Suchergebnisse

This final report presents the methodological development and results of the MISTA research project which aims to provide new insights into the complex relationship between the city and industry (in particular the manufacturing sector). In order to facilitate knowledge transfer, the report also introduces policy recommendations, based on exploring inspirational cases, which offer actions and strategies that cities can carry out in exploring if and how the industrial activities can be more effectively embedded into the contemporary urban economy and life. The first chapter provides a comprehensive literature review covering a) existing empirical research, b) best-practice reports and evaluations and c) policy documents and discussion papers. This review found that the industrial sector has changed considerably over the last three decades, 'hybridising', moving closer to the services sector, focusing on high-tech activities or highly customised products. Furthermore there is an increased recognition of the importance of industrial activities for urban areas and evidence of growth of some industrial activities in urban agglomerations across Europe. This chapter also defines key analytic concepts and nomenclatures about the nature of contemporary industrial activities and manufacturing and cities. Chapter 2 builds upon a baseline data analysis of major past and current spatial trends related to the locational preferences of the productive sector bases in European city regions. The objective is to provide new empirical insight trends over the last three decades. Due to the limited availability of comparable and sufficiently detailed datasets, the team combined EU scale data with local databases. This second step of the analysis focused particularly on the seven urban stakeholders and has resulted in a baseline analysis for each city and their functional urban areas, regarding spatial trends and the locational preferences for industrial activities. The results of the baseline analysis highlight the need to adopt new lenses when trying to grasp the nature of contemporary manufacturing. It showed how city-regions are an important scale for industry and production. The analysis also showed how a series of activities that are not traditionally considered part of the production cycle are particularly crucial for industrial activities (such as services) and for the functioning of large urban areas. The report is supplemented by a scientific background report (see Annex 1) produced to present in full detail the methodology used under T1. To complement the analytical research, and better understand the local political and economic drivers for change, a qualitative analysis was conducted in each of the seven cities. Chapter 3 summarises the results of interviews that were held with local actors between January and February 2020 which included site visits, an analysis of policies and planning documents, but also a comparative analysis of the seven cities. This step helped to highlight factors driving deindustrialisation and reindustrialisation. The Case Study reports (Annexes 3) highlight quite different conditions among the stakeholder cities, both in experiencing and perceiving the changing relationship between production and the city. This articulated the conflict between different potential land uses, the poorly understood role of the public sector, the impact on or ESPON / MISTA - Metropolitan Industrial Spatial Strategy & Economic Sprawl / final report vii with local communities, the links with training and the local labour markets, the link with economic visions, the capacity for public authorities to act at a metropolitan scale of so forth. Considering that industry in the city, or urban manufacturing, is one of the most complex and poorly understood economic activities in urban areas, there are a vast range of variables that could come into play. One of the first questions regards the role of the public sector. The presence of industrial activities depends heavily on a combination of urban policy, land use planning and public support of local networks and entrepreneurship. Therefore, some trends and forecasts will require concerted efforts to be made by policy makers to confront market forces. Chapter 4 looks at four scenarios related to how cities could address their productive sector. The scenarios address two key questions. Firstly, what is the role of the public sector. Secondly, at what scale should action be taken? The scenarios are a useful exercise to explore ambitions and actions. Against this background, the quantitative and qualitative analysis (chapters 1-3) allowed the MISTA team to structure the in-depth exploration of current spatial trends, technical and production forecasts and future planning and policy conditions (chapter 4). In fact, drawing on the knowledge generated, the project includes two further steps for developing strategies for industrial areas and to manage economic sprawl. These are: the Futures Workshops (chapter 4) and the Atlas of Inspirational Cases (chapter 5). The Futures Workshops were intended as exploratory and reflective processes for the cities to review how their planning policy, plans, regulation and technical capacity reflect their ambitions. It constituted a fundamental learning experience for both the MISTA team, and the stakeholder cities involved. On the one hand, these events enabled the research team to get feedback on the empirical research, namely the hypotheses regarding the spatial location of manufacturing, the effectiveness of governance and planning processes and the potential applicability of inspirational cases. The workshops also provided the context and methodology for the local stakeholders to confront their views and build partnerships around collaboration (amongst the public sector and beyond). Chapter 4 presents a summary of the outcome of the workshops which helps cities to build their own visions for urban industry. Policy makers and planners can be convinced by the idea of strengthening their industrial capacities yet lack the capacity to get started. Chapter 5 showcases an Atlas of 26 Inspirational Cases (Annex 4) that has been produced as a strategic resource to portray a wide range of options and help experiment and support design and planning processes. Chapter 5 presents an overview of the inspirational cases which are categorised according to four families: 1) visions and strategic frameworks, 2) plans and policies, 3) tools and programs and 4) projects. The Atlas (Annex 4) includes the full description of all the inspirational cases along with the elaboration of the final reflections generated by the research project addressing the impact on policy making. The final objective of the MISTA project is to provide recommendations for cities engaged in planning and policy for industrial land use, manufacturing and productive activities. This report ESPON / MISTA - Metropolitan Industrial Spatial Strategy & Economic Sprawl / final report viii concludes with a set of policy-recommendations that emerged through dialogue between the stakeholders' cities, research on the Atlas of Inspirational Cases and discussion that emerged from the Futures Workshops and Inspirational Cases Workshops. Four problem statements have been identified. Firstly, more precise data and knowledge is needed to provide clear insights on industrial processes and their impact. Secondly, spatial foresight is required to address problems both to the core city level and metropolitan scale. Thirdly, metropolitan leadership is required in the light of the global processes (such as digitalisation, the 4th industrial revolution, etc.) affecting production processes and requires metropolitan governance to embrace new technology or support local technical. Finally, strong collaboration is fundamental to address urban and metropolitan challenges and requires capacity building. The last chapter of the report presents the conclusions of the research project within a postCOVID perspective. Some preliminary considerations about the impacts brought in by the pandemic in restructuring society and reframing the relationship between the city and the industry. This exposes the urgency of further and more detailed research in order to transform this crisis into an opportunity to strategically rethink many urban planning trends that have been taken for granted. Arguably, this reflection constitutes a crucial step to direct future research (see Chapter 6)

The objective of this paper is to make the case that the United States became an economic super-power in the nineteenth century on the backs of African-American slaves and Native Americans.It was in 1619, when Jamestown colonists bought 20-30 slaves from English pirates. The paper starts with 'The 1619 Project' whose objective is to place the consequences of slavery--and the contributions of black Americans--at the very center of the story we tell ourselves about who we are as a nation.Slavery was common in all thirteen colonies, and at-least twelve Presidents owned slaves. The enslaved people were not recognized as human beings, but as property: once a slave always a slave.The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1788, never mentions slavery, yet slavery is at the very heart of the constitution. The U.S. government used the Declaration of Independence as a license to commit genocide on the Native Americans, and to seize their land.Racist ideas have persisted throughout American history, based on the myth that blacks are intellectually inferior compared to whites. However, in a 2012 article in the Scientific American, the authors reported that 85.5% of genetic variation is within the so-called races, not between them. So, the consensus among Western researchers today is that human races do not represent a scientific theory, but are sociocultural constructs.After end of the Civil War, the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery in America, and the 15th Amendment protected the voting rights of African Americans.However, in the Confederate South, Jim Crow laws legalized racial segregation between 1870-1968. In 1965, thanks to the Civil Rights movement, the Voting Rights Act was passed to overcome barriers created by Jim Crow laws to the legal rights of African Americans under the 15th Amendment.British and American innovations in cotton technology sparked the Industrial Revolution during the latter part of the eighteenth century. The British cotton manufacturing exploded in the 1780s. Eighty years later in 1860, Manchester, England stood at the center of a world-spanning empire—the empire of cotton. There were three pillars of the Industrial Revolution. One was the centuries-earlier conquest by Europeans of a colossal expanse of lands in the New World. It was the control of huge territories in America, that made monoculture farming of cotton possible. Second was that the Europeans drastically—and unilaterally--altered the global competitive landscape of cotton. They did it by using their military might, and the willingness to use it—often violently--to their advantage.The third—and the most important--was slavery: without which there would be no Industrial Revolution. America was tremendously suited for cotton production. The climate and soil of a large part of American South met the conditions under which the cotton plant thrived. More importantly, the plantation owners in America commanded unlimited supplies of the three crucial ingredients that went into the production of cotton: labor, land, and credit. And this was topped by their unbelievable political power.In 1793 Eli Whitney's revolutionary cotton gin increased ginning productivity fifty times, and thus removed the bottleneck of removing seeds from cotton. Because of relying on monoculture farming, the problem the cotton planters were facing was soil exhaustion. So, they wanted the U.S. government to acquire more land. Surprisingly, in 1803 America was able to strike an unbelievable deal with the French--the Louisiana Purchase--which doubled the territory of the United States. In 1819 America acquired Florida from Spain, and in 1845 annexed Texas from Mexico.Between 1803 and 1838, under President Andrew Jackson, America fought a multi-front war against the Native Americans in the Deep South, and expropriated vast tracts of their land, that culminated in the ethnic cleansing of the Deep South.With an unlimited supply of land—and slave labor--even soil exhaustion did not slow down the cotton barons; they just moved further west and farther south. New cotton fields now sprang up in the sediment-rich lands along the banks of Mississippi. So swift was this move westward that, by the end of the 1830s, Mississippi was producing more cotton than any other southern state. By 1860, there were more millionaires per capita in Mississippi Valley than anywhere else in America.The New Orleans slave market was the largest in America--where 100,000 men, women, and children were packaged, priced, and sold.The entry of the United States in the cotton market quickly began to reshape the global cotton market. By 1802 America was the single-most supplier of cotton to Britain.For eighty years--from the 1780s to 1865--almost a million people were herded down the road from the upper South to the lower South and the West, to toil on cotton plantations. The thirty-odd men walked in coffles, the double line hurrying in lock-step. Each hauled twenty pounds of iron, chains that draped from neck-to-neck, and wrist-to-wrist, binding them all together. They walked for miles, days, and weeks, and many covered over 700 miles.The plantation owners devised a cruel system of controlling their slaves that the enslaved called "the pushing system." This system constantly increased the number of acres each slave was expected to cultivate. In 1805 each "hand" could tend to five acres of a cotton field. Fifty years later that target had been doubled to ten acres.Overseers closely monitored enslaved workers. Each slave was assigned a daily quota of number of pounds of cotton to pick. If the worker failed to meet it, he received as many lashes on his back as the deficit. However, if he overshot his quota, the master might "reward" him by raising his quota the next day.One of the most brutal weapons the planters used against the slaves, was the whip: ten feet of plaited cowhide. When facing the specter of an overseer's whip, slaves were so terrified that they could not speak in sentences. They danced, trembled, babbled, and lost control of their bodies.When seeking a loan, the planters used slaves as a collateral. With extraordinarily high returns from their businesses, the planters began to expand their loan portfolio: sometimes using the same slave worker as collateral for multiple mortgages. The American South produced too much cotton. However, consumer demand could not keep up with the excessive supply, that then led to a precipitous fall in prices, which, in turn, set off the Panic of 1837. And that touched off a major depression.The slaveholders were using advanced management and accounting practices long before the techniques that are still in use today.The manufacture of sugar from sugarcane began in Louisiana Territory in 1795. In sugar mills, children, alongside with adults, toiled like factory workers with assembly-like precision and discipline under the constant threat of boiling hot kettles, open furnaces, and grinding rollers. To attain the highest efficiency, sugar factories worked day and night where there is no distinction as to the days of the week. Fatigue might mean losing an arm to the grinding rollers, or being flayed for not being able to keep up. Resistance was often met with sadistic cruelty.The expansion of slavery in the first eight decades after American independence, drove the evolution and modernization of the United States. In the course of a single life time, the South grew from a narrow coastal strip of worn-out tobacco plantations, to a continental cotton empire. As a result, the United States became a modern, industrial, and capitalistic economy. This is the period in which America rose from being a minor European trading partner, to becoming the world's leading economy. Finally, we hope that we have successfully been able to make the argument that America became an economic powerhouse in the nineteenth century not only on the backs of African-American slaves, but also on the genocide of Native Americans, and their stolen lands.

