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The earliest coherent written documentation for Genoa in the early medieval period is from the latter part of the tenth century. Charters documenting the property transactions of several local churches (notably San Siro and Santo Stefano) reveal that the bishop and his clergy had property rights at the extremities of costal Liguria and in the interior. Fifty eight texts have survived between 916 and 1000 Synopsis, A Companion to Medieval Genoa (Brill, 2017) 3 and the first part of this chapter is devoted to their detailed analysis. This number is rather fewer than for comparable Italian urban centres and that fact needs to be explained. Nor has a substantial local historical narrative survived until the twelfth century, albeit more typical of wider Italian patterns.Some sense of local identities does emerge from short hagiographical narratives, especially one dealing with the translation of the bones of San Remo from that site to Genoa itself. There is also a sense of civic community within the famous diploma of Berengar II and Adalbert issued on 18 July 958. These meagre texts allow some conclusions to be reached about the social and political structure of the town in the tenth century but not before. Its economic functions are better understood from recent archaeological work on the port itself which covers a much longer historical time span and that will be summarised here. The chapter will conclude by arguing that taking the surviving evidence as a whole in the current state of knowledge Genoa's connections with the interior were at least as important for its historical development as the more celebrated connection with the sea. The narrative is neither one-dimensional nor uni-directional and it is likely, for example, that access to the sea via the port of Genoa was more important to the economic functioning of the Carolingian Empire than can be demonstrated from current evidence.

In a context of proliferation of short supply chains, issues of quality invite to a shift in geographical focus, moving from specific products characterized by their origin to ordinary products characterized by their provenance. This shift raises the question of the modalities of attachment that these common products have to geographical areas. Everyday foods and common plant materials such as apples and potatoes allow for particular discussion around the issues concerning the reconnection of agriculture and food, specifically around the concept of territorial agri-food systems. Looking at three medium mountain areas - in France (Ardèche, Bauges) and Italy (Liguria) - this thesis proposes an analysis of the trajectories of ten different food collectives through the varying phases of controversy that are driving them towards qualification devices which are more flexible than purely geographical indications. Maintaining the logic of 'rooting', inspired by a territorial rhetoric, the collectives do not fall into the short supply chains model, and maintain, for the most part, the varietal question at the heart of their concerns. This thesis shows that this varietal question can only be treated at the territorial level if we consider the production of food as integrated. That is to say, involving a variety of stakeholders, capable of designing various stages of qualification in the same movement, from plant material management to food consumption. The emergence and realizable qualities of these territorial agri-food systems incite political debate, and raise the question of the public action modalities to promote these devices, which we notice are mainly due to individuals and places of mediation. ; Dans un contexte de foisonnement des circuits courts de proximité, les enjeux de qualité invitent à déplacer la focale géographique, de produits spécifiques caractérisés par leur origine vers des produits ordinaires caractérisés par leur provenance. Se pose alors la question des modalités d'attachement de ces produits ...

In the last decades in Italy the debate on the urban planning crisis (Balducci, 1991; Urbani, 2000) had showed a shift from practices informed by politics and negotiation to new positions where planning methods are characterized by a communicative adaptive evaluation of a set of options about land uses and transformations. Within this framework the need emerged of new approaches to planning able to fulfil community expectations. In the light of recent developments in the economic sector and his branches, and primarily in business management, various tools for urban policy making have been recently adopted and implemented in many Italian local authorities: - Implementation of certificated systems for environmental management (Varese Ligure was first Italian municipality to obtain an ISO 14001 certification in 1999); - Use of control and evaluation systems like environmental and strategic plan design aiming at the integration of these practices in a single comprehensive tool, articulated within three phases (organizational, social accounting (18 municipalities have already test these tools and a bill is discussed for their insert in public authorities management); - Employment of participatory practices in the government of environmental problems (Local Agenda 21 processes is hitting an advanced level of implementation both in the municipal and in the provincial level especially in regions like the Emily and Romagna, the Marches, Tuscany, Liguria); - Use of means of communication addressed both to internal members of public authorities and to stakeholders and local community (for example environmental and social statements drawing up by local authorities or sustainability reports like that compiled within 21st Olympic Games organization). However, the analysis of many case-studies showed often the use of these tools it is not directly coordinated with urban planning instruments. In this paper the authors propose a tentative framework for a sustainable decisional and operative) cyclicly. The objective is, as far as these practices are promoted by main international and European agendas and declarations, to connect by this tool local government choices to most important policies on sustainable development.

The gender issue (social relations between the sexes) contributes to the review of socio-spatial processes in contemporary territories. In addition, sex analysis of routes, strategies and human-female practices enriches the understanding of male/female value systems and highlights the power challenges and representations in place in the territory. In addition to lighting on the differentiation of public/private spaces, gender approach introduces a cultural dimension in the spatial organisation of productions and reproductions of acts. Amber of the territory, the genus reveals at the micro level daily spatial areas; it takes the form of codes, standards for social groups and makes it possible to read on a macro scale trade games in the construction of territories. These assumptions are the basis for research into the creation of female activities in rural tourism in Mediterranean regions (Liguria, Province of Sefrou). Gender analysis is here a privileged entry to identify territorial challenges and reveal gender territoriality in project building and networking. ; La problématique de genre (rapports sociaux entre les sexes) participe à la relecture des processus socio-spatiaux présents dans les territoires contemporains. En outre, l'analyse sexuée des itinéraires, des stratégies, des pratiques hommes-femmes enrichit la compréhension des systèmes de valeurs masculin-féminin et met en exergue les enjeux de pouvoir ainsi que les représentations en place sur le territoire. Au-delà de l'éclairage sur une différenciation des espaces public/privé, l'approche de genre introduit une dimension culturelle dans l'organisation spatiale des productions et des reproductions d'actes. Au niveau du territoire, le genre révèle à l'échelle micro des spatialités quotidiennes ; il se traduit à l'échelle méso dans l'élaboration de codes, de normes pour les groupes sociaux et permet de lire à une échelle macro, des jeux de négociations dans la construction de territoires. Ces postulats sont à l'origine d'une recherche conduite sur la ...

