of the interview which may give raise to ownership and sharing of the analytical power in the interview situation. Exactly for this reason, it may not be the most appropriate method for interviewing elites or for conducting insider interviews where positionality can be at play. The use of the timeline should not lead the interviewer or the interviewee to assume linearity and coherence; it is an organising principle for the events. It provides an opportunity for linking the story with the wider social, political and environmental context during the interview. While the method is very suitable for life story research, it can also be used for other types of studies where interviews are made.

The ongoing Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had a devastating impact worldwide. It is unclear as to what one expects during the "post-peak" and "post-pandemic" periods in terms of: (1) continued adherence to precautionary measures (e.g., wearing a mask) and (2) behaviors during these periods pertaining to widespread (anticipated) medical solutions that can buffer subsequent waves (e.g., vaccination and donating plasma). In this study, we examine predictors of individual differences in attitudes and behaviors with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic and the months moving forward. Of the factors that contribute to how one might navigate the pandemic – a source of elevated environmental threat – life history orientation may play a crucial role. In this study, participants (n = 209) indicated their agreement with items on attitudes toward COVID-19 precautions and medical solutions that can buffer subsequent waves. In all models, we found significant positive relationships between one's slow life history orientation and their self-reported adherence to precautions and endorsement of medical solutions. This effect was detectable even after controlling for factors related to political conservatism and personal experience with deleterious events as a result of the pandemic. Discussion includes reflection on the main finding, demographic variables, as well as the relationships uncovered among the modeled covariates (e.g., social conservatism, political conservatism).

In this paper we discuss the value of international comparative empirical studies within the broad field of the economics of ageing. We argue the value is particularly great when such comparative research is based on long life-history data on participants, collected using large-scale autobiographical life-history methods. We identify particular aspects of such comparisons that create value relative to other empirical methods and also briefly survey recent key papers to illustrate each aspect. Finally we provide a short new application of this method, using data from SHARE and ELSA, to look at the question of how labour markets for older workers in Europe have been changing across cohorts and the extent to which this has been associated with changing retirement ages in public pension systems.

International audience ; Recorded while on fieldwork with Rastafarians living in Shashemene, Ethiopia, this life-history is a unique testimony. In the peculiar rhythm of Jamaican patois, it tells of the growing up of a youth into a Rastafarian, his leaving Jamaica to « repatriate » to Ethiopia, and his experience of living on the remnants of a land grant on the outskirts of a Southern Ethiopian market town. This life-history represents a valuable insight into a dream turned reality, and offers a new perspective on the Rastafari movement, Ethiopian society and the Pan African relationship.

International audience ; Recorded while on fieldwork with Rastafarians living in Shashemene, Ethiopia, this life-history is a unique testimony. In the peculiar rhythm of Jamaican patois, it tells of the growing up of a youth into a Rastafarian, his leaving Jamaica to « repatriate » to Ethiopia, and his experience of living on the remnants of a land grant on the outskirts of a Southern Ethiopian market town. This life-history represents a valuable insight into a dream turned reality, and offers a new perspective on the Rastafari movement, Ethiopian society and the Pan African relationship.