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Gagne reviews BLOOD NARRATIVE: Indigenous Identity in American Indian and Maori Literary and Activist Texts by Chadwick Allen.

Drawing on Marcuse's analysis of one-dimensional society, this article investigates the relationship between text and fan in its cultural micro and macro framing. The article explores the semiotic conditions through which texts function as objects of fandom and juxtaposes the reflective reading of fan texts based on their immediate concretization and normalization with the reflexive engagement demanded by the textual "blanks" in literary texts Iser described. The aesthetic relevance of fan texts, thus, lies not in any specific meanings but in their lack thereof as manifestation of a social and cultural status quo.

The author applies to literary texts some of the parameters used in reference to questions of perspective in the visual arts. Disagreeing with Erwin Panofsky, who considers perspective a "symbolic form," the author sees it as a device of utterance and thus a generator of signs susceptible to semiotic study. Unlike many scholars, the author believes not that the enunciator's perspective is transferred onto the work, but that the perspective of the work is imposed on the enunciator. The perspective of each genre situates the enunciator in a specific place in relation to the world and shapes him or her differentially as subject.