SEDES 2001 « Le monde méditerranéen » Dossier des Images Economiques du Monde Coordination Jacques BETHEMONT CHAPITRE 9 ; International audience ; The question of the Mediterranean is above all that of a sea and its shores. From Andalusia to Provence, from Liguria to Basilicata ., attention will focus on the coastal regions which have, as interfaces, relations with more or less distant hinterlands: Madrid, Lyon, Milan …, most often within a national space or a geopolitical unit that is coherent in terms of functionalities. However, it should be qualified: if Milan is not more Mediterranean than Madrid, it cannot be dissociated from Genova, in the name of the famous industrial triangle Genova-Milan-Turin; on the other hand, no equivalence relationship links Madrid to a Mediterranean port. Hence the different choices within an asymmetrical Latin arc where France is represented only by Languedoc-Roussillon and the PACA region and where Italy occupies a preponderant place; only the alpine regions of Valle d'Aosta (French-speaking) and Trentino-Alto Adige (German-speaking) do not really fit into a Mediterranean perspective. From Spain to Greece, the northern shores of this European Mediterranean, recently converted to the Euro, constitute, despite their internal diversity, a distinct set of the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean basin. The discontinuity introduced at the level of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, not dealt with in this chapter, can be explained above all by historical and political reasons. ; La question de la Méditerranée est avant tout celle d'une mer et de ses rivages. De l'Andalousie à la Provence, de la Ligurie à la Basilicate…, l'attention se focalisera sur les régions littorales qui ont, en tant qu'interfaces, des relations avec des arrières pays plus ou moins lointains : Madrid, Lyon, Milan…, au sein le plus souvent d'un espace national ou d'un ensemble géopolitique cohérent sur le plan des fonctionnalités. Il convient toutefois de nuancer : si Milan n'est pas plus ...

This study based on narrative, administrative and above all notarial sources shows how at the turn of the tenth century, in reaction to the harassment of the shores of Liguria by the Fatimids, the Genoese State gradually emancipated itself from imperial tutorship and constituted from the 11th century to the 13th century a naval and economic force which, through military and diplomatic action, succeeded in gaining a foothold in the main centers of western Mediterranean trade. Without succeeding in realizing the political empire they aspired to, the Genoese set up an economic and commercial network which enabled them to develop a speculative system of a capitalist nature and became the obligatory partners of the great powers, the Pope, Angevins, Catalans and Capetians. Served by a socio-economic structure based on the development of financial and naval techniques, the Republic of Genoa became in the 13th century an important center of demographic attraction mixing Italians, Tuscans, Lombards, Sicilians as well as Provençals, Catalans, Jews and North Africans, an emigration stream aimed at populating the counters obtained in the Maghreb, Al-Andalus, Majorca, Provence and southern Italy. It is therefore a picture of the Western Mediterranean in its intermediate medieval phase as well as a history of contracts between Christian and Muslim communities which is envisaged at the same time as an analysis of the genesis of Genoese capitalism. ; Cette étude basée sur des sources narratives, administratives et surtout notariales montre comment, au tournant du Xe siècle, en réaction au harcèlement des rivages de la Ligurie par les Fatimides, l'État génois s'émancipe progressivement de la tutelle impériale et constitue du XIe au XIIIe siècle une force navale et économique qui, par son action militaire et diplomatique, a réussi à prendre pied sur les principaux centres de commerce de la Méditerranée occidentale. Sans parvenir à réaliser l'empire politique qu'ils ambitionnaient, les Génois ont mis en place un réseau économique ...

This study based on narrative, administrative and above all notarial sources shows how at the turn of the tenth century, in reaction to the harassment of the shores of Liguria by the Fatimids, the Genoese State gradually emancipated itself from imperial tutorship and constituted from the 11th century to the 13th century a naval and economic force which, through military and diplomatic action, succeeded in gaining a foothold in the main centers of western Mediterranean trade. Without succeeding in realizing the political empire they aspired to, the Genoese set up an economic and commercial network which enabled them to develop a speculative system of a capitalist nature and became the obligatory partners of the great powers, the Pope, Angevins, Catalans and Capetians. Served by a socio-economic structure based on the development of financial and naval techniques, the Republic of Genoa became in the 13th century an important center of demographic attraction mixing Italians, Tuscans, Lombards, Sicilians as well as Provençals, Catalans, Jews and North Africans, an emigration stream aimed at populating the counters obtained in the Maghreb, Al-Andalus, Majorca, Provence and southern Italy. It is therefore a picture of the Western Mediterranean in its intermediate medieval phase as well as a history of contracts between Christian and Muslim communities which is envisaged at the same time as an analysis of the genesis of Genoese capitalism. ; Cette étude basée sur des sources narratives, administratives et surtout notariales montre comment, au tournant du Xe siècle, en réaction au harcèlement des rivages de la Ligurie par les Fatimides, l'État génois s'émancipe progressivement de la tutelle impériale et constitue du XIe au XIIIe siècle une force navale et économique qui, par son action militaire et diplomatique, a réussi à prendre pied sur les principaux centres de commerce de la Méditerranée occidentale. Sans parvenir à réaliser l'empire politique qu'ils ambitionnaient, les Génois ont mis en place un réseau économique ...