Siliziumorganische Substanzen sind aus dem Alltag kaum wegzudenken. Sie kommen in vielfältiger Form vor und finden durch ihre Stabilität in vielen Produkten des Haushalts und der Industrie Anwendung. Da sie zum Beispiel auch in Körperpflegeprodukten und Pflanzenschutzmitteln angewendet werden, ist eine Freisetzung in die Umwelt unvermeidbar. Siliziumorganische Substanzen konnten bereits in allen Umweltkompartimenten (Luft, Wasser, Boden) analytisch nachgewiesen werden. Welche Risiken von dieser Stoffgruppe ausgehen, ist noch nicht abschließend geklärt, dennoch gibt es Hinweise auf negative Auswirkungen auf Mensch und Umwelt. Deshalb sollten Strukturen in siliziumorganischen Substanzen untersucht werden, die einen Abbau in der Umwelt begünstigen, um die Akkumulation dieser Stoffe in der Umwelt zu verringern. Dafür wurden diverse biotische und abiotische Abbautests mit unterschiedlichen siliziumorganischen Substanzen durchgeführt. Der Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit lag vor allem in der biologischen Abbaubarkeit der Substanzen. Es wurden die Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-konformen Tests Closed-Bottle-Test (CBT, OECD 301D) und Manometrischer Respirationstest (MRT, OECD 301F) durchgeführt. Die Hydrolysierbarkeit wurde mithilfe des Hydrolysetests OECD 111 bei unterschiedlichen pH-Werten untersucht. Bei bestimmten Substanzgruppen ohne biologischen Abbau wurde das Verhalten der Substanzen bei Bestrahlung mit verschiedenen Bestrahlungsquellen untersucht. Die Analyse der Primärelimination der siliziumorganischen Substanzen erfolgte je nach Substanzeigenschaften mithilfe der Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatografie gekoppelt mit einem Spektrometer mit ultraviolettem und sichtbarem Licht (HPLC-UV/Vis) oder der Gaschromatografie gekoppelt mit einem Massenspektrometer (GC-MS). Die Transformationsprodukte wurden hingegen mithilfe der Flüssigkeitschromatografie gekoppelt mit einem Mehrfach-Massenspektrometer (LC-MSn) analysiert. Für eine umfassende Bewertung des biologischen Abbaus von siliziumorganischen Substanzen wurden ein Vergleich mit analogen Kohlenstoffverbindungen und eine Aufstockung mit Daten aus der Datenbank der Europäischen Chemikalien Agentur (ECHA) durchgeführt. Die Gruppierung der Substanzen nach ihren Strukturmerkmalen wurde hinzugezogen, um Rückschlüsse auf die Abbaubarkeit zu ziehen. Eine besser biologisch abbaubare Grundstruktur brachte für die Benzenderivate keine Verbesserung der biologischen Abbaubarkeit. Dennoch hatte die Einführung von +M-Gruppen am Aromaten einen positiven Einfluss auf die Geschwindigkeit und den Grad des photolytischen Abbaus. Die Bestrahlungsquelle hatte ebenfalls einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Eliminierungsrate während des Photolyseexperiments. Mit einer Veränderung der Wellenlängen in den kurzwelligen Bereich und der daraus resultierenden energiereicheren Strahlung konnten die Substanzen schneller und teilweise vollständig primär eliminiert werden. Bei allen Abbaupfaden hatte die Hydrolyse eine entscheidende Rolle und wurde als einer der Hauptabbauprozesse charakterisiert. Bei einer Verbindung wurde im Nachgang an die biotischen und abiotischen Abbautests eine ausführliche Aufklärung der elf gebildeten Transformationsprodukte vorgenommen. Um den Einfluss von Silizium in organischen Substanzen auf die biologische Abbaubarkeit zu untersuchen, wurde der direkte Vergleich von siliziumorganischen Substanzen und deren Kohlenstoffanaloga im CBT durchgeführt. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass drei von fünf Kohlenstoffverbindungen und keine siliziumorganische Verbindung als leicht biologisch abbaubar eingestuft werden konnten. In allen bis auf einen Fall konnten für die Kohlenstoffverbindungen höhere Abbauraten im CBT beobachtet werden. Die Hydrolyse wurde als erforderlicher Schritt vor dem biologischen Abbau von siliziumorganischen Substanzen identifiziert. Das siliziumfreie Produkt der Hydrolyse bestimmte den Grad des biologischen Abbaus. Die gute biologische Abbaubarkeit der einen siliziumorganischen Verbindung resultierte aus der leicht hydrolysierbaren Silizium-Stickstoff-Bindung und der leichten biologischen Abbaubarkeit des siliziumfreien Hydrolyseproduktes. Die siliziumhaltigen Reaktionsprodukte der Hydrolyse waren nicht biologisch abbaubar. Bioabbaudaten aus eigenen Experimenten, aus vorhergehenden in der Arbeitsgruppe durchgeführten analogen Arbeiten und aus der ECHA-Datenbank wurden zusammengetragen, um einen Datensatz zu generieren. Die 182 Substanzen des Datensatzes wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Struktur gruppiert, um allgemeine Erkenntnisse für die biologische Abbaubarkeit von siliziumorganischen Verbindungen abzuleiten. Es gab Gruppen mit Substanzen, die überhaupt nicht biologisch abbaubar waren (z. B. zyklische, lineare und verzweigte Siloxane). Gruppen, die Substanzen mit Ethern, Estern, Oximen, Aminen und Amiden enthielten, waren hydrolyseanfällig, sodass auch leicht biologisch abbaubare Zwischenprodukte gebildet werden konnten. Die siliziumfreien Hydrolyseprodukte waren meist biologisch abbaubar, während die siliziumhaltigen Hydrolyseprodukte persistent waren. Allgemein hat sich gezeigt, dass Modifikationen am Molekül einen positiven Einfluss auf die Abbaubarkeit haben können. Beispielsweise können Heteroatome eine Veränderung der Polarität bzw. der Elektronendichte hervorrufen, was die Photolyse- und Hydrolysefähigkeit und folglich auch den Bioabbau zum Positiven verändern kann. Das Einführen solcher Heteroatome oder funktioneller Gruppen in Polysiloxanketten kann demnach ein vielversprechender Ansatz für leichter abbaubare siliziumorganische Verbindungen sein. Nicht abbaubare Stoffe sollten vermieden werden, wenn sie nach ihrer Verwendung in die Umwelt gelangen. Diese Erkenntnisse tragen unter anderem zur Spurenstoffstrategie des Bundes, zum European Green Deal und zu den Sustainable Development Goals bei. Ziel dieser Ansätze ist die Verringerung der Schadstoffemissionen, um uns Menschen auch zukünftig Zugang zu sauberem Wasser und einer lebenswerten Erde zu gewährleisten. ; Organosilicon substances are an indispensable part of everyday life. They occur in a variety of forms and are used in many household and industrial products due to their stability. Since they are also used, for example, in personal care products and pesticides, their release into the environment is unavoidable. Organosilicon substances have already been analytically detected in all environmental compartments (air, water, soil). The risks posed by this group of substances have not yet been conclusively clarified, but there are indications of negative effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, structures in organosilicon substances that support degradation in the environment should be investigated in order to reduce the accumulation of these substances in the environment. For this purpose, various biotic and abiotic degradation tests were carried out with different organosilicon substances. The focus of the present work was mainly on the biodegradability of the substances. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-compliant closed bottle test (CBT, OECD 301D) and manometric respirometry test (MRT, OECD 301F) were performed. The ability to hydrolyse was investigated using the hydrolysis test OECD 111 at different pH values. For certain groups of substances without biodegradation, the behaviour of the substances was studied upon irradiation with different irradiation sources. The analysis of the primary elimination of the organosilicon substances was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a spectrometer using ultraviolet and visible light (HPLC-UV/Vis) or gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS), depending on the substance properties. The transformation products, on the other hand, were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled with a multiple mass spectrometer (LC-MSn). For a comprehensive assessment of the biodegradation of organosilicon substances, a comparison with analogous carbon compounds and a supplementation with data from the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) database were performed. Grouping of substances according to their structural features was added to draw conclusions on degradability. A more biodegradable basic structure did not improve biodegradability for the benzene derivatives. Nevertheless, the introduction of +M groups on the aromatic ring had a positive effect on the rate and degree of photolytic degradation. The irradiation source also had a significant effect on the elimination rate during the photolysis experiment. With a change in wavelengths to the shorter wavelength range and the resulting higher energy radiation, the substances were eliminated faster and in some cases completely primary eliminated. In all degradation pathways, hydrolysis had a decisive role and was characterized as one of the main degradation processes. For one compound, a detailed elucidation of the eleven formed transformation products was performed following the biotic and abiotic degradation tests. In order to investigate the influence of silicon in organic substances on biodegradability, the direct comparison of organosilicon substances and their carbon analogues was carried out in the CBT. This showed that three out of five carbon compounds and no organosilicon compound could be classified as readily biodegradable. In all but one case, higher degradation rates were observed for the carbon compounds in CBT. Hydrolysis was identified as a mandatory step prior to biodegradation of organosilicon compounds. The silicon-free product of hydrolysis determined the rate of biodegradation. The good biodegradability of one organosilicon compound resulted from the easily hydrolysable silicon-nitrogen bond and the ready biodegradability of the silicon-free hydrolysis product. The silicon-containing reaction products of the hydrolysis were not biodegradable. Biodegradation data from own experiments, from previous analogous work carried out in the working group, and from the ECHA database were assembled to generate a data set. The 182 substances in the data set were grouped according to their structure in order to derive general findings for the biodegradability of organosilicon compounds. There were groups with substances that were not biodegradable at all (e.g. cyclic, linear and branched siloxanes). Groups containing substances with ethers, esters, oximes, amines and amides were susceptible to hydrolysis, so that readily biodegradable intermediates could also be formed. The silicon-free hydrolysis products were mostly biodegradable, whereas the silicon-containing hydrolysis products were persistent. In general, it has been shown that modifications to the molecule can have a positive influence on degradability. For example, heteroatoms can cause a change in polarity or electron density, which can positively change the photolysis and hydrolysis ability and consequently also the biodegradation. The introduction of such heteroatoms or functional groups into polysiloxane chains can thus be a promising approach for more readily degradable organosilicon compounds. Non-degradable substances should be avoided if they are released into the environment after use. These findings contribute, among other things, to the federal government's trace substance strategy, the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of these approaches is to reduce pollutant emissions in order to ensure that people will have access to clean water and a liveable earth in the future.

Early childhood development (PAUD) is a fundamental investment that is included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Previous research has shown that ECD investment in Indonesia, and its financial governance remains a challenging issue. Through a qualitative approach to a case study method design, this study aims to examine the state of PAUD financial management in Panggungharjo Village, Yogyakarta. This study uses in-depth interviews and desk research as data collection techniques. The instrument was developed from the SABER-ECD World Bank Assessment and ECD Financial Profiling Tools. The results showed that PAUD financial management in established villages had innovative financing, budget management and institutional development resulted in a blueprint for managing PAUD financing in other villages in Indonesia. Important policy objectives in all aspects, including the legal framework, cross-sectoral coordination, program coverage, coverage, equity, data availability, quality standards, and compliance with standards, the vision of financing early childhood development will be more achievable for future research. Keywords:Early Childhood, Financial Governance, Village References: Alatas, H., Brinkman, S., Chang, M. C., Hadiyati, T., Hartono, D., Hasan, A., Hyson, M., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Pradhan, M., & Roesli, R. (2013). Early childhood education and development services in Indonesia. In Education in Indonesia (pp. 82–108). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Ambang.Yudanto. (2019). Analisis Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Desa dalam Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa: Studi Kasus Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul [Analysis of Village Head Transformational Leadership in Village Owned Enterprise Management: A Case Study of Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul]. The Journal of Business and Management. Antlöv, H., Wetterberg, A., & Dharmawan, L. (2016). Village Governance, Community Life, and the 2014 Village Law in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 52(2), 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2015.1129047 Aqsati, F. A. (2018). Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa untuk Pengembangan Pembedayaan Masyarakat di Desa Panggungharjo [Management of Village Fund Allocation for Community Empowerment Development in Panggungharjo Village]. Resolusi: Jurnal Sosial Politik. Astuti, S. J. W., & Suaedi, F. (2019). Building Independent Villages through Collaborative Governance by Village-Owned Enterprises (Best Practice from Panggungharjo Village, Central Java, Indonesia). Iapa Proceedings Conference, 265. https://doi.org/10.30589/proceedings.2018.200 Basuki, A. F., Setyowati, K., & Wahyunengseh, R. D. (2019). Accountability Model of Financial Management in the Public Sector: A Study on Panggungharjo Village Budget. Bisnis & Birokrasi Journal. https://doi.org/10.20476/jbb.v26i1.10312 Bauhr, M., & Nasiritousi, N. (2013). Resisting Transparency: Corruption, Legitimacy, and the Quality of Global Environmental Policies. Global Environmental Politics, 13(August), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP Bloom, N., Van Reenen, J., & Williams, H. (2019). A toolkit of policies to promote innovation. Voprosy Ekonomiki, 2019(10), 5–31. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-10-5-31 Boggild-Jones, I., Gardiner, S., Gustafsson-Wright, E., Castillo, A. M., Castro Espinosa, B., Sánchez Vázquez, G., Rivera Ruíz, M., Hetzel, O., Lugo, H., Khan, A., Mozambique, F., Duarte, S., Fisker, A., Mozambique, A., Briggs, C., Kasajja, M.-S., Anis, K., Campira, P., Figia, N., … Njoroge, S. (2017). Emily Gustafsson-Wright the Standardized Early Childhood Development Costing Tool (SECT) A Global Good to Increase and Improve Investments in Young Children. Brinkman, S. A., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., & Pradhan, M. (2017). The impact of expanding access to early childhood education services in rural Indonesia. Journal of Labor Economics, 35(S1), S305–S335. https://doi.org/10.1086/691278 Britto, P. R., Engle, P. L., & Super, C. M. (2013). Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. In Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199922994.001.0001 Cardenas, M., & Cadena, A. M. (2020). How to prioritize Early Childhood? A note on the recent expeerience in Columbia. May 2020. Denboba, A., Hasan, A., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia. In World Bank Publications. Edi, A. C., & Wardhani, I. S. (2019). Transformational and Transactional Leadership, Understanding How Leadership Cultivates Democratic Citizenship in Panggungharjo, Bantul, Yogyakarta. PCD Journal, 6(2), 239. https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.35229 Hasan, Amer., Hyson, Marilou., & Chu-Chang, M. (2013). Early childhood education and development in poor villages of Indonesia: Strong foundations, later success. World Bank. Istiqomah, L. (2016). Tiga Pilar Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Pembinaan PAUD. Golden Age [Three Pillars of Government Policy in Early Childhood Education. Golden Age]: Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini. Jeffrey, D. S., & Guido, S. T. (2014). Financing Sustainable Development: Implementing the SDGs through Effective Investment Strategies and Partnerships. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Juniar, T. (n.d.). Efektivitas Program Kartu Jakarta Pintar (KIP) Dan Manfaatnya Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Sosial Di SDN Bintaro 08 Pagi Jakarta Selatan [The Effectiveness of the Jakarta Smart Card (KIP) Program and Its Benefits in Improving Social Welfare at SDN Bintaro 08 Pagi South Jakarta]. Repository.Uinjkt.Ac.Id. Klees, S. J., Ginsburg, M., Anwar, H., Robbins, M. B., Bloom, H., Busacca, C., Corwith, A., Decoster, B., Fiore, A., Gasior, S., Le, H. M., Primo, L. H., & Reedy, T. D. (2020). The World Bank's SABER: A Critical Analysis. Comparative Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1086/706757 Kurniawati, S., Suryadarma, D., Bima, L., & Yusrina, A. (2018). Education in Indonesia: A white elephant? Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2e Magnuson, K., & Duncan, G. J. (2016). Can early childhood interventions decrease inequality of economic opportunity? Rsf, 2(2), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.2.05 Mizwar Hasyim, N. (2019). Peningkatan Kemandirian Desa Panggungharjo Melalui Komunikasi Pembangunan [Increasing the Independence of Panggungharjo Village through Development Communication]. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Media Pemikiran Dan Dakwah Pembangunan, 3(2), 352–376. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2019.032-06 Nakajima, N., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Maika, A., & Pradhan, M. (2021). Built to Last: Sustainability of Early Childhood Education Services in Rural Indonesia. Journal of Development Studies, 57(10), 1593–1612. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1873283 National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. (2018). Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education. In Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24984 Penner, E. K., Rochmes, J., Liu, J., Solanki, S. M., & Loeb, S. (2019). Differing views of equity: How prospective educators perceive their role in closing achievement gaps. Rsf, 5(3), 103–127. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2019.5.3.06 Pratama, R. N., & Pambudi, A. (2017). Kinerja Badan Usaha Milik Desa Panggung Lestari dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Desa di Desa Panggungharjon Kecamatan Sewon Kabupaten Bantul [Performance of Panggung Lestari Village-Owned Enterprises in Increasing Village Original Income in Panggungharjon Village, Sewon District, Bantul Regency]. Adinegara. Sayre, R. K., Devercelli, A. E., Neuman, M. J., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Investing in Early Childhood Development: Review of the World Bank's Recent Experience. In Investing in Early Childhood Development: Review of the World Bank's Recent Experience. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0403-8 Scheerens, J. (2015). School Effectiveness Research. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (Second Edition, Vol. 21). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92080-4 Suryadarma, D., & Jones, G. W. (2013). Education in Indonesia. Education in Indonesia, 39(3), 1–278. The World Bank. (2013). What Matters Most for Early Childhood Development: A Framework Paper. Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) Working Paper Series, 4–59. Vegas, E., & Santibanez, L. (2009). The Promise of Early Childhood Development in Latin America. In The Promise of Early Childhood Development in Latin America. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7759-8 Zúñiga, N. (2018). U4 Anti-Corruption Helpdesk Does: Does more transparency improve accountability? Transparancy International, 1–13.

