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The publication, on Mao Tse-tung's birthday, of an official text of his crucially important speech of 25 April 1956 "On the 10 great relationships" (reproduced below in the Quarterly Chronicle and Documentation, pp. 221–38) adds significantly to our knowledge both of Chairman Mao and of his successor. On the one hand, it constitutes a substantial document which will be closely scrutinized by all those interested in the thought of Mao Tse-tung. On the other, the way in which the text has been edited, and the fact of its publication, provide some hints about the thinking, and perhaps even about the policy intentions of Hua Kuo-feng.

As a field of study, the Middle East, like its predecessor the "Orient", continues to exist more concretely within a vast realm of Western texts, both artistic and ethnographic, than it does on the ground. This ingrained disparity between representation and social reality has motivated some scholars to examine this literature as the manifestation of physical or ideological domination. In Edward Said's Orientalism the interpretation of this literature becomes a search for determining social and political forces, the evidence of which, like the nineteenth-century anthropological notion of "survivals", resides in each text as an implicit network of unconscious images and metaphors. Similarly, Abdelkebir Khatibi, investigating the historical and ethnographic texts of Jacques Berque, views this literature as determined by the requirements of an exigent and compelling, but inherently flawed, Western metaphysic; an "onto-tháologie" which, in confronting questions of essence and existence, must formulate an "other" to realize its "self".

Preface -- Introduction -- I. The Treasure-House -- II. Eternal Recurrence -- Recurrence as Psychological Test -- The Cosmological Arguments -- Force-Centers and Recurrence -- Existential Meaning and Recurrence -- III. Contra Platonism -- Lange versus Plato -- IV. The Problem of Christianity -- Lange and Christianity -- V. Materio-Idealism -- VI. Human, All-Too-Human -- Lange and Anthropomorphism -- VII. Darwin and Teleology -- VIII. The Shadow of Kant -- IX. A Force-Point World -- X. The Lust of Power and the Will to Power -- The Lust of Power

The 2nd of 5 reviews of Leo Grebler, Joan W. Moore, & Ralph C. Guzmann, THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN PEOPLE (see SA 0410/F6970). The book is called 'a self-consciously designed classic.' Despite its Calvinist thoroughness, however, a pernicious & baneful quality is noted in the book. 'It forms part of a literary & scholarly tradition which purporting to be about a people, instead turns out to be about the authors.' The real tragedy of the book is the evidence it provides of the indifference to Mexican-Amer's as a living people. While the book falls at transcending the ethnocentric barrier, however, it still occasions a host of important questions of which perhaps the most important one is that of Chicano nat'lism. This issue must be confronted critically & rationally. The concepts of la raza & chicanismo are not reverse racism; they represent the struggle for identity. (See also SA 0410/F6959, 0410/ F6962, 0410/F6969, 0410/F6982.) M. Maxfield.

The Marxian sociol of literature forms the methodological basis of this study. Focus is on 2 questions: (1) What type of groups find a means of expression in literature? (2) What is the function of literature in these groups? Does their structure explain the importance of literature as a form of expression that is necessary for them? These questions are examined by taking an analysis of the literary texts as a starting point. The results thus obtained are then interpreted against the background of historical reality. The following theses are presented with the aid of a review of French love poetry up to the time of the Renaissance: Every work of literature is the center of a group which is based on its common attitude towards the work. This group constitutes the horizon set as a matter of course for the author in his act of writing & thus determines the structure of the work. The concrete structure of the groups, which in this case act as carriers of love poetry, can best be understood as the result of an effort to adapt certain essential & very simple aspirations of group life to the change of soc conditions which make their realization more difficult. The group may not be defined by econ or soc criteria, but must be taken as a system of meaningful relationships, which provides the basis for the view which the individual has of himself & of his relationship to others. This group creates the context in which the symbolic forms (of religion & great literature) will form an intelligible whole. In this sense the group therefore constitutes the necessary intermediary level between econ & pol'al conditions & the symbolic forms. AA.

Departing from text‐centered perspectives on verbal art, an approach is developed to verbal art as performance, derived from recent work in folklore, the ethnography of speaking, sociolinguistics, and literary stylistics. The patterning of performance in genres, acts, roles, and events is discussed, as well as the emergent quality of performance, manifested in text, event, and social structure.

I: A Case for Uniqueness -- 1 Literary Precedents for Uniqueness -- II: Need for Uniqueness: Theory and Research -- 2 Do Birds of a Feather Always Flock Together? -- 3 Theory of Uniqueness -- 4 Corollaries of Uniqueness Theory: The Nature of the Comparison Other Persons -- 5 Individual Differences in Need for Uniqueness -- III: Uniqueness Attributes 103 -- 6 Commodities as Uniqueness Attributes -- 7 Names as Uniqueness Attributes -- 8 Attitudes and Beliefs as Uniqueness Attributes -- 9 Performance as Uniqueness-Motivated Behavior -- IV: Uniqueness Seeking in Perspective -- 10 Deindividuation: Loss of Uniqueness -- 11 Individuation: The Pursuit of Difference.

The literature of Muscovite Russia is vast and uneven in quality. In spite of the efforts of scholars, many literary works have not been sufficiently studied to permit one to assign them their proper place in Russian literature. One such work is the Laodicean Epistle (Laodikiiskoe poslanie). A number of articles have recently been written on it, and it has figured prominently in the books of two of the leading specialists in Muscovite history and literature. Discussion has centered on questions of the extent of the work, the original text, its interpretation, and possible sources. None of these points has been decided to the satisfaction of scholars concerned with the intellectual and literary developments of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. This article is an attempt to provide other explanations for some of the questions raised by the text.