not available ; La ricerca epidemiologica nel campo delle tossicodipendenze risulta complessa in quanto relativa a una serie di fenomeni e modalit? di comportamento che riguardano aspetti sociali e psicologici tendenzialmente "nascosti". Si consideri, ad esempio, come la definizione stessa del "problema tossicodipendenza", sia legata a considerazioni di tipo legale, culturale, sociale e antropologico. Nonostante queste difficolt? metodologiche e di connotazione delle popolazioni interessate, l'epidemiologia delle dipendenze in Europa e in Italia ha cercato e cerca di migliorare i fondamenti scientifici delle informazioni utili alla definizione delle politiche in materia di lotta all'uso di droghe attraverso la definizione di indicatori che descrivono sia la diffusione dell'uso delle sostanze illecite, sia l'impatto delle strategie di prevenzione, cura, recupero delle persone tossicodipendenti e contrasto del mercato messe in atto. Gli studi epidemiologici sull'uso e abuso di droghe permettono attualmente di raccogliere indicatori indiretti e indicatori diretti dei fenomeni di interesse e anche indicatori di utilizzo dei servizi. Gli indicatori indiretti analizzano aspetti particolari correlati all'uso di droghe e ai suoi cambiamenti nel tempo. I dati alla base di questi indicatori sono: -decessi per droga; -dati relativi alle attivit? delle forze dell'ordine (sequestri di sostanze, denunce per spaccio e traffico); - emergenze e fenomeni sanitari (ricoveri in rianimazione, arrivi in pronto soccorso, schede di dimissione ospedaliera); - patologie particolari (epatite B, neonati con sindrome di astinenza); - consumi o vendite di alcuni farmaci e di siringhe. Gli indicatori di questo tipo, pur presentando limiti e problemi di interpretazione, sono usati dagli Osservatori Epidemiologici Italiani ed Europei per stimare la dimensione del fenomeno. Gli indicatori di utilizzo dei servizi fanno riferimento ai dati relativi alle persone che si rivolgono alle strutture sanitarie per problemi di varia natura, connessi all'assunzione di droga. Il sistema informativo implementato dall'Osservatorio Epidemiologico Regionale Tossicodipendenze della Liguria, tramite anche l'attivazione del registro dei soggetti in trattamento, rappresenta una importante attivit? ai fini della sorveglianza del fenomeno in tale direzione. Il registro rileva, garantendo la privacy dei singoli soggetti, il numero e le caratteristiche degli utenti che hanno accesso alle strutture riabilitative territoriali. L'esistenza di un registro centralizzato che collega, tramite un codice non univoco e quindi non riportabile ad una persona, le informazioni provenienti da fonti diverse (servizi territoriali, strutture residenziali accreditate, ospedali, forze dell'ordine, ecc.), permette di non contare pi? volte le stesse persone. Registri di questo tipo danno inoltre la possibilit? di ricostruire le storie degli utenti delle diverse tipologie di strutture presenti sul territorio presentando grandi potenzialit? di analisi epidemiologiche e di ricerca clinica. Gli indicatori diretti fanno riferimento alle indagini di popolazione di tipo campionario. Tali indagini, nella popolazione generale o in gruppi particolari a rischio, permettono di stimare la prevalenza degli utilizzatori di sostanze illegali, degli utilizzatori problematici e dei tossicodipendenti in diverse aree geografiche e le sue variazioni nel tempo. Studi longitudinali condotti intervistando pi? volte gli stessi soggetti o indagini trasversali ripetute forniscono stime sull'incidenza di particolari eventi correlati con gli esiti dei trattamenti. Tali indagini danno informazioni su aspetti importanti sia nel campo della prevenzione che dell'intervento terapeutico e socio-riabilitativo, non rilevabili attraverso altre fonti. Con il Rapporto annuale 2003, l'Osservatorio Epidemiologico Regionale delle Tossicodipendenze della Liguria (OERT), presenta una panoramica completa ed aggiornata sulle caratteristiche del fenomeno droga nella regione, pur nei limiti del breve periodo di esistenza dell'Osservatorio stesso. Considerando che la caratteristica importante del fenomeno droga ? la sua dinamicit?, ? importante capire la natura dei problemi legati alla sua evoluzione per elaborare risposte efficaci o per valutare l'impatto del lavoro gi? effettuato. In tal senso ? necessario continuare a migliorare la disponibilit?, la qualit? e la comparabilit? dei dati perfezionando i sistemi di raccolta e la capacit? di gestire in maniera pi? efficiente la conoscenza crescente che ne deriva per una sempre pi? chiara comprensione della situazione. I dati illustrati nel presente rapporto rappresentano quindi, non solo uno strumento per la definizione delle politiche di intervento, di prevenzione e di cura, ma sono anche di utilit? per gli operatori che si impegnano quotidianamente in questo campo. Questa relazione si basa sulla raccolta di informazioni relative all'anno 2002 e ai due anni precedenti, che ? stato possibile reperire grazie alla collaborazione e all'impegno delle diverse istituzioni e servizi deputati all'intercettazione, alla cura e alla riabilitazione dei soggetti con problemi di tossicodipendenza presenti sul territorio regionale. Sono state inoltre attivate dall'OERT ligure per il III anno consecutivo le seguenti tipologie di indagine: 1)Per la costruzione degli indicatori diretti e l'elaborazione di stime di prevalenza calcolate per singola Azienda Sanitaria: - IPSAD, Indagine campionaria sulla popolazione generale sull'utilizzo delle droghe effettuata su un campione di individui di et? compresa tra i 15 ed i 54 anni tramite questionario postale autosomministrato); - ESPAD, (The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs) indagine campionaria sulla popolazione studentesca. 