Les transformacions socioeconòmiques del canvi de segle, així com els dispositius de control fronterer, estan provocant noves formes de (im)mobilitat arreu del món. Els nens i nenes són protagonistes d'aquests fluxos emergents i, no obstant això, les seves vivències no són sempre tingudes en compte. Amb la intenció de comprendre el fenomen de la mobilitat infantil, aquesta recerca analitza les experiències i els imaginaris de (im)mobilitat de nens i nenes (10-12 anys) que viuen en barris econòmicament desfavorits de la regió metropolitana de Barcelona. Es tracta de mobilitat geogràfica - principalment residencial - realitzada amb la família o grup domèstic que s'inscriu en les migracions de la globalització davant diverses formes de desregulació econòmica i política, així com en la complexitat dels fluxos i estratègies que hi donen resposta. L'anàlisi d'aquestes experiències infantils a partir de la perspectiva dels règims de mobilitat (Glick-Schiller i Salazar, 2013) permet connectar diverses escales i expressions de mobilitat: des de processos migratoris a nivell global; fins a canvis de casa dins del mateix municipi, sovint fruit de l'emergència habitacional; sense oblidar les dimensions escolars del fenomen. La recerca es basa en una etnografia escolar de tipus comparatiu realitzada en dues escoles públiques d'Educació Primària, situades respectivament en un barri de la ciutat de Barcelona i en un barri de Sabadell. El treball de camp, que es va realitzar durant el curs escolar 2017-2018, va permetre endinsar-se en el dia a dia de les escoles a través de l'observació participant en diversos espais. A més, es van estudiar vint casos en profunditat a partir d'entrevistes semidirigides, complementades amb tècniques centrades en la infància de tipus visual, interactiu i projectiu, i entrevistes amb familiars dels nens i nenes i personal dels centres. Els resultats es presenten a través d'un compendi de publicacions: 2 articles en revistes acadèmiques i 2 capítols de llibre. Es mostra com la incorporació de tècniques centrades en la infància permet aprofundir en l'accés a aspectes clau de la (im)mobilitat infantil, fent evidents la diversitat de trajectòries existent, el paper central de la infància i el caràcter verbal-visual de les seves narratives. La precarització apareix com l'element comú d'aquestes experiències, assenyalant dinàmiques de despossessió i desplaçament latents, però al seu torn posant en qüestió la construcció social de la infància des de la vulnerabilitat. Les narratives infantils també posen en relleu la dimensió espacial de la (im)mobilitat, connectant experiències de mobilitat geogràfica amb dinàmiques de vinculació socioemocional i de mobilitat social. Finalment, es demostra que la (im)mobilitat infantil es construeix a partir del reconeixement de vincles socials i familiars, que al seu torn operen a través de xarxes de cura a nivell local-global. ; Las transformaciones socioeconómicas del cambio de siglo, así como los dispositivos de con-trol fronterizo, están provocando nuevas formas de (in)movilidad alrededor del mundo. Los niños y niñas son protagonistas de estos flujos emergentes y, sin embargo, sus vivencias no son siempre tomadas en cuenta. Con la intención de comprender el fenómeno de la movili-dad infantil, esta investigación analiza las experiencias y los imaginarios de (in)movilidad de niños y niñas (10-12 años) que viven en barrios económicamente desfavorecidos de la región metropolitana de Barcelona. Se trata de movilidad geográfica - principalmente residencial - realizada con la familia o grupo doméstico que se inscribe en las migraciones de la globaliza-ción ante diversas formas de desregulación económica y política, así como en la complejidad de flujos y estrategias que responden a ellas. El análisis de estas experiencias infantiles a partir de la perspectiva de los regímenes de movilidad (Glick-Schiller y Salazar, 2013) permite conectar diversas escalas y expresiones de movilidad: desde procesos migratorios a nivel global; hasta cambios de casa dentro del mismo municipio, a menudo fruto de emergencia habitacional; sin olvidar las dimensiones escolares del fenómeno. La investigación se basa en una etnografía escolar de tipo comparativo realizada en dos es-cuelas públicas de Educación Primaria, ubicadas respectivamente en un barrio de la ciudad de Barcelona y en un barrio de Sabadell. El trabajo de campo, que se realizó durante el curso escolar 2017-2018, permitió adentrarse en el día a día de las escuelas a través de la observa-ción participante en varios espacios. Además, se estudiaron veinte casos en profundidad a partir de entrevistas semidirigidas, complementadas con técnicas centradas en la infancia de tipo visual, interactivo y proyectivo, y entrevistas con familiares de los niños y niñas y perso-nal de los centros. Los resultados se presentan a través de un compendio de publicaciones: 2 artículos en revis-tas académicas y 2 capítulos de libro. Se muestra cómo la incorporación de técnicas centra-das en la infancia permite profundizar en el acceso a aspectos clave de la (in)movilidad infan-til, haciendo evidentes la diversidad de trayectorias existente, el papel central de la infancia y el carácter verbal-visual de sus narrativas. La precarización aparece como el elemento común de estas experiencias, señalando dinámicas de desposesión y desplazamiento latentes, pero a su vez poniendo en cuestión la construcción social de la infancia desde la vulnerabilidad. Las narrativas infantiles también ponen de relieve la dimensión espacial de la (in)movilidad, conectando experiencias de movilidad geográfica con dinámicas de vinculación socioemocio-nal y de movilidad social. Finalmente, se demuestra que la (in)movilidad infantil se construye a partir del reconocimiento de vínculos sociales y familiares, que a su vez operan a través de redes de cuidado a nivel local-global. ; The socio-economic transformations of the turn of the century, as well as border control measures, are causing new forms of (im)mobility around the world. Children are protagonists of these emerging flows and yet their experiences are not always considered. In order to understand the phenomenon of child mobility, this research analyses the (im)mobility experiences and imaginaries of children (10-12 years old) living in economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Barcelona metropolitan region. It concerns geographical mobility - mainly residential - carried out with the family or domestic group that forms part of the migrations of globalization in the face of economic and political deregulation of various forms, as well as the complexity of the resulting flows and strategies. The analysis of these child experiences from a mobility regimes perspective (Glick-Schiller and Salazar, 2013) allows connections to be made between different scales and expressions of mobility: from migratory processes at a global level; to moving house within the same municipality, often as a result of housing insecurity; not to forget the school dimension of the phenomenon. The research is based on a comparative school ethnography carried out in two state-funded primary schools, located respectively in a district of Barcelona city and a district of Sabadell. Fieldwork, which was undertaken during the 2017-2018 school year, enabled entry into the daily life of the schools through participant observation in various spaces. In addition, twenty cases were studied in depth after conducting semi-structured interviews with children (complemented with child-centred, visual, interactive and projective techniques) and with the children's families and school staff. The results are presented in a compendium of publications: 2 articles in academic journals and 2 book chapters. It shows how the incorporation of child-centred techniques allows a closer look at key aspects of children's (im)mobility, making evident the diversity of existing trajectories, the central role of children, and the verbal-visual nature of their narratives. Precariousness appears as the common element in these experiences, revealing underlying dynamics of dispossession and displacement, but at the same time questioning the social construction of childhood from the idea of vulnerability. The children's narratives also highlight the spatial dimension of (im)mobility, connecting experiences of geographical mobility with socio-emotional bonding and social mobility. Finally, it is shown that child (im)mobility is built upon the recognition of social and family ties, which in turn operate through care networks at a local-global level.