2) Per lo sviluppo degli indicatori indiretti: - Analisi dei dati relativi ai flussi ministeriali (riguardanti Decessi droga correlati, criminalit?, sequestri); - Analisi delle schede di Dimissione Ospedaliera (SDO). Per quanto riguarda l'analisi dei flussi informativi relativi agli indicatori di utilizzo dei servizi, per la descrizione accurata della popolazione e l'applicazione di metodi di stima sono state considerate: - le caratteristiche dell'utenza in base ai dati relativi ai flussi informativi definiti dal Ministero della Salute; - il registro dei codici singoli, data base centralizzato che collega le informazioni provenienti da fonti diverse (Nuclei Operativi Tossicodipendenze degli Uffici Territoriali del Governo, i Servizi per le Tossicodipendenze e le Comunit? Terapeutiche). La relazione, partendo da una panoramica sulla Regione Liguria che individua le tendenze principali nell'evoluzione del fenomeno, si sviluppa in base ad un insieme di contenuti quantitativamente e qualitativamente pi? ampi rispetto all'anno passato. La relazione ? infatti ispirata ai modelli proposti dall'Osservatorio Europeo sulle Droghe e le Tossicodipendenze e vuole essere innovativa a livello italiano e di ampio orizzonte, affrontando il problema da molteplici punti di vista. Gli argomenti approfonditi sono relativi ai sistemi di gestione dell'informazione nei servizi di diagnosi e cura e all'analisi della rete dei servizi in Regione. E' stato affrontato il problema della stima del consumo di sostanze psicoattive e del consumo problematico nella popolazione mediante il calcolo dei tassi di prevalenza, articolati per Azienda Sanitaria, utilizzando i dati provenienti dalle indagini campionarie effettuate sulla popolazione studentesca, sulla popolazione generale e mediante il metodo "Cattura-Ricattura". E' stata inoltre realizzata un'analisi sulle caratteristiche dell'utenza sia in base al protocollo TDI, (Treatment Demand Indicator), definito e sviluppato dall'Osservatorio Europeo sulle Droghe e le Tossicodipendenze di Lisbona (EMCDDA) e dal Gruppo Pompidou del Consiglio d'Europa che ? alla base dei flussi informativi delle strutture territoriali. Un capitolo a parte ? stato dedicato alla popolazione con problemi di alcoldipendenza e alla nascita dei centri di alcologia in regione. L'utenza dei servizi viene analizzata in particolare attraverso una descrittiva multivariata per sintetizzare in base alle variabili et?, sesso, anno, area territoriale, le informazioni contenute nelle tavole TDI presenti in allegato. Sono stati calcolati tassi di prevalenza e rapporti tra prevalenze con modelli di Poisson. La relazione si concentra poi sugli argomenti relativi alle malattie infettive, ai decessi droga-correlati, alla criminalit?, ai mercati ed ai sequestri, sviluppati in base al protocollo REITOX dell'EMCDDA. Tale protocollo permette, tramite l'utilizzo di una metodologia standard per la raccolta delle informazioni e attraverso la predisposizione di un insieme di tabelle che prendono il nome di Reitox Standard Tables, di rispondere al debito informativo che ogni paese ha nei confronti dell'EMCDDA, in questo caso la Regione Liguria si pone all'avanguardia in ambito europeo essendo in grado di fornire i dati richiesti disaggregati per un'area territoriale regionale. Per quanto riguarda la questione delle risposte al consumo di stupefacenti, vengono sviluppate varie tematiche inerenti alle strategie di contrasto adottate in Regione dai vari Dipartimenti, alla riduzione della domanda, alla prevenzione, alla lotta al traffico. La parte dedicata agli approfondimenti ? divisa in quattro sezioni dedicate la prima all'analisi dei tempi di latenza, la seconda alle stime di incidenza dell'uso di oppiacei attuate attraverso l'adozione della metodologia della Back-Calculation, approvata dall'EMCDDA di Lisbona, la successiva alle Schede di Dimissione Ospedaliera con diagnosi primaria o secondaria di dipendenza da sostanze, attraverso le quali l'archivio regionale per singolo record potr? essere ampliato, cos? come aumenter? la potenzialit? dell'intero sistema di effettuare stime sempre pi? attendibili. Il quarto approfondimento riguarda le segnalazioni delle Prefetture di quella parte di soggetti che, a distanza di tempo, ritroviamo tra gli utenti dei servizi. I dati sono riportati, attraverso le tabelle del protocollo TDI, nel CD allegato in formato Excel in maniera che siano accessibili ed elaborabili dagli operatori delle tossicodipendenze interessati.