Das Buch ist der Biographie und dem wissenschaftlichen Nachlass von John Michael Steiner gewidmet – einem tschechisch-amerikanischen Soziologen, geboren 1925 in Prag, verstorben 2014 im kalifornischen Novato. Er hat Auschwitz und andere Konzentrationslager überlebt und ist einer der wenigen Verfolgten, die sich später in der wissenschaftlichen Täterforschung engagierten. Nach dem Krieg musste er wegen der Machtübernahme der KP aus Prag fliehen, zunächst nach Australien, dann in die USA. Er kam 1962 nach Deutschland und konnte seine Forschung auch nach seiner Promotion an der Universität Freiburg i.Br. fortsetzen, unterstützt durch Stipendien der Alexander von Humboldt Foundation und der Fulbright Commission. – Einzigartig ist seine vergleichende Untersuchung (1962 bis 1966) zwischen ehemaligen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS und SS und ehemaligen Angehörigen der Wehrmacht mit dem 1970 publizierten Ergebnis einer weiterbestehenden, relativ stärkeren autoritären Einstellung der ehemaligen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS und SS. Weitaus wichtiger waren ihm Lebensläufe und Sozialverhalten typischer SS-Männer. Aus verschiedenen Gründen kam es nicht zu einer Publikation der für ihn verfassten Lebensläufe. Hier ragen 10 Lebensläufe hervor: Vier Verfasser waren zu lebenslänglicher Haft verurteilt wegen ihrer vielfachen Morde in den Lagern Auschwitz, Buchenwald oder Sobibor, sechs waren Offiziere der Waffen-SS, darunter ein Adjutant Himmlers und ein Adjutant Hitlers. Diese Lebensläufe werden hier erstmals publiziert (dazu zwei transkribierte Interviews). Im Kapitel 1 wird Steiners Biographie geschildert, seine wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten und sein öffentliches Engagement. Dieses Kapitel enthält auch seine Aufsätze über das Fragmentierte Gewissen und über Role margin, d.h. den individuellen, von sozialer und von moralischer Intelligenz abhängigen Ermessenspielraum eines SS-Mannes im Lagerkommando, außerdem seinen Briefwechsel mit Erich Fromm über die Interpretation der Lebensläufen von SS-Angehörigen. Übersetzt wurden Steiners drei eindringliche Erfahrungsberichte: KZ-Arbeitseinsatz Blechhammer, Todesmarsch nach Reichenbach, Im Viehwagen nach Dachau. Im Kapitel 2 Grundlegende Studien zur Autoritären Persönlichkeit: Konzeptionen und Forschungsergebnisse wird ein Bezugsrahmen für die folgenden Interpretationen entwickelt. Dazu gehört eine Übersicht über zwei Meilenstein-Studien zur Autoritäten Persönlichkeit: (1) Erich Fromm und Mitarbeiter (1936, 1980), deren Publikation von Max Horkheimer untersagt wurde, und (2) Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson und Sanford (1950). Der ausführliche Kommentar zur neueren Forschung auf diesem Gebiet bezieht sich einerseits auf die "Autoritäre Persönlichkeit" als multimethodisch und prozessanalytisch zu erfassender Persönlichkeitstypus versus "Autoritarismus" als Einstellung, gewöhnlich nur als Selbstbeurteilung ohne Verhaltensdaten erfasst. – Wichtige Arbeiten der Täterforschung werden dargestellt, u.a. die herausragende Forschung von Henry Dicks (1950, 1972). Weitere Themen sind: das geringe Interesse deutscher Psychologen an der Täterforschung, die sog. neue Täterforschung deutscher Historiker und der gravierende Mangel an Interdisziplinarität. Im Kapitel 3 Täterforschung: Steiners Konzepte und Methoden wird die Fragebogenstudie dargestellt und ausführlich über die zehn Lebensläufe berichtet. Sie werden psychologisch interpretiert, u.a. hinsichtlich Fromms Konzeption der Autoritären Persönlichkeit und Steiners Fragen nach Fragmentierung des Gewissens und Entscheidungsspielraum. Diese Leitkonzepte sind zweifellos als Heuristiken geeignet, doch mangelt es oft an hinreichend detaillierter Lebenslauf-Information, um die situative Auslösung von latenter Gewalttätigkeit und von sadistischen Handlungen adäquat erfassen zu können. Die mit Absicht erst nachträglich recherchierten, sekundären Informationen sind als Korrektiv des Gesamtbildes wichtig, können jedoch eine systematische Exploration der psychosozialen Prozesse nicht ersetzen. Im Kapitel 4 Täterforschung und Erziehungsreform wird Steiners Forderung nach einer fundamentalen Erziehungsreform im Kontext anderer Reformideen geschildert: u.a. Neills' Summerhill, Entnazifizierungsprogramme (Re-education); Aussteiger-Programme für Angehörige extremistischer Gruppen. – "Erziehung nach Ausschwitz" fand jedoch kaum statt. Es mangelt weithin an einem Ethik-Unterricht für Alle und auf allen Schulstufen. Erst während der letzten Jahre gibt es in Deutschland mehr Initiativen zur Reform des Ethik-Unterrichts, beispielsweise durch Projekte der Bertelsmann-Stiftung, durch neue pädagogische Initiativen und Schulbücher mit vielen Anregungen, nicht nur das Wissen über Ethik zu lehren, sondern Kompetenzen wie Perspektivenwechsel und Einfühlung auch praktisch zu üben. Das Kapitel 5 fasst die wichtigsten Perspektiven zusammen und zitiert Steiners Fragen und Thesen (wie sie als Untertitel dieses Buches gewählt wurden: " …wie können Menschen so werden, dass sie so etwas tun können?" – "Je mehr ich verstehe, desto weniger muss ich hassen." – "Nur Erinnerung und Erziehung können neuen Furchtbarkeiten und Genoziden vorbeugen." Der Anhang enthält außer den Kopien der Lebensläufe u.a. Steiner Publikationsliste, seine an der Sonoma State University inzwischen gelöschte Homepage und sein Engagement in den Medien. So war er an der vierteiligen Reportage (SPIEGEL-TV, 2009, und ZDF) Gesichter des Bösen als direkter Zeitzeuge und als wissenschaftlicher Kommentator beteiligt. ; The book is dedicated to the biography and academic bequest of John Michael Steiner – a Czech American sociologist born in Prague in 1925, died in Novato, California, in 2014. He survived Auschwitz and other concentration camps and is one of the few persecuted people who later became involved in scientific research into perpetrators. After the war he had to flee Prague because of the seizure of power by the Communist Party, first to Australia, then to the USA. He came to Germany in 1962 and was able to continue his research after his doctorate at the University of Freiburg i. Br, supported by fellowships from the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation and as a Senior Fulbright-Professor. His comparative study (1962 to 1966) of former members of the Waffen-SS and SS and former members of the Wehrmacht is unique. The results, indicating a persisting authoritarian attitude, remarkably higher in former members of Waffen-SS and SS, were published in 1970. Far more important to him were the CVs and social behavior of typical SS-men. For various reasons, the CVs were not published. Ten of these CV written for him stand out here: four authors were sentenced to life imprisonment for their multiple murders in the Auschwitz, Buchenwald or Sobibor camps; six were officers of the Waffen-SS, including an adjutant of Himmler and an adjutant of Hitler. These CVs are published here for the first time (plus two transcribed interviews). Chapter 1 describes Steiner's biography, his scientific work, and his public commitment. This chapter also contains his essays on the Fragmentation of Conscience and on Role Margin, i.e., the individual discretion of an SS man's action, dependent on social and moral intelligence, and, Steiner's correspondence with Erich Fromm on the interpretation of the biographies of SS-men. Three reports of Steiner's extreme experience were translated: Slave Laborer at the Blechhammer (Ehrenforst) Synfuel Plant; On a Death March from Blechhammer to Reichenbach; In a Cattle Wagon to Dachau. Chapter 2 Basic Studies on Authoritarian Personality: Concepts and Research Results develop a frame of reference for the following interpretations. This includes an overview of two mile-stone studies on the Authoritarian personality:(1) Erich Fromm and co-workers (1936, 1980, initial publication prohibited by Max Horkheimer), and (2) Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levenson and Sanford (1950). The detailed commentary on recent research in this field refers on the one hand to the "authoritarian personality" as a personality type suggesting a multimethod assessment of motivation and action, versus "authoritarianism" as a social attitude, usually a self-assessment, i.e., a questionnaire without behavioral data. Important work of perpetrator research is presented, e.g., the outstanding research by Henry Dicks (1950, 1972). Other topics are: the low interest of German psychologists in perpetrator research, the so-called new perpetrator research by German historians, and the serious lack of interdisciplinarity. In Chapter 3 Perpetrator Research: Steiner's Concepts and Methods, the questionnaire study is presented, and the ten CVs are reported in detail. The psychological interpretation is primarily based on Fromm's conception of the authoritarian personality and Steiner's questions about fragmentation of conscience and role margin. These guiding concepts are undoubtedly suitable as heuristics, but there is often a lack of sufficiently detailed CV information to adequately capture the situational triggering of latent violence and sadistic actions. Secondary information, obtained after interpretation, is essential as a corrective to the overall picture, but cannot replace a systematic exploration of psychosocial processes. In Chapter 4 Perpetrator Research and Educational Reform, Steiner's demand for a fundamental education reform is discussed in the context of, among others, Neill's Summerhill, De-nazification programs (re-education); Drop-out programs for members of extremist groups. However, "Education after Auschwitz" hardly ever took place. There is a widespread lack of ethics teaching for all, and at all school levels in Germany. Only in recent years have there been more initiatives in Germany to renewing ethics teaching, for example, projects by the Bertelsmann Foundation, new pedagogical initiatives, and textbooks with many suggestions not only to teach knowledge about ethics, but also to practice skills, such as a change of perspective, and empathy. Chapter 5 summarizes the essential perspectives, and quotes Steiner's questions and principles (chosen as subtitles of the present book): "How can people become such that they can do something like this?"; "The more I understand, the less I have to hate"; "Only memory and education can prevent new dreadfulness and genocide". Appendix: In addition to copies of the original CVs, it contains Steiner's list of publications; his homepage, which has since been deleted at Sonoma State University; and his media appearances., e.g., in the four-part Reportage Faces of Evil (SPIEGEL-TV 2009, and ZDF) as a direct contemporary witness, and as an expert in perpetrator research. ; unknown ; unknown

Funding text #1 We thank all the hospitals and clinical microbiology laboratories who submitted data and isolates to the reference laboratories as part of their surveillance programmes. We acknowledge the assistance of laboratory personnel who made important contributions to the microbiological data in this study: Wendy Keijzers, Ilse Schuurman, and Agaath Arends in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marie-C?cile Ploy, Carole Grelaud, and all the microbiologists of the French Regional Observatory of Pneumococci Network (Limoges, France); Alice Enefer, Anna Lewis, Karina Micah, Samuel Rose, Chenchal Dhami, and Roger Daniel at the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Unit, London, UK; Xilian Bai, Aiswarya Lekshmi, Jay Lucidarme, Andrew Walker, Lloyd Walsh, and Laura Willerton at the Public Health England Meningococcal Reference Unit in Manchester, UK; Ana Paula Silva de Lemos and Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida at the .View all Funding text #2 We thank all the hospitals and clinical microbiology laboratories who submitted data and isolates to the reference laboratories as part of their surveillance programmes. We acknowledge the assistance of laboratory personnel who made important contributions to the microbiological data in this study: Wendy Keijzers, Ilse Schuurman, and Agaath Arends in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Marie-Cécile Ploy, Carole Grelaud, and all the microbiologists of the French Regional Observatory of Pneumococci Network (Limoges, France); Alice Enefer, Anna Lewis, Karina Micah, Samuel Rose, Chenchal Dhami, and Roger Daniel at the Public Health England Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Unit, London, UK; Xilian Bai, Aiswarya Lekshmi, Jay Lucidarme, Andrew Walker, Lloyd Walsh, and Laura Willerton at the Public Health England Meningococcal Reference Unit in Manchester, UK; Ana Paula Silva de Lemos and Samanta Cristine Grassi Almeida at the .View all Funding text #3 The following authors received support for work unrelated to this study: MPGvdL has received grants from Pfizer, Merck, and the Robert Koch Institut; RB has done contract research on behalf of Public Health England for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur, but received no personal remuneration; MC has received grants from Pfizer; SAC has done contract research on behalf of Public Health England for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur, but received no personal remuneration; SD has received a grant from Pfizer; SJG did contract research (carriage studies) for vaccine manufacturers (GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer) on behalf of Public Health England, but received no personal remuneration; MH has received grants from Pfizer and the Federal Office of Public Health, and personal fees (for being on an advisory board) from Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme; HH has received grants from Astellas and Pfizer; KAJ has received a grant from Wellcome Trust and personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline; SNL has done contract research for vaccine manufacturers (GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur) on behalf of St. George's University of London, but received no personal remuneration; DJL has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; SM has received a grant from Sanofi Pasteur; CM-A has received grants from Quiastat, Roche, Pfizer, and Genomica, and personal fees from Roche, Pfizer, and Qiagen; LS has received a grant from GlaxoSmithKline; H-CS has received a grant from Pfizer; MI has received non-financial support from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, personal fees from Pfizer (speaker fees) and Merck Sharp & Dohme (speaker fees), and grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme; M-KT has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur; ASk has received grants and non-financial support from Pfizer, and personal fees from Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Sanofi Pasteur; CLS has received grants from Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline for investigator-led research; EV has received grants on behalf of her institution (Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil) from Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme; MT has received grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer; NKF's institution (Public Health England) has received funding for investigator-initiated research from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Affinivax, but NKF received no personal remuneration; AvG has received a grant from Sanofi Pasteur; NMvS has received a grant from Pfizer, a fee for service paid to their institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme and GlaxoSmithKline, and also has a patent (WO 2013/020090 A3) on vaccine development against Streptococcus pyogenes, unrelated to this study, with royalties paid to University of California San Diego, CA, USA; and MKT has a patent (630133) for a vaccine for serogroup X meningococcus with GlaxoSmithKline. All other authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license ; Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings: 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 837 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27–0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14–0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation: The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide. Funding: Wellcome Trust (UK), Robert Koch Institute (Germany), Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Pfizer, Merck, Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland), SpID-Net project (Ireland), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (European Union), Horizon 2020 (European Commission), Ministry of Health (Poland), National Programme of Antibiotic Protection (Poland), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Agencia de Salut Pública de Catalunya (Spain), Sant Joan de Deu Foundation (Spain), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden), Swedish Research Council (Sweden), Region Stockholm (Sweden), Federal Office of Public Health of Switzerland (Switzerland), and French Public Health Agency (France). ; Peer reviewed