ITALIANO: Il saggio affronta il problema del rapporto fra le larghe famiglie nobiliari e le "parrocchie gentilizie" a Genova esplorando il caso dei Doria e della chiesa di San Matteo, fondata nel 1125 e la cui ricostruzione è progettata nel 1278. Da un lato, sono passati in rassegna tre aspetti qualificanti l'aggregato familiare dei Doria per comprendere quale possa essere poi il ruolo della piccola chiesa nell'assestarsi di un più maturo coordinamento: posizioni egemoniche, di vertice e di comando nella città marinara e nel suo governo; dispersione e radicamento fuori Genova; spessore numerico, residenza e leadership. Dall'altro lato è considerato l'inserimento di San Matteo nella rete monastica non solo ligure di cui è a capo l'abbazia di San Fruttuoso e si valuta come la sua ricostruzione consenta di variegare le rilevanze interne ed esterne alla ramificata famiglia. La conclusione, grazie all'accostamento con le esperienze di altre importanti famiglie cittadine, mostra la singolarità di questo incontro e come occorra procedere a più ampie e sistematiche comparazioni, anche uscendo dal contesto genovese. / ENGLISH: The essay addresses the problem of the relationship between large aristocratic families and "noble parishes" in Genoa, by considering the case of the Doria and the church of San Matteo, founded in 1125 and whose reconstruction was planned in 1278. On the one hand, three qualifying aspects of the Doria kinship are examined in order to understand the role of the small church in enhancing the coordination of the group: i.e., positions of leadership and command in the maritime city and in its government; dispersion and presence outside Genoa; numerical strength, residence and leadership. On the other hand, the article considers the insertion of San Matteo in the monastic network (not only in Liguria) headed by the abbey of San Fruttuoso, and how its reconstruction allowed for the diversification of the large family internal and external relevance. The conclusion, thanks to the comparison with the experiences of other important urban families, shows the uniqueness of this case study and how broader and more systematic comparisons should be made, even outside the Genoese context.

17 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.610241.-- Data Availability Statement: The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because some of the original raw data are protected by confidentiality. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to GM, giacomo.milisenda@szn ; The recent establishment of the "landing obligation" under the reformed EU Common Fishery Policy has the twofold objective of reducing the excessive practice of discarding unwanted catch at sea and encouraging more selective and sustainable fisheries. Within this context, the awareness of the spatial distribution of potential unwanted catches is important for devising management measures aimed to decrease discards. This study analyzed the distribution of Hot Spot density areas of demersal fish and crustaceans below the Minimum Conservation Reference Size (MCRS) in four different southern European seas: continental Portuguese coast, Catalan Sea, South of Sicily, Liguria and northern Tyrrhenian Seas using both bottom trawl survey data and information on the spatial distribution of commercial fisheries. Critical areas for discarding were identified as zones where the highest densities of individuals below MCRS were consistently recorded throughout a series of years. Results clearly showed a patchy distribution of undersized individuals in each investigated area, highlighting the overlap between high density patches of both discards and fishing effort. The present findings provide a relevant knowledge for supporting the application of spatial-based management actions, such as the designation of Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRAs), in order to minimize the by-catch of undersized specimens and improve the sustainability of demersal fisheries ; This work was funded by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement No. 634495 for the project Science, Technology, and Society Initiative to minimize Unwanted Catches in European Fisheries (MINOUW). This study received Portuguese national funds from FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology through project UIDB/04326/2020 ; With the funding support of the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI) ; Peer reviewed

[EN] Eastern Liguria, a sometimes harsh and inhospitable place, encompasses some of the most beautiful landscape realities of the region, thanks to the presence of the sea and of an unexpected scenery. In some cases, land and water are connected, clearly showing the challenges that Man had to face in order to dominate Nature. In these cases, these forms of anthropization can turn their constraints into potentials. In this context, in a gulf such as the one between Rapallo and Portofino, outposts arose as observers to protect the neighboring territory, characterized by docks and, consequently, a suitable area for trade and for pirate incursions. For these reasons, military-style architectural structures arose, both defensive and of sighting, depending on the building site, then, in the sixteenth century coordinated and transformed into a real defensive system, by the will of the Republic of Genoa. Here, then, we can find the castle of Rapallo, the tower of Saint Michael of Pagana, the Castle of Santa Margherita, the Castle of Paraggi and finally that of Portofino, each one with its own identity and events, but connectable to the others, if only for the territorial belonging to an extremely particular site as for organicity and homogeneity. This is what the study of the Castle of Paraggi underlines, as it was built on the cliff overlooking the sea that has enjoyed a "double life" based on highlighting the latent diametrically opposed potential: born for the defense of the land from sea incursions, later on it was converted into a residence, conceptually transforming its position from a dominating into a reserved one, from an outpost on the sea clearly visible, to a place hidden on the land, from public to private. Over the centuries, the change in the function and life of the castle, has therefore been introducing changes to the facies and the composition of its appearance through the different stages of its evolution. ; Falcidieno, ML.; Ruggiero, ME. (2020). The Castle of Paraggi and its "double life": evolutions ...