Background There is considerable variability in COVID-19 outcomes amongst younger adults—and some of this variation may be due to genetic predisposition. We characterized the clinical implications of the major genetic risk factor for COVID-19 severity, and its age-dependent effect, using individual-level data in a large international multi-centre consortium. Method The major common COVID-19 genetic risk factor is a chromosome 3 locus, tagged by the marker rs10490770. We combined individual level data for 13,424 COVID-19 positive patients (N=6,689 hospitalized) from 17 cohorts in nine countries to assess the association of this genetic marker with mortality, COVID-19-related complications and laboratory values. We next examined if the magnitude of these associations varied by age and were independent from known clinical COVID-19 risk factors. Findings We found that rs10490770 risk allele carriers experienced an increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1·4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·2–1·6) and COVID-19 related mortality (HR 1·5, 95%CI 1·3–1·8). Risk allele carriers had increased odds of several COVID-19 complications: severe respiratory failure (odds ratio [OR] 2·0, 95%CI 1·6-2·6), venous thromboembolism (OR 1·7, 95%CI 1·2-2·4), and hepatic injury (OR 1·6, 95%CI 1·2-2·0). Risk allele carriers ≤ 60 years had higher odds of death or severe respiratory failure (OR 2·6, 95%CI 1·8-3·9) compared to those > 60 years OR 1·5 (95%CI 1·3-1·9, interaction p-value=0·04). Amongst individuals ≤ 60 years who died or experienced severe respiratory COVID-19 outcome, we found that 31·8% (95%CI 27·6-36·2) were risk variant carriers, compared to 13·9% (95%CI 12·6-15·2%) of those not experiencing these outcomes. Prediction of death or severe respiratory failure among those ≤ 60 years improved when including the risk allele (AUC 0·82 vs 0·84, p=0·016) and the prediction ability of rs10490770 risk allele was similar to, or better than, most established clinical risk factors. Interpretation The major common COVID-19 risk locus on chromosome 3 is associated with increased risks of morbidity and mortality—and these are more pronounced amongst individuals ≤ 60 years. The effect on COVID-19 severity was similar to, or larger than most established risk factors, suggesting potential implications for clinical risk management. ; AG has received support by NordForsk Nordic Trial Alliance (NTA) grant, by Academy of Finland Fellow grant N. 323116 and the Academy of Finland for PREDICT consortium N. 340541. The Richards research group is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (365825 and 409511), the Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the NIH Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Genome Quebec, the Public Health Agency of Canada, the McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity and the Fonds de Recherche Quebec Sante (FRQS). TN is supported by a research fellowship of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists. GBL is supported by a CIHR scholarship and a joint FRQS and Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services scholarship. JBR is supported by an FRQS Clinical Research Scholarship. Support from Calcul Quebec and Compute Canada is acknowledged. TwinsUK is funded by the Welcome Trust, the Medical Research Council, the European Union, the National Institute for Health Research-funded BioResource and the Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London. The Biobanque Quebec COVID19 is funded by FRQS, Genome Quebec and the Public Health Agency of Canada, the McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity and the Fonds de Recherche Quebec Sante. These funding agencies had no role in the design, implementation or interpretation of this study. The COVID19-Host(a)ge study received infrastructure support from the DFG Cluster of Excellence 2167 Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation (PMI) (DFG Grant: EXC2167). The COVID19-Host(a)ge study was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). Genotyping in COVID19-Host(a)ge was supported by a philantropic donation from Stein Erik Hagen. The COVID GWAs, Premed COVID-19 study (COVID19-Host(a)ge_3) was supported by Grupo de Trabajo en Medicina Personalizada contra el COVID-19 de Andalucia and also by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERehd and CIBERER). Funding comes from COVID-19-GWAS, COVID-PREMED initiatives. Both of them are supported by Consejeria de Salud y Familias of the Andalusian Government. DMM is currently funded by the the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estrategicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018). The Columbia University Biobank was supported by Columbia University and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, through Grant Number UL1TR001873. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or Columbia University. The SPGRX study was supported by the Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad #CV20-10150. The GEN-COVID study was funded by: the MIUR grant Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2020 to the Department of Medical Biotechnologies University of Siena, Italy; the Intesa San Paolo 2020 charity fund dedicated to the project NB/2020/0119; and philanthropic donations to the Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena for the COVID-19 host genetics research project (D.L n.18 of March 17, 2020). Part of this research project is also funded by Tuscany Region Bando Ricerca COVID-19 Toscana grant to the Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese (CUP I49C20000280002). Authors are grateful to: the CINECA consortium for providing computational resources; the Network for Italian Genomes (NIG) (http://www.nig.cineca.it) for its support; the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (https://www.covid19hg.org/); the Genetic Biobank of Siena, member of BBMRI-IT, Telethon Network of Genetic Biobanks (project no. GTB18001), EuroBioBank, and RD-Connect, for managing specimens. Genetics against coronavirus (GENIUS), Humanitas University (COVID19-Host(a)ge_4) was supported by Ricerca Corrente (Italian Ministry of Health), intramural funding (Fondazione Humanitas per la Ricerca). The generous contribution of Banca Intesa San Paolo and of the Dolce&Gabbana Fashion Firm is gratefully acknowledged. Data acquisition and sample processing was supported by COVID-19 Biobank, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Milano; LV group was supported by MyFirst Grant AIRC n.16888, Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF-2016-02364358, Ricerca corrente Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, the European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- Liver Investigation: Testing Marker Utility in Steatohepatitis, Programme Photonics under grant agreement 101016726 for the project REVEAL: Neuronal microscopy for cell behavioural examination and manipulation, Fondazione Patrimonio Ca' Granda Liver Bible PR-0361. DP was supported by Ricerca corrente Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, CV PREVITAL Strategie di prevenzione primaria nella popolazione Italiana Ministero della Salute, and Associazione Italiana per la Prevenzione dell'Epatite Virale (COPEV). Genetic modifiers for COVID-19 related illness (BeLCovid_1) was supported by the Fonds Erasme. The Host genetics and immune response in SARS-Cov-2 infection (BelCovid_2) study was supported by grants from Fondation Leon Fredericq and from Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS). The INMUNGEN-CoV2 study was funded by the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. KUL is supported by the German Research Foundation (LU 1944/3-1) SweCovid is funded by the SciLifeLab/KAW national COVID-19 research program project grant to Michael Hultstrom (KAW 2020.0182) and the Swedish Research Council to Robert Frithiof (2014-02569 and 2014-07606). HZ is supported by Jeansson Stiftelser, Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Genotyping for the COMRI cohort was performed and funded by the Genotyping Laboratory of Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM Technology Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; No

Dai Jitao 戴季陶 (1891-1949) was a journalist and politician of the first half of the twentieth century, the leading theoretician of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang 國民黨. Since his death in 1949, he has been a very controversial figure in China. His thought will have long been either left out or sharply criticized in mainland China, during the Maoist era, through the term "Dai Jitao-ism" (戴季陶 主義Dai Jitao zhuyi) to refer to his misinterpretation of Sun Yat-sen's thought and the "Three Principles of the People". This Master thesis focuses primarily on Dai Jitao's experience, on analyzing his experiences as a Chinese student who returned from Japan and became a journalist and a revolutionary political theorist, in order to provide a possible interpretation of modernity from the perspective of China from the early 1910s to the late 1920s. This work takes the form of a biographical and intellectual study of Dai Jitao's character, in which we reconstruct the gradual evolution of his thought between 1910, when he began his career as a journalist, and 1928, the year marked by the publication of his famous work of Riben Lun 日本論(Essay on Japan). This thesis presents a selection of passages, translated and analyzed, from articles and essays published by Dai Jitao between 1910 and 1928, mainly extracted from the compilation work of Dai Jitao Ji (Tang Wenquan and Sang Bing of 1990), then from the Foundations of Sun-yatsenism published in 1925 by Dai himself, devoted to the theorization of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary project, erected as an heir to Confucius, and from the 2014 edition of the Riben Lun about the theorization of Japanese morals, thought and politics. This thesis is organized into three chronological chapters. The first chapter, titled "Contextual Introduction : the Formation of Dai Jitao's Thought before the Xinhai Revolution (1905-1914)", is dedicated to introducing the figure and contextualizing the formation of his thought in his youth. The second chapter, entitled "Dai Jitao's thought and his adherence to the revolutionary project of the Kuomintang during the civil war (1913-1925)", is meant to re-establish a chronology of Dai Jitao's different ideological positions starting from his meeting with Sun Yat-sen in 1913. In the final chapter, "Dai Jitao's Evolution of Thought in the Face of Fascist Nationalism and Japanese Expansionism (1913-1928)", we explore the factors that led to his episode of "disillusionment" when Japan went on the offensive, as well as how Dai Jitao recovered from the death of Sun Yat-sen, the end of his dream of pan-Asianism, in order to respond to the threats of the Western colonial powers and the Japanese imperialists. By attempting to clarify Dai Jitao's ideological development from the beginning of his career as a journalist chronicler in 1910, to his culmination as the Kuomintang's leading theoretician and politician, when he published his most notable work Riben Lun in 1928, we identify his political positions and actions. We also try to identify the strong moments of his life that caused him several political reversals. Dai Jitao, admiring the spirit of resistance of the Japanese political and intellectual sphere of Meiji, seeks to recreate a similar essence to stimulate the Chinese people and provoke in them a feeling of unity and belonging to the same Chinese nation. This is the guocui 國粹, the national essence that Dai Jitao takes from the Japanese essence (known as kokusui), to carry out the mission of the Kuomintang, which he had recognized in the modernist Confucian thought of Sun Yat-sen and whose analysis we begin in this thesis. ; Dai Jitao 戴季陶 (1891-1949), journaliste et homme politique de la première moitié du XXe siècle, est le principal théoricien du Parti nationaliste, le Guomindang 國民黨. Dès sa mort en 1949, il est un personnage très controversé en Chine. Sa pensée aura longtemps été soit laissée de côté, soit vivement critiquée en Chine continentale, pendant l'ère maoïste, à travers le terme de « Dai Jitao-isme » (戴季 陶主義 Dai Jitao zhuyi) pour désigner son interprétation erronée de la pensée de Sun Yat-sen et des «Trois principes du peuple ». Ce mémoire se focalise surtout sur l'expérience de Dai Jitao, sur l'analyse de son vécu en tant qu'étudiant chinois revenu du Japon, devenu journaliste et théoricien politique révolutionnaire, afin de fournir une interprétation possible de la modernité du point de vue de la Chine, du début des années 1910 à la fin des années 1920. Ce travail se présente sous la forme d'une étude biographique et intellectuelle du personnage de Dai Jitao, dans laquelle nous restituons l'évolution progressive de sa pensée entre 1910, lorsqu'il commence sa carrière de journaliste, et 1928, année marquée par la publication de son célèbre ouvrage du Riben Lun 日本論 (Essai sur le Japon). Ce mémoire présente une sélection de passages, traduits et analysés, d'articles et d'essais publiés par Dai Jitao entre 1910 et1928, principalement extraites du travail de compilation du Dai Jitao Ji (Tang Wenquan et Sang Bing de 1990), puis des Fondements du Sun-yatsenisme publié en 1925 par Dai lui-même, consacré à la théorisation du projet révolutionnaire de Sun Yat-sen, érigé comme héritier de Confucius, et de l'édition de 2014 du Riben Lun à propos de la théorisation des mœurs, de la pensée et de la politique du Japon. Nous avons réparti ce mémoire en trois volets chronologiques. Le premier chapitre, intitulé « introduction contextuelle : la formation de la pensée de Dai Jitao avant la révolution Xinhai (1905-1914) », est dédié à la présentation du personnage et à une mise en contexte de la formation de sa pensée dans sa jeunesse. Dans le deuxième chapitre, intitulé, « la pensée de Dai Jitao et son adhésion au projet révolutionnaire du Guomindang pendant la guerre civile (1913-1925) », nous rétablissons une chronologie des différentes positions idéologiques de Dai Jitao à partir de sa rencontre de Sun Yat-sen en 1913. Dans le dernier chapitre, « évolution de la pensée de Dai Jitao face au nationalisme fascisant et l'expansionnisme du Japon (1913-1928) », nous explorons les facteurs ayant provoqué son épisode de « désillusions », lorsque le Japon passe à l'offensive, ainsi que la façon dont Dai Jitao se remet de la mort de Sun Yat-sen, de la fin de son rêve de pan-asiatisme, pour réagir face aux menaces des puissances coloniales occidentales et des impérialistes japonais. En tentant de clarifier le développement idéologique de Dai Jitao du début de sa carrière de journaliste chroniqueur en 1910, à son point culminant en tant que principal théoricien et politicien du Guomindang, lorsqu'il publie son ouvrage le plus notable du Riben Lun en 1928, nous cernons ses positions politiques et ses actes. Nous tentons aussi de cerner les moments forts de sa vie ayant provoqué en lui plusieurs revirements politiques. Dai Jitao, admiratif de l'esprit de résistance de la sphère politique et intellectuelle japonaise de Meiji, cherche à recréer une essence similaire pour stimuler le peuple chinois et provoquer en lui un sentiment d'unité et d'appartenance à une même nation chinoise. Il s'agit du guocui 國粹, l'essence nationale que Dai Jitao reprend à l'essence japonaise (dite kokusui), pour mener à bien la mission du Guomindang, qu'il avait reconnu dans la pensée confucéenne moderniste de Sun Yat-sen et dont nous amorçons l'analyse dans ce mémoire.

Relevance of tresearch topic. In the context of the transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development, investment and innovation activities should be aimed at solving these problems. Investment and innovation should not only lead to economic growth, but also to sustainability. Therefore, the study of the problems of developing organizational and economic mechanisms to activate the financing of investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises in the context of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development is relevant and significant. Formulation of the problem. The models and methods of stimulating the investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises in the conditions of the so-called "systemic crisis", which is manifested not only in the system of economic indicators, but also in other elements of the functioning of the state, do not yet have adequate justification. It is necessary to develop scientific and practical recommendations on directions of stimulating financing of investment and innovative activity of industrial enterprises in the conditions of transition of national economy to the model of sustainable development. Analysis of recent research and publications. Some problems of formation and realization of organizational and economic mechanisms of activation of investment and innovative activity of industrial enterprises, as well as the transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development are covered in scientific works. Some provisions of this problem are covered in scientific papers on structural modernization of the economy, support for economic growth, innovative society, technological modernization of the economy, etc. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In the current context, it is necessary to carry out additional research on perspective mechanisms for financing investment and innovation activities in the context of the transition of the national economy to the sustainable development model. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to develop scientifically sound recommendations for intensifying the financing of investment and innovation activities of industrial enterprises in the context of the transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development. Method or methodology for conducting research. Methodological basis of the study were general scientific and special methods of knowledge of economic phenomena and processes. In formulating concepts and categories, the method of abstraction was used; methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction; methods of retrospective analysis; logic-analytical method; statistical methods; method of system analysis; economic-statistical and forecast-analytical methods. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The organization of the national economy on the principles of sustainable development implies profound structural changes in management, implementation of innovative approaches in all spheres of economic, social and political life of society. For Ukraine the pressing issue of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development is to increase the efficiency of formation and implementation of the state investment and innovation policy. In Ukraine, the level of investment does not ensure the expanded reproduction of fixed assets. Innovation activity in the Ukrainian industry remains traditionally low. In Ukraine, the aging of fixed assets is constantly observed, now the level of deterioration of fixed assets on the average in the economy exceeds 50%. In today's economy, a key element in securing investment through the use of attracted sources is the financial market system. Creation of new and modernization of existing fixed assets is the main direction of investment activity of industrial enterprises. Therefore, the efficiency of the entire investment process is determined not only by the volume and structure of both the sources and the directions of investments, but also by their economic return, which is manifested only as a result of the use of the resulting investment projects. During the crisis in Ukraine, there was a radical change in the structure of the economy in favor of the low-tech and raw material industries, which still remains. In the world markets, Ukraine is represented mainly by raw materials and semi-finished products. The implementation of the sustainable development model is possible on the basis of effective implementation of the state policy of stimulating the financing of investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises. The use of financial instruments to stimulate investment and innovation activities should provide assistance in solving macroeconomic problems: growth of gross domestic product; improving the competitiveness of the economy; supporting the development of high-tech industries; further formation of institutions of the national innovation system; promotion of high-tech exports; introduction of resource-saving technologies. The directions of further improvement of the state policy aimed at the development of mechanisms for financing the investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises (including in terms of modernization of the financial system and financial markets) are proposed. It is advisable to take measures to optimize the fiscal (fiscal) policy, which in the conditions of post-crisis development will act as the main stimulator of investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises. A list of appropriate measures is provided. In the context of the implementation of the strategy of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development, the state investment and innovation should provide an orientation to stimulate the so-called "social investment". Key directions of social investment realization: creation of social climate in the country, region; formation of balanced social infrastructure of the country, region, enterprise; support for public health and the level of environmental safety; raising the level of education of the population; promoting the spiritual development of the nation; forming a system of mentoring at the enterprise and ensuring the change of professional generations; development and effective functioning of the labor market. It is advisable to modernize the mechanism of public-private partnership organization. It is necessary to adapt to the best international experience of national IPR instruments. All government programs implemented within the framework of state investment and innovation activities should be cost-effective, and therefore their results should be subject to economic analysis. The field of application of results. The results obtained can be used in the process of formation and implementation of the state investment and innovation policy, as well as in the process of implementation of the strategy for support of sustainable development. Conclusions according to the article. For Ukraine the pressing issue of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development is to increase the efficiency of formation and implementation of the state policy of stimulating the financing of investment and innovation activities. This is especially relevant for the industrial sector, as the fixed assets of the industry have a high level of wear. Unfortunately, in Ukraine the efficiency of the implementation of the state investment and innovation policy is insufficient. It is possible to solve the problem of increasing the efficiency of formation and implementation of state support mechanisms for financing the investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises by improving the appropriate organizational, economic and financial instruments. This task can be solved, in particular, by increasing the efficiency of the formation and implementation of relevant state target programs. The directions of improvement of the state policy aimed at development of mechanisms of financing of investment and innovative activity of industrial enterprises are highlighted, in particular: solving of strategic tasks of development of banking sector and strengthening of its orientation on long-term crediting of industrial enterprises; realization of investment and innovation requests of the national economy; - creation of the State Development Bank (State Investment Bank); support for further development of the stock market and its infrastructure; bringing investment legislation to international standards; expanding the range of financial instruments available to investors. The list of measures to optimize the fiscal policy, which in the conditions of post-crisis development will be the main stimulator of investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises, is presented. All government programs implemented within the framework of state investment and innovation activities should be cost effective. In the context of the implementation of the strategy of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development, it is advisable to take measures to expand the so-called "social investment".

El patrimonio se concibe como elemento de identidad social y cultural, nexo de unión entre pasado y presente. La educación patrimonial genera vínculos de identidad entre personas y bienes patrimoniales, dando lugar a sentimientos de pertenencia. Por esta razón, la inclusión de la educación patrimonial en la enseñanza formal, es de vital importancia. Para garantizar el éxito de estas propuestas, se ha de contar con el museo como contexto para la construcción del conocimiento. La propuesta que se presenta, parte del vínculo entre escuela y museo en el diseño de una unidad didáctica sobre los sectores económicos, teniendo como núcleo el patrimonial. Se vincula educación patrimonial e inteligencia territorial para la formación ciudadana de estudiantes de ESO. Comenzando por el marco teórico, se describen aquellos referentes previos que sustentan la presente tesis doctoral. Se atiende a la legislación, las investigaciones y experiencias de referencia así como a los programas relacionados con la implementación de proyectos de educación patrimonial, nacionales e internacionales. Se define el concepto de inteligencia territorial, buscando experiencias que vinculen esta con el patrimonio en la enseñanza formal. El último apartado se enfoca hacia la búsqueda y definición sobre las buenas prácticas en los museos. La investigación está conformada por 6 publicaciones que estructuran los resultados de las diferentes fases. El primer artículo teórico, describe las conexiones entre educación patrimonial e inteligencia territorial. Posteriormente se presentan dos publicaciones sobre el análisis de dos museos al respecto de buenas prácticas y sus conexiones con las escuelas. El tercer artículo describe la implementación de un programa de educación patrimonial en el centro educativo elegido para el estudio de caso. Por último, se presentan dos artículos sobre los resultados obtenidos tras el estudio de caso. Se sigue un enfoque cualitativo bajo las directrices del paradigma interpretativo/naturalista. El investigador se configura como observador, utilizando métodos y técnicas de recogida de datos como la entrevista, cuestionarios, rejillas de observación, observación presencial no participante y participante según el objeto de estudio. La información es analizada mediante una tabla de categorías. Como conclusiones, los principales puntos que responden al problema de investigación ¿Cómo favorece una propuesta de educación patrimonial en ciencias sociales en ESO, que vincula escuela y museo, la formación de una ciudadanía crítica, comprometida y participativa con su entorno social, cultural y medioambiental, asumiendo las connotaciones de la inteligencia territorial en su desempeño como ciudadano? Son: a) El patrimonio se concibe como contenido en la enseñanza; b) La educación patrimonial promueve un conocimiento multidisciplinar que favorece la inteligencia territorial, dos conceptos que se retroalimentan en la medida que no es posible estudiar el territorio sin atender al patrimonio y viceversa; c) El patrimonio del Ecomuseo, posibilita el estudio de los sectores económicos, enfocando la propuesta hacia la reflexión sobre el cambio, la permanencia y la evolución en el uso, el contexto y la función social y cultural del patrimonio observado; d) El museo, se concibe como espacio de aprendizaje vivencial sobre patrimonio y su contexto, favoreciendo el uso de diversos; e) La tipología patrimonial del museo no condiciona el discurso didáctico; f) El museo debe favorecer los vínculos con la escuela, proponer propuestas acordes a los contenidos curriculares así como colaborar en la gestión de las salidas escolares con los docentes; g) Las metodologías educativas, desde el aula y el museo, deben ser activas, encaminadas hacia la resolución de problemas, basadas en el conocimiento cotidiano y en el estudio del patrimonio como símbolo de identidad social, cultural y natural; h) La salida escolar, debe realizarse en la fase central de la propuesta de búsqueda e información, así como comenzar y terminar en el aula, ofreciendo continuidad a los contenidos; i) El rol participante del docente durante la salida es fundamental; j) El desarrollo de una propuesta de educación patrimonial que involucre el estudiante, le incite a la reflexión sobre la evolución del modo de vida de su comunidad y la necesidad de protección, conservación y gestión, promueve la formación de una ciudadanía global, sociocrítica y participativa en su comunidad y su patrimonio. ; Heritage is conceived as an element of social and cultural identity; a link between past and present. Heritage education creates bonds of identity between people and heritage assets, giving rise to feelings of belonging. For this reason, the inclusion of heritage education in formal education is of vital importance. To ensure the success of these proposals, the museum must be used as a context for knowledge building. The proposal presented here sets out from the link between school and museum in the design of a teaching unit on economic sectors, taking the heritage sector as its core. Heritage education and territorial intelligence are linked to the citizenship training of pupils in Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE). Starting with the theoretical framework, we describe those previous references that support this doctoral thesis. Legislation, research and benchmark experiences are taken into account, as well as programmes related to the implementation of heritage education projects in the national and international scope. The concept of territorial intelligence is defined, seeking experiences linking it with heritage in formal education. The last section focuses on the search for and definition of good practices in museums. The research consists of six publications that articulate the results of the different phases. The first theoretical article describes the connections between heritage education and territorial intelligence. Subsequently, two publications are presented on the analysis of two museums regarding good practices and their connections with schools. The third article describes the implementation of a heritage education programme in the school chosen for the case study. Finally, there are two articles on the outcomes achieved after the case study. A qualitative approach is followed under the guidelines of the interpretive/naturalistic paradigm. The researcher is configured as an observer, using data gathering methods and techniques such as the interview, questionnaires, observation grids, or non-participant and participant face-to-face observation, depending on the object of study. The information is analysed using a table of categories. As conclusions, the main points that respond to the research problem: How does a proposal for heritage education in social sciences in CSE, which links school and museum, favour the training of a critical and participatory citizenry, committed to their social, cultural and environmental surroundings, assuming the connotations of territorial intelligence in their activity as citizens? Are: a) Heritage is conceived as content in teaching; b) Heritage education promotes multidisciplinary knowledge that favours territorial intelligence, two concepts that feed back to the extent that it is not possible to study the territory without attending to heritage and vice versa; c) The patrimony of the Ecomuseum allows the study of economic sectors, focusing the proposal towards reflection on change, permanence and evolution in the use, context and social and cultural function of the observed heritage; d) The museum is conceived as an experiential learning space about heritage and its context, favouring the use of various resources; e) The heritage typology of the museum does not condition the didactic discourse; f) The museum must promote links with the school, put forward proposals in line with the curricular content and collaborate in the management of school outings with teachers; g) Educational methodologies, from the classroom and the museum, must be active, aimed at solving problems, based on day-to-day knowledge and the study of heritage as a symbol of social, cultural and natural identity; h) The school outing must take place in the central phase of the search and information proposal, as well as beginning and ending in the classroom, providing continuity to the contents; i) The participating role of the teacher during the trip is essential; j) The development of a heritage education proposal that involves the student encourages them to reflect on the evolution of the way of life of their community and the need for protection, conservation and management, promoting the formation of a global, socio-critical and participatory citizenry in its community and its heritage.

Pakistan is a multilingual and multi-ethnic country: all the provinces have their own regional languages as lingua franca, i.e., Punjabi in Punjab, Pashto in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, etc.; Urdu is the national language, i.e., it is the language of majority of the state schools and of the media; whereas English, owing to its colonial past, is the official language of Pakistan, i.e., it is the language of the official transactions, the constitution, law and higher education in the country. Such division means that individuals may have to switch from one language to another when they move from home to school, to work settings, or to official business in public or private offices. The analysis of the data collected from different sites (educational and judicial sectors) reveals how and why the discourses of differential use of languages, created and shaped by the educational institutes, are affected by the overall linguistic attitudes existing in society towards different languages. This research concludes that, on the societal level, this differential language system excludes those who do not know a particular language, i.e., English, and disempowers them structurally from getting their due share of state-provided services, such as justice and education. In 2013, all the stakeholders working for the development of Pakistan, both public and private, came together and agreed upon an agenda for development, called Vision 2025. This document is an aspirational tool to be used as a conceptual framework for steering the country into the direction of sustainable and inclusive development. The aim of this vision is to bring Pakistan among the top 25 world economies by year 2025. In order to see whether such ambitious attempts, as outlined in the document, complement or contradict the already existing social realities and discourses of development remains central theme to the current research. In this regard, language policies, perceptions, attitudes, and daily practices become the lens that is used to investigate the relation between the theoretical aspirations and practical situations on the ground. Language choice becomes a contested field in a multilingual society. Any act of speech in such societies is a political act, where different languages are chosen for different purposes. In a contemporary globalized world where one language, i.e., English enjoys the most acceptance; those who know better English acquire added leverage and symbolic power over others in everyday interactions of members of Pakistani society. This dissertation maintains that fascination with English in the context of Pakistan is actually a colonial legacy that has worked towards establishing and perpetuating symbolic superiority against other languages and speakers of those languages in contemporary Pakistani society. My contribution departs from the traditional themes of political economy of nation-state models that focus on the broader themes of nation-building and the issues of governance, identity and marginality in a post-colonial nation(s). I attempt to address the questions of power and distribution of linguistic resources in Pakistani polity from a sociological angle. In the following pages, I specifically conceptualise and analyse the social practices, attitudes and discourses of marginality and identity construction along linguistic lines by using the concepts of habitus, field, capital, and symbolic power. This dissertation tries to untangle multilingualism from two broad themes: 1) it addresses the questions of the sociocultural dominance of English and Urdu languages over regional languages; 2) it shows how the distribution of linguistic resources is contested, negotiated and reproduced in the praxis of the stakeholders interacting in a multilingual setting. In order to conduct an empirical investigation, two sectors are selected, i.e., the educational and judicial sectors of Pakistan. The rationale behind this choice is both theoretical and practical. The educational sector is selected as it becomes the seedbed where discourses and perceptions are produced and reproduced for the official and legitimate practices of language use; whereas, the judicial sector is selected as it links directly with the manifestation of these discourses and perceptions. It is in the judicial sector, where one sees the direct effects of knowing or not knowing a specific language manifested as every letter, word, and comma, matters in the judicial proceedings. An institute that is responsible for disseminating justice to the citizens of the state, the judicial system uses a language (English) that is alien to the majority of Pakistani population. For example, only in the Punjab province, around 45% of the total population speaks Punjabi, whereas only 4-7% can speak or understand English, yet the judicial system in its official discourse conducts all its business in English. The laws, court proceedings, and verdicts disseminated in various trials in the judicial courts are conducted in English. This research aims at finding out whether this very act of conducting judicial proceedings in English disenfranchises the masses from the system. A mixed-method research design was used to investigate these questions at the public universities and judicial courts in Pakistan. The question remains if and how the choice of language in education can become a tool for estrangement and exclusion. Discourses of development and language-based inequality seem to exist next to each other, weaved seamlessly in the overall social fabric, habitus, of the contemporary Pakistani society. The empirical evidence from the educational institutes further elaborates why a certain language, e.g., English, is preferred at the expense of others. What kind of benefits and disadvantages are entailed in knowing or not knowing English and what kind of identities are associated with English and other languages, such as Punjabi. The underlying generative principle, habitus, combines this language-based inequality with development in a way that current education policy actually perpetuates ideologies, perceptions and practices of social inequalities. These structurally inculcated distinctive principles inadvertently "convince" the dominated, the less-advantaged, into accepting the conditions of his/her own dominance as natural, thereby resulting in symbolic constraint. Moreover, this research shows how language is used as an aspirational capacity for social mobility and what hurdles, both social and psychological, students face in using this capacity in their prospective lives. Historically speaking, after the independence of Pakistan, the British rulers left in 1947, but the unequal social spaces they created stayed behind as these arrangements suited those who were already working under the British rule. Under such conditions and neo-colonial patterns of life, there emerges a hybrid form of speech; one where words of Urdu, English, Punjabi or other regional languages are inter-mixed. An act of using a signifier of one language, say English, while speaking in another language, say Urdu or Punjabi, results in providing extra leverage, symbolic superiority, and authority to the speaker. This hybrid speech serves two purposes; a) it keeps the power inequality intact as it renders one language, i.e., English, superior over all other local languages, and b) it helps to appease those who, not having the capacity to compete in the English dominant market, nevertheless remain at the periphery of the circle, trying to carve out their own spaces. Thus the linguistic interactions, eventually and inadvertently, result in shaping, reproducing, and reinforcing the sociological habitus that in the first place creates social inequalities generated by varied use of languages for various purposes. Therefore, it is argued that the official discourse of sustainable development, though promising in principle, stands miles away from the social realities of development of Pakistan. The development experts, both national and international, have to consider the socially participative model of development in order to address the pressing challenges of nation-building as compared to state-building as far as the language related problems of the Pakistani society are concerned.