Il presente contributo si prefigge di studiare due specifici casi di rigenerazione del waterfront di due città portuali capoluogo liguri, Savona e La Spezia, con la finalità di analizzare criticamente i percorsi di ridefinizione delle rispettive aree portuali centrali in degrado ai fini della loro riconnessione con gli ambiti urbani. L'obiettivo dell'articolo è quello di mettere in luce il processo di riorganizzazione del fronte d'acqua di queste realtà industriali entrate in crisi a partire dagli anni Ottanta e che, dal decennio successivo, hanno re-immaginato il futuro della relazione città-porto. Attraverso l'analisi di questi due casi si cercherà di far comprendere al lettore come si è evoluto il processo di rigenerazione dei due waterfront sin dagli anni Novanta quale risultato di una composizione di distinti equilibri e che è stato al centro di vari dibattiti da parte degli attori delle politiche pubbliche locali. Inoltre, si metteranno in evidenza lo stato attuale delle questioni urbane urgenti per le città di La Spezia e Savona, oltre ai rapporti interistituzionali degli attori coinvolti e le strategie da implementare per conseguire gli obiettivi prefissati dagli strumenti di pianificazione urbanistica. ; This paper focuses on studying two specific cases of two Liguria region's port cities waterfront regeneration, Savona and La Spezia. The purpose is analyzing critically the redefinition of their degraded central port areas aiming to reconnect them to urban contexts.The aim of the article is to highlight the waterfront reorganizing process of these realities in crisis starting from the eighties. Successively, in the nineties, Savona and La Spezia have re-imagined the future of the city-port relation. By the two study cases analysis it will be trying to make the reader understood the evolution of the waterfront regeneration process from the nineties as a result of a composition of distinct equilibrium, which has also been the focus of various debates by public policies local actors. Furthermore, the current status of La Spezia and Savona urgent urban issues will be highlighted, as well as the interinstitutional relations among the actors involved and the strategies to be implemented to achieve the objectives set by the urban planning instruments.

This article focuses on representations of passeurs: migrant smugglers across the French-Italian and Swiss-Italian borders. I analyze a heterogeneous corpus of novels, films, and essays published between 1990-2017 that refer to different waves of migration, from World War II to the contemporary migration crisis. I argue that these texts complicate and help question the current criminalization of migrant smugglers most often found in the media and political discourses. In particular, I claim that these discourses confuse or dismiss migrants' experience of border crossing, as they neglect important ethical and legal differences between smuggling and trafficking, humanitarian actors and professional smugglers. The texts I analyze insist on these nuances, enriching our understanding of the human stakes of "illegal" migrations. Through the analysis of literature and film, I present figures of migrant smugglers who have operated illegally to facilitate migrants, but who must not be confused with human traffickers. For example, in his bio-fiction Il vuoto alle spalle (1999), journalist Marco A. Ferrari gives an uplifting, idealized portrayal of Ettore Castiglioni, an Anti-Fascist Alpinist active during World War II, who smuggled Italian Jews and political opponents to the Fascist regime to Switzerland, including the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi. Francesco Biamonti, who lived at the French-Italian border and was a prolific novelist in the 1980s and 1990s, insists on the professionalism of smugglers who have been traditionally present in the Western Alps. In particular, Biamonti stresses that good passeurs are those who never put the life of their clients (migrants) at risk. Novels such as Vento largo (1991) and Le parole la notte (1994) not only point at the negative effects of globalization in Liguria (Italy), but also lament Europeans' lack of attention to and understanding of increasing migratory flows, well before the media started talking about a migrant "crisis." Lastly, I present the work of journalists who occasionally performed the role of "humanitarian smugglers" and later reported their experience in written or cinematic form: Io sto con la sposa, by Gabriele del Grande, Khaled Soliman Al Nassiry, and Antonio Augugliaro (2014); Passeur, by Raphaël Krafft (2017). These works express the authors' need to reconnect with the professional and anti-Fascist tradition of passeurs in the Western Alps, at a time when there is no alternative to "illegal" border crossing for too many migrants.