Women's participation in politics has increased significantly over the past 100 years. Indeed, in 1890 women did not have the right to vote anywhere in the world, while nowadays 81% of the world's countries have at least 10% of women in their Parliaments. Although women have made remarkable inroads into traditionally male occupations (and higher education), the political sphere remains an area where women still have far to go (Paxton and Hughes, 2017). In other words, politics remains an area dominated by men. In an effort to change this trend, many countries have adopted gender quotas mechanisms (reserved seats, party quotas, legislative quotas) in order to increase women's representation (Schwindt-Bayer, 2009:5; Krook 2005; Norris 2004; Dahlerup, 2006). Generally speaking, in relation to the presence of women in politics, there is a common factor that can be found in virtually every country, i.e., gender horizontal segregation, and gender vertical segregation. Concerning horizontal segregation, defined as the over- or under-representation of a certain social group in specific occupations or sectors, which is not supported by any factual criterion (Bettio and Verashchagina, 2009; Regini, 2007), it is considered as a constant in the labour market in all Western countries (Rubery and Fagan, 1993; Anker, 1998) and it is also deeply rooted in history. As for horizontal segregation, the distribution of women and men ministers by type of portfolio indicates that men continue to hold most of the key positions, such as economics and finance, foreign and international affairs and defense. On the contrary, women continue to hold the so-called "soft" portfolios with socio-cultural functions. On the other hand, vertical segregation occurs when the opportunities for career developments within a sector are severely reduced or denied to a given group (Bettio and Verashchagina, 2009:32). As a result, vertical segregation tends to keep women out of the top positions in private and public organisations (Maron and Meulders, 2008) as well in politics (Reskin, 2000). Closure connected to the concept of vertical segregation is glass ceiling, defined as an invisible barrier which prevents women to achieve the highest positions of power. This last form of underrepresentation, that of women in electoral bodies, will be the focus of this study. The main motivation for specifically dealing with the domain of politics, in relation to the scarce presence of women, is that politics is the crucial arena, where rules are set and decisions taken that concern both genders – but actually and unfortunately without enough active participation and contribution of women. The main questions around which the present study revolves are the following: is there any means to overcome the vertical segregation of women in politics, or the glass ceiling? Are gender quotas such a means? And, at all events, do women really make a difference in the political arena? If so, to what extent and in what terms? Do we need women to be represented in the public sphere because they can take care of their own interests better than men, or because they work for the good of the entire society? Ultimately, all these questions amount to one: why should we care for women to be equally represented in the political sphere? Apart from considerations of social justice and equal rights – that have a worth in themselves, of course – can we single out any further reason that would backup the claims for equal representation? After all – although indeed history does not say this is the case – men could be capable of taking care of everybody's interest, irrespective of his/her gender. Why do we need women in politics? Evidently, the latter question is rhetorical; but is it really so, after all? Research evidence coming from seventy countries shows that men are more oriented towards individualistic values, competitiveness, power and success in life, while women privilege universalistic and communitarian values (Schwartz and Rubel, 2005). Does this make any difference, when it comes to politics? In the Italian context, the glass ceiling in politics confines women to position of lesser power than those held by men; hence, it is worth asking whether the above-mentioned findings also hold when we get to the highest level of political representation, namely, the Italian Parliament: do women make a difference? Do more women mean a better politics for a better society? The dissertation will seek at addressing these issues by combining the vast body of knowledge on the topic of women and politics, with an approach borrowed from economics, that is, treating the Italian Parliament as if it were a corporation, and measuring the effectiveness of a condition (ie., the presence or absence of women in the Parliament) on the output of the 'company', namely the kind and number of bills proposed by parliamentarians in the legislatures from 2001 to 2018. Italy has been taken as a case study, since in 2008 the Democratic Party voluntarily introduced gender quotas in its statute, being the only Italian party (back then and until present days) to do so. However, the approach and methodology I propose can be easily generalized to other countries and periods, while the Italian case can be interesting per se, given the sharp resurgence of sexism and male chauvinism this country witnessed from the first Berlusconi government on, starting in 1995 (Volpato, 2013), well represented by the proudly masculine and genuinely sexist character of parties like the Lega Nord (Baroncelli, 2006; Caputo, 2012). Moving on to the specific focus of this research, there were four main aspects taken into consideration. First of all, the analysis concentrated on the effectiveness of voluntarily gender quotas adopted by the Italian Democratic Party in its electoral lists. In order to determine whether gender quotas have to an increase in the number of women elected in the Chamber of Deputies, we considered the two legislatures prior to the introduction of quotas, and the two legislatures that followed (from the XIV to the XVII legislature, from 2001 to 2018). By considering different control variables, such as age and education level, social status in connection with a deputy's career and the geographical area of the electoral district in which she or he was elected, and by means of binomial logit regressions, the hypothesis has been confirmed. Secondly, it was important to test the hypothesis that whether an increased number of female representatives, elected mainly thanks to the quota mechanism, has led to an increased focus on issues concerning women's interests (i.e., women's rights, violence, sexual harassment), by representatives of both genders. In other words, I wanted to test the existence of substantive representation, i.e, speaking for and acting to support women's issues such as violence against women, sexual harassment and so on (Krook, 2007; Dalehrup, 2006) by both women and men. Indeed, several studies show that an increased number of elected women leads to greater attention to women's issues in the policy making process (Krook and Zetterberg, 2016). The results of the second hypothesis confirm previous studies (see for example Krook, 2007; Dalehrup, 2006; Krook and Zetterberg, 2016). Thirdly, I sought to verify whether women representatives elected in the Democratic Party, more than their male colleagues, tend to propose bills in women's interest. The results show that this is indeed true, thus bringing the following question: if female elected officials better represent women's interests, as shown by the changes that have occurred after the introduction of gender quotas, then who had been representing women's interest in the past? Finally, I considered whether the women elected with the Democratic Party after the introduction of quotas have proposed more bills not only concerning women's interests, but also in other fields such as children and family, health, education, welfare policies and environment, as domains of common interest for the society as a whole. Results indicate that Democratic women deputies, elected after quotas were established, are indeed more active than their male counterparts in proposing bills in all the above-listed fields, not only in those directly connected with women's interests and rights.

Summary The Government White Paper on day care provision presented in December 1999 announced a three-year quality drive. Starting in 2001, all Norwegian day care centres were to establish, by the end of 2003, tools and systems designed to further develop and safeguard the quality of day care centres. At the end of the day-care-centre year 2001-2002, NOVA conducted a survey to ascertain the progress made half-way through the three-year period. A similar survey was conducted early in 2004 shortly after the end of the period. The results of the latter survey are reported here. Marginally more children were enrolled in day care centres in 2004 than in 2002. Moreover, a number of day care centres only offer places on a full-day basis. However, staff numbers had not increased. The number of day care centres with at least one male employee had risen from 33 to 41, although the number of male pre-school teachers had shown no increase. Day care centre managers remain a stable labour force element. Only 12 per cent had been employed for less than one year. More than half had managed the same day care centre for more than four years. Other personnel also show a high degree of stability. In more than half of the day care centres, no employee had left in the past year. When day care centres which had lost just one employee in the past year are added to those which had lost no employees, the two groups combined account for 80 per cent of all day care centres. The fact that those who have left have generally been employed in large rather than small day care centres probably further increases children's and parents' perception of low staff turnover. A large majority of day care centres have established formal routines for information exchange. This applies above all to what may be turned "start-up information", less to daily, general information. The latter is probably compensated for by means of parent-staff conversations, parent-staff meetings, liaison committee meetings and users surveys which are a feature of nine out of ten day care centres. In 2002 the existence of formal information routines depended on a day care centre's size and ownership. Since then, private day care centres have initiated further information measures, bringing them into line with the municipal day care centres. Children's well-being and development are in general surveyed in the traditional manner, i.e. by observation. About half of the day care centres make little or no use of methods such as reports from daily life practice or systematic conversations or interviews with children. The number of day care centres where both children and parents participate in assessment work and planning has risen since 2002. In almost half of the day care centres children now participate in at least some assessment work. Children are being drawn more and more into the process of planning the day care centre's content and activities. There are still a considerable number of day care centres where there is little or no child or parental participation, although they are fewer in number than in 2002. Where buildings and outdoor areas are concerned the general position appears to be good, and at least on a par with or marginally better than in 2002 in the case of areas on which comments were requested. While the situation remains better in large day care centres than in small ones, the difference between small and large day care centres has narrowed. This is especially true for a key feature of the quality drive, namely the question of whether the day care centre's physical environment is suitably adapted for all children. Since 2002 it has become slightly more usual for the owner to introduce a common system for quality assurance of day care centres as well as of other service provision. Naturally enough this applies above all to municipal day care centres where the owner, to a far greaterextent than private day care centre owners, offers a broader range of additional services. Municipal day care centres are also a step ahead of their private counterparts in terms of planning and providing training and post-qualifying education facilities for their staff. Despite these disparities, private day care centre managers are far more satisfied with the conditions in which they operate than are the managers of municipal day care centres. Both in 2002 and 2004, a clear-cut majority of managers were satisfied with their framework conditions. As regards the extent of contact and collaboration between the individual day care centre and the municipality in its role as local day care centre authority, no change can be seen from 2002 to 2004. Half of all day care centres still receive no annual supervisory visit from the municipal authorities. Use of formalised leadership models has increased between 2002 and 2004. Such models are most prevalent in the largest day care centres and municipal day care centres. No corresponding increase is evident in the use made of the quality assurance tools that we questioned our respondents about. Such tools are most widespread in the largest day care centres, however, and are far more in evidence in municipal day care centres than in their private counterparts. Service declarations, above all, are more widespread in 2004 than in 2002, and there is a clear preponderance of municipal day care centres that employ this tool. The 2004 survey incorporated questions on two new themes: bullying and the transition from day care centre to school. Seventy five per cent of day care centre managers report instances of bullying over the past year. However, a large majority state that bullying is a very rare occurrence. The largest day care centres report somewhat more instances of bullying than the smallest day care centres, but there is no correlation between reported instances of bullying and the day care centre's ownership. Eighty seven per cent of day care centres utilised one or more methods to counteract bullying. The commonest methods are the programmes entitled "You and I and the two of us", "Step by step" and "Eight themes for successful interaction/supervised interaction", in addition to systematic observation of child interaction. Ninety per cent of day care centres report having in place measures or routines to prepare for the transition between day care centre and school. In half of this 90 per cent the measures and routines are anchored to the individual day care centre, in the other half they are anchored to the municipal level. There is a positive correlation between anchorage to the municipal level and other quality objectives, both in terms of managers' quality assessments and in terms of the overall number of quality indicators. In 2002 one in ten day care centre managers reported that they had attained the target set for the quality drive at their day care centre. More than half expected to attain the target by the end of 2003. At the latter point in time far fewer, only one in five, managers perceived the target to have been attained. Progress in attaining the targets was clearly slower than expected. The survey cannot provide a definite explanation of how and why this delay has risen. Since 2002, however, the day care centre sector has been greatly affected by the agreement on day care provision reached in the Norwegian parliament, an agreement which puts a far greater focus on price than on quality. ; I 2001 gikk startskuddet for det som ofte kalles kvalitetssatsingen i norske barnehager. Innen utgangenav 2003 skulle alle barnehager ha etablert redskaper og systemer for å videreutvikle og sikre barnehagens kvalitet. På oppdrag fra Barne- og familiedepartementet har NOVA fulgt kvalitetssatsingen med en kartleggingsundersøkelse midtveis i perioden og med en tilsvarende undersøkelse etter at kvalitetssatsingsperioden er avsluttet. I rapporten beskrives hva norske barnehager har tatt i bruk av tiltak og redskaper for å sikre, videreutvikle og dokumentere kvaliteten på sine tjenester. Undersøkelsen presenterer også de første systematiske og representative funn om forekomst av og tiltak mot mobbing i barnehager.