The research project we are presenting focuses on the study and the reconstruction of the personality and artworks of Giulio Benso, a Genoese painter, draftsman and architect between Mannerism and Baroque, a specialist in illusionist decoration. The dispersion of a third of his works, in particular altar paintings and some fresco decorations, combined with the large number of graphic projects of different quality which have been attributed to him in recent decades have generated a bad reputation for his work, too often considered as a second-rate one compared to his contemporaries. In this study, his artistic activity will therefore be analyzed and contextualized using archival documents and ancient sources, from his training at the Academy of Giovanni Battista Paggi, a Genoese cultural environment, to the numerous Ligurian and foreign orders - German and French - assigned to him during his life, in order to highlight the contacts, the relationships with certain artists such as Giovanni Andrea Ansaldo and Giovanni Battista Carlone, the inspirations according to the Lombard, Venetian, Bolognese and Roman schools. The experiences he had and that allowed him to evolve in his work and to communicate his style to the successive generations of painters will also be taken into account. This analysis has been conducted in a precise and rigorous manner, by highlighting the existing documents on the artist, on his life and his works. The in-depth study of all the modern contributions published so far on him, on Genoa and on the Genoese school of the 16th and 17th centuries, has been enriched by documentary research in the various archives establishments of the Liguria region and by the examination of ancient sources, such as guides and manuscripts on the artistic production of the territory, with the aim of establishing the complete artistic activity of the painter, including destroyed paintings and frescoes, in order to highlight its evolution and the relationships with its contemporaries. This work thus presents an introductory part concerning the critical fortune lived by the painter during his life and after his death. This is followed by the second, which is focused on the study of his training at the Paggi Academy and on commissions for paintings and trompe l'oeil decorations received in Liguria. Then, a third chapter is devoted to missions abroad: in Germany, in Weingarten, described through the epistolary relationship between the artist and the sponsor Gabriele Bucellino, thanks to the old documents that were found and the letters transcribed by the heir of Benso, father Lorenzo Sertorio, and in France, in Cagnes-sur-Mer, in Provence, for which the vast iconographic and iconological program of the decor, chosen by the family, with a strong political reference has been studied. This study then presents two catalogs. One devoted to painting and the other to graphic production. The first follows a chronological order by mission, including lost or destroyed orders, thereby seeking to offer a reading of the painter's artistic investment in the social and cultural framework of Liguria, Germany and France. Long-term orders such as those from the Annunziata del Guastato in Genoa from 1638 to 1647 or those for Weingarten from 1627 to 1667 are processed in their unit to facilitate the analysis of their development. This is followed by the catalog of drawings presented chronologically. The study of Giulio Benso's graphic production requires a rigorous and scientific analysis based on stylistic as well as technical and documentary checks. Studies conducted in the past on the artist's drawings have revealed many attribution problems, which involve reordering. It is therefore proposed to try to establish the complete corpus of his graphic work by re-examining all the sheets attributed to him and those of the Genoese school kept in public and private collections. ; Le projet de recherche que nous présentons porte sur l'étude et la reconstruction de la personnalité et de l'œuvre de Giulio Benso, peintre, dessinateur et architecte génois entre le maniérisme et baroque, spécialiste dans le décor à trompe l'œil. La dispersion d'un tiers de ses œuvres, en particulier de retables et des quelques décors à fresque, unie au grand nombre de projets graphiques de diverses qualités qui lui ont été attribués dans les dernières décennies ont engendré une mauvaise réputation de son travail, trop souvent considéré de second ordre par rapport à ses contemporains. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, son activité artistique sera donc analysée et contextualisée à l'aide de documents d'archives et des sources anciennes, à partir de sa formation auprès de l'Académie de Giovanni Battista Paggi, dans un environnement culturel génois, en passant par les nombreuses commandes liguriennes et étrangères –allemandes et françaises– lui assignées au cours de la vie. Cela nous permettra de mettre en évidence les contacts, les relations avec certains artistes tels que Giovanni Andrea Ansaldo et Giovanni Battista Carlone, les inspirations d'après les écoles lombardes, vénitiennes, bolonaises et romaines et les expériences qu'il vécut et qui lui ont permis de faire évoluer son travail ainsi que de diffuser son style aux générations suivantes de peintres. Notre analyse sera conduite d'une manière rigoureuse, en mettant en avant les documents existants sur l'artiste, sur Gênes et sur l'École génoise du XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Par ailleurs, notre étude sera enrichie par les recherches documentaires dans les différents établissements d'archives et par le dépouillement des sources anciennes, dans le but d'établir la complète activité artistique du peintre, tableaux et fresques détruits compris, pour en mettre en valeur son évolution et les relations avec ses contemporains. Notre travail présente donc une partie introductive concernant la fortune critique que Benso connut au cours de sa vie et après sa mort. A cela, fait suite l'étude de sa formation à l'Académie de Paggi et des commandes de peintures et de décorations en trompe l'œil reçues à Gênes, dans le Ponente et à Pieve de Teco. Puis, un troisième chapitre est consacré aux missions à l'étranger : en Allemagne, plus précisément à Weingarten, pour lequel nous publions dans le détail la relation épistolaire entre l'artiste et le commanditaire Gabriele Bucellino, grâce aux documents anciens retrouvés et des lettres transcrites par l'héritier de Benso, père Lorenzo Sertorio. En France, à Cagnes-sur-Mer (Provence), où nous étudions le vaste programme iconographique et iconologique du décor, choisi par la famille, avec une forte référence politique. Puis, nous présentons deux catalogues. L'un consacré à la peinture et l'autre à la production graphique. Le premier suit un ordre chronologique par mission, incluant les commandes perdues ou détruites, en cherchant, ainsi, à offrir une lecture de l'investissement artistique du peintre, du cadre social et culturel de la Ligurie, de l'Allemagne et de la France. Les commandes de longues durées telles que celles de l'Annunziata del Guastato à Gênes de 1638 à 1647 et Weingarten, de 1627 à 1667 ont été traitées dans leur unité pour favoriser l'analyse de leur évolution. A cela, fait suite le catalogue des dessins présenté selon l'ordre chronologique d'exécution. L'étude de la production graphique de Benso nécessite une analyse rigoureuse et scientifique basée sur des vérifications stylistiques de même que documentaires, c'est donc ainsi que nous avons procédé. En effet, les analyses conduites dans le passé sur les dessins ont révélé beaucoup de problèmes d'attribution, qu'impliquaient une remise en ordre. Nous nous sommes proposés donc, de tenter d'établir le corpus complet de son œuvre graphique en réexaminant toutes les feuilles à lui attribuées et celles de l'école génoise conservées dans collections publiques et privées du monde.