A checklist of world species of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is provided. A total of 81 genera and 2,999 extant species are recognized as valid, including 36 nominal species that are currently considered as species inquirendae. Two genera are synonymized under Apanteles. Nine lectotypes are designated. A total of 318 new combinations, three new replacement names, three species name amendments, and seven species status revised are proposed. Additionally, three species names are treated as nomina dubia, and 52 species names are considered as unavailable names (including 14 as nomina nuda). A total of three extinct genera and 12 extinct species are also listed. Unlike in many previous treatments of the subfamily, tribal concepts are judged to be inadequate, so genera are listed alphabetically. Brief diagnoses of all Microgastrinae genera, as understood in this paper, are presented. Illustrations of all extant genera (at least one species per genus, usually more) are included to showcase morphological diversity. Primary types of Microgastrinae are deposited in 108 institutions worldwide, although 76% are concentrated in 17 collections. Localities of primary types, in 138 countries, are reported. Recorded species distributions are listed by biogeographical region and by country. Microgastrine wasps are recorded from all continents except Antarctica; specimens can be found in all major terrestrial ecosystems, from 82°N to 55°S, and from sea level up to at least 4,500 m a.s.l. The Oriental (46) and Neotropical (43) regions have the largest number of genera recorded, whereas the Palaearctic region (28) is the least diverse. Currently, the highest species richness is in the Palearctic region (827), due to more historical study there, followed by the Neotropical (768) and Oriental (752) regions, which are expected to be the most species rich. Based on ratios of Lepidoptera and Microgastrinae species from several areas, the actual world diversity of Microgastrinae is expected to be between 30,000–50,000 species; although these ratios were mostly based on data from temperate areas and thus must be treated with caution, the single tropical area included had a similar ratio to the temperate ones. Almost 45,000 specimens of Microgastrinae from 67 different genera (83% of microgastrine genera) have complete or partial DNA barcode sequences deposited in the Barcode of Life Data System; the DNA barcodes represent 3,545 putative species or Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), as estimated from the molecular data. Information on the number of sequences and BINs per genus are detailed in the checklist. Microgastrinae hosts are here considered to be restricted to Eulepidoptera, i.e., most of the Lepidoptera except for the four most basal superfamilies (Micropterigoidea, Eriocranioidea, Hepialoidea and Nepticuloidea), with all previous literature records of other insect orders and those primitive Lepidoptera lineages being considered incorrect. The following nomenclatural acts are proposed: 1) Two genera are synonymyzed under Apanteles: Cecidobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910, new synonym and Holcapanteles Cameron, 1905, new synonym; 2) Nine lectotype designations are made for Alphomelon disputabile (Ashmead, 1900), Alphomelon nigriceps (Ashmead, 1900), Cotesia salebrosa (Marshall, 1885), Diolcogaster xanthaspis (Ashmead, 1900), Dolichogenidea ononidis (Marshall, 1889), Glyptapanteles acraeae (Wilkinson, 1932), Glyptapanteles guyanensis (Cameron, 1911), Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh, 1861), and Pseudapanteles annulicornis Ashmead, 1900; 3) Three new replacement names are a) Diolcogaster aurangabadensis Fernandez-Triana, replacing Diolcogaster indicus (Rao & Chalikwar, 1970) [nec Diolcogaster indicus (Wilkinson, 1927)], b) Dolichogenidea incystatae Fernandez-Triana, replacing Dolichogenidea lobesia Liu & Chen, 2019 [nec Dolichogenidea lobesia Fagan-Jeffries & Austin, 2019], and c) Microplitis vitobiasi Fernandez-Triana, replacing Microplitis variicolor Tobias, 1964 [nec Microplitis varicolor Viereck, 1917]; 4) Three names amended are Apanteles irenecarrilloae Fernandez-Triana, 2014, Cotesia ayerzai (Brèthes, 1920), and Cotesia riverai (Porter, 1916); 5) Seven species have their status revised: Cotesia arctica (Thomson, 1895), Cotesia okamotoi (Watanabe, 1921), Cotesia ukrainica (Tobias, 1986), Dolichogenidea appellator (Telenga, 1949), Dolichogenidea murinanae (Capek & Zwölfer, 1957), Hypomicrogaster acarnas Nixon, 1965, and Nyereria nigricoxis (Wilkinson, 1932); 6) New combinations are given for 318 species: Alloplitis congensis, Alloplitis detractus, Apanteles asphondyliae, Apanteles braziliensis, Apanteles sulciscutis, Choeras aper, Choeras apollion, Choeras daphne, Choeras fomes, Choeras gerontius, Choeras helle, Choeras irates, Choeras libanius, Choeras longiterebrus, Choeras loretta, Choeras recusans, Choeras sordidus, Choeras stenoterga, Choeras superbus, Choeras sylleptae, Choeras vacillatrix, Choeras vacillatropsis, Choeras venilia, Cotesia asavari, Cotesia bactriana, Cotesia bambeytripla, Cotesia berberidis, Cotesia bhairavi, Cotesia biezankoi, Cotesia bifida, Cotesia caligophagus, Cotesia cheesmanae, Cotesia compressithorax, Cotesia delphinensis, Cotesia effrena, Cotesia euphobetri, Cotesia elaeodes, Cotesia endii, Cotesia euthaliae, Cotesia exelastisae, Cotesia hiberniae, Cotesia hyperion, Cotesia hypopygialis, Cotesia hypsipylae, Cotesia jujubae, Cotesia lesbiae, Cotesia levigaster, Cotesia lizeri, Cotesia malevola, Cotesia malshri, Cotesia menezesi, Cotesia muzaffarensis, Cotesia neptisis, Cotesia nycteus, Cotesia oeceticola, Cotesia oppidicola, Cotesia opsiphanis, Cotesia pachkuriae, Cotesia paludicolae, Cotesia parbhanii, Cotesia parvicornis, Cotesia pratapae, Cotesia prozorovi, Cotesia pterophoriphagus, Cotesia radiarytensis, Cotesia rangii, Cotesia riverai, Cotesia ruficoxis, Cotesia senegalensis, Cotesia seyali, Cotesia sphenarchi, Cotesia sphingivora, Cotesia transuta, Cotesia turkestanica, Diolcogaster abengouroui, Diolcogaster agama, Diolcogaster ambositrensis, Diolcogaster anandra, Diolcogaster annulata, Diolcogaster bambeyi, Diolcogaster bicolorina, Diolcogaster cariniger, Diolcogaster cincticornis, Diolcogaster cingulata, Diolcogaster coronata, Diolcogaster coxalis, Diolcogaster dipika, Diolcogaster earina, Diolcogaster epectina, Diolcogaster epectinopsis, Diolcogaster grangeri, Diolcogaster heterocera, Diolcogaster homocera, Diolcogaster indica, Diolcogaster insularis, Diolcogaster kivuana, Diolcogaster mediosulcata, Diolcogaster megaulax, Diolcogaster neglecta, Diolcogaster nigromacula, Diolcogaster palpicolor, Diolcogaster persimilis, Diolcogaster plecopterae, Diolcogaster plutocongoensis, Diolcogaster psilocnema, Diolcogaster rufithorax, Diolcogaster semirufa, Diolcogaster seyrigi, Diolcogaster subtorquata, Diolcogaster sulcata, Diolcogaster torquatiger, Diolcogaster tristiculus, Diolcogaster turneri, Diolcogaster vulcana, Diolcogaster wittei, Distatrix anthedon, Distatrix cerales, Distatrix cuspidalis, Distatrix euproctidis, Distatrix flava, Distatrix geometrivora, Distatrix maia, Distatrix tookei, Distatrix termina, Distatrix simulissima, Dolichogenidea agamedes, Dolichogenidea aluella, Dolichogenidea argiope, Dolichogenidea atreus, Dolichogenidea bakeri, Dolichogenidea basiflava, Dolichogenidea bersa, Dolichogenidea biplagae, Dolichogenidea bisulcata, Dolichogenidea catonix, Dolichogenidea chrysis, Dolichogenidea coffea, Dolichogenidea coretas, Dolichogenidea cyane, Dolichogenidea diaphantus, Dolichogenidea diparopsidis, Dolichogenidea dryas, Dolichogenidea earterus, Dolichogenidea ensiger, Dolichogenidea eros, Dolichogenidea evadne, Dolichogenidea falcator, Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris, Dolichogenidea gobica, Dolichogenidea hyalinis, Dolichogenidea iriarte, Dolichogenidea lakhaensis, Dolichogenidea lampe, Dolichogenidea laspeyresiella, Dolichogenidea latistigma, Dolichogenidea lebene, Dolichogenidea lucidinervis, Dolichogenidea malacosomae, Dolichogenidea maro, Dolichogenidea mendosae, Dolichogenidea monticola, Dolichogenidea nigra, Dolichogenidea olivierellae, Dolichogenidea parallelis, Dolichogenidea pelopea, Dolichogenidea pelops, Dolichogenidea phaenna, Dolichogenidea pisenor, Dolichogenidea roepkei, Dolichogenidea scabra, Dolichogenidea statius, Dolichogenidea stenotelas, Dolichogenidea striata, Dolichogenidea wittei, Exoryza asotae, Exoryza belippicola, Exoryza hylas, Exoryza megagaster, Exoryza oryzae, Glyptapanteles aggestus, Glyptapanteles agynus, Glyptapanteles aithos, Glyptapanteles amenophis, Glyptapanteles antarctiae, Glyptapanteles anubis, Glyptapanteles arginae, Glyptapanteles argus, Glyptapanteles atylana, Glyptapanteles badgleyi, Glyptapanteles bataviensis, Glyptapanteles bistonis, Glyptapanteles borocerae, Glyptapanteles cacao, Glyptapanteles cadei, Glyptapanteles cinyras, Glyptapanteles eryphanidis, Glyptapanteles euproctisiphagus, Glyptapanteles eutelus, Glyptapanteles fabiae, Glyptapanteles fulvigaster, Glyptapanteles fuscinervis, Glyptapanteles gahinga, Glyptapanteles globatus, Glyptapanteles glyphodes, Glyptapanteles guierae, Glyptapanteles horus, Glyptapanteles intricatus, Glyptapanteles lamprosemae, Glyptapanteles lefevrei, Glyptapanteles leucotretae, Glyptapanteles lissopleurus, Glyptapanteles madecassus, Glyptapanteles marquesi, Glyptapanteles melanotus, Glyptapanteles melissus, Glyptapanteles merope, Glyptapanteles naromae, Glyptapanteles nepitae, Glyptapanteles nigrescens, Glyptapanteles ninus, Glyptapanteles nkuli, Glyptapanteles parasundanus, Glyptapanteles penelope, Glyptapanteles penthocratus, Glyptapanteles philippinensis, Glyptapanteles philocampus, Glyptapanteles phoebe, Glyptapanteles phytometraduplus, Glyptapanteles propylae, Glyptapanteles puera, Glyptapanteles seydeli, Glyptapanteles siderion, Glyptapanteles simus, Glyptapanteles speciosissimus, Glyptapanteles spilosomae, Glyptapanteles subpunctatus, Glyptapanteles thespis, Glyptapanteles thoseae, Glyptapanteles venustus, Glyptapanteles wilkinsoni, Hypomicrogaster samarshalli, Iconella cajani, Iconella detrectans, Iconella jason, Iconella lynceus, Iconella pyrene, Iconella tedanius, Illidops azamgarhensis, Illidops lamprosemae, Illidops trabea, Keylimepie striatus, Microplitis adisurae, Microplitis mexicanus, Neoclarkinella ariadne, Neoclarkinella curvinervus, Neoclarkinella sundana, Nyereria ituriensis, Nyereria nioro, Nyereria proagynus, Nyereria taoi, Nyereria vallatae, Parapanteles aethiopicus, Parapanteles alternatus, Parapanteles aso, Parapanteles atellae, Parapanteles bagicha, Parapanteles cleo, Parapanteles cyclorhaphus, Parapanteles demades, Parapanteles endymion, Parapanteles epiplemicidus, Parapanteles expulsus, Parapanteles fallax, Parapanteles folia, Parapanteles furax, Parapanteles hemitheae, Parapanteles hyposidrae, Parapanteles indicus, Parapanteles javensis, Parapanteles jhaverii, Parapanteles maculipalpis, Parapanteles maynei, Parapanteles neocajani, Parapanteles neohyblaeae, Parapanteles nydia, Parapanteles prosper, Parapanteles prosymna, Parapanteles punctatissimus, Parapanteles regalis, Parapanteles sarpedon, Parapanteles sartamus, Parapanteles scultena, Parapanteles transvaalensis, Parapanteles turri, Parapanteles xanthopholis, Pholetesor acutus, Pholetesor brevivalvatus, Pholetesor extentus, Pholetesor ingenuoides, Pholetesor kuwayamai, Promicrogaster apidanus, Promicrogaster briareus, Promicrogaster conopiae, Promicrogaster emesa, Promicrogaster grandicula, Promicrogaster orsedice, Promicrogaster repleta, Promicrogaster typhon, Sathon bekilyensis, Sathon flavofacialis, Sathon laurae, Sathon mikeno, Sathon ruandanus, Sathon rufotestaceus, Venanides astydamia, Venanides demeter, Venanides parmula, and Venanides symmysta.