In a context of proliferation of short supply chains, issues of quality invite to a shift in geographical focus, moving from specific products characterized by their origin to ordinary products characterized by their provenance. This shift raises the question of the modalities of attachment that these common products have to geographical areas. Everyday foods and common plant materials such as apples and potatoes allow for particular discussion around the issues concerning the reconnection of agriculture and food, specifically around the concept of territorial agri-food systems. Looking at three medium mountain areas - in France (Ardèche, Bauges) and Italy (Liguria) - this thesis proposes an analysis of the trajectories of ten different food collectives through the varying phases of controversy that are driving them towards qualification devices which are more flexible than purely geographical indications. Maintaining the logic of 'rooting', inspired by a territorial rhetoric, the collectives do not fall into the short supply chains model, and maintain, for the most part, the varietal question at the heart of their concerns. This thesis shows that this varietal question can only be treated at the territorial level if we consider the production of food as integrated. That is to say, involving a variety of stakeholders, capable of designing various stages of qualification in the same movement, from plant material management to food consumption. The emergence and realizable qualities of these territorial agri-food systems incite political debate, and raise the question of the public action modalities to promote these devices, which we notice are mainly due to individuals and places of mediation. ; Dans un contexte de foisonnement des circuits courts de proximité, les enjeux de qualité invitent à déplacer la focale géographique, de produits spécifiques caractérisés par leur origine vers des produits ordinaires caractérisés par leur provenance. Se pose alors la question des modalités d'attachement de ces produits ordinaires aux milieux géographiques. À la fois aliments du quotidien et éléments de matériel végétal communs, les pommes et les pommes de terre permettent d'aborder les enjeux de reconnexion entre agriculture et alimentation autour de la notion de système agri-alimentaire territorial. Sur trois espaces de moyenne montagne – en France (Ardèche, Bauges) et en Italie (Ligurie) – cette thèse propose une analyse des trajectoires de dix collectifs passant par des phases de controverses qui les conduisent à se tourner vers des dispositifs de qualification plus souples que les indications géographiques. Conservant des logiques d'enracinement inspirées d'une rhétorique du terroir, ils ne versent pas pour autant dans le modèle des circuits courts de proximité, et maintiennent pour la plupart la question variétale au cœur de leurs préoccupations. La thèse montre que cette dernière ne peut être traitée à l'échelle des territoires qu'à condition d'envisager la production alimentaire de manière intégrée, c'est-à-dire en impliquant une diversité d'acteurs, capables de concevoir dans un même mouvement différentes étapes de qualification, de la gestion du matériel végétal à la consommation des aliments. L'émergence et la viabilisation de tels systèmes agri-alimentaires territoriaux ouvrent des débats politiques, et posent la question des modalités de l'action publique pour favoriser de tels dispositifs, dont on observe qu'ils tiennent principalement à des figures individuelles et à des lieux de médiation. ; In un contesto caratterizzato dall'emergenza di nuove e diverse forme di circuiti alimentari locali (filiere corte, a kilometro zero, etc.) trattare della qualità dei prodotti alimentari impone alla geografia un cambiamento di prospettiva : privilegiare allo studio di prodotti specifici caratterizzati dall'origine, quello di prodotti ordinari caratterizzati dalla provenienza. Si pone allora la questione delle modalità di costruzione dei legami fra questi prodotti ordinari e i luoghi geografici. Alimenti della vita quotidiana ed elementi comuni del mondo vegetale, le mele e le patate costituiscono degli oggetti ideali per interpretare le forme di riconnessione tra agricultura e alimentazione al centro della nozione di sistema agri-alimentare territoriale. La tesi propone un'analisi della storia e delle traiettorie di vita di dieci collettivi che, in tre diverse regioni di montagna in Francia (Ardèche, Bauges) e in Italia (Liguria), hanno scelto, in seguito ad esperimenti e controversie, di orientarsi verso dei dispositivi di qualificazione piu' flessibili delle indicazioni geografiche di qualità. Benché conservino delle logiche d'inserzione territoriale ispirate a delle narrative del "locale", questi collettivi non aderiscono ad un modello classico di filiera corta e sono animati da una serie di questioni che interrogano il ruolo delle varietà nei sistemi agri-alimentari e rimettono in discussione il concetto stesso di territorio così come abitualmente utilizzato nelle indicazioni geografiche di qualità. La tesi mostra che la "questione varietale" puo'essere trattata localmente nei territori solo se si considera la produzione alimentare secondo un'ottica d'integrazione, ossia implicando una diversità di attori in grado d'inventare, in uno stesso movimento, diversi stadi di qualificazione : dalla gestione del materiale vegetale al consumo degli alimenti. I risultati di ricerca della tesi invitano ad aprire un dibattito politico sulle modalità di azione pubblica in grado di favorire l'emergenza e la sostenibilità di questi sistemi agri-alimentari territoriali la cui esistenza appare fortemente legata a delle figure e dei luoghi di mediazione.