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Book reviewed in this article:Physical Anthropology: Essay on the Cerebral Cortex. Gerhardt von BoninPhysical Anthropology: Frontal Lobotomy and Affective Behavior. John F. FultonPhysical Anthropology: The Cerebral Cortex of Man. Wilder Penfield and Theodore Rasmussen

Psychiatry in the Soviet Union is essentially conservative, middle-of-the-road and eclectic. It rejects both extremes: radical surgical treatment such as prefrontal lobotomy, and Freudian psychoanalysis. It is Pavlovian and neurophysiological in its orientation and closely linked to Marxian philosophy; most personal problems are believed to be sociocultural in origin, and they are expected to diminish as the country moves closer toward its political and economic goals, making psychiatry progressively more circumscribed in its applications.

At the dawn of the last century, leading scientists and politicians giddily predicted that science—especially Darwinian biology—would supply solutions to all the intractable problems of American society, from crime to poverty to sexual maladjustment.Instead, politics and culture were dehumanized as scientific experts began treating human beings as little more than animals or machines. In criminal justice, these experts denied the existence of free will and proposed replacing punishment with invasive "cures" such as the lobotomy. In welfare, they proposed eliminating the poo

THE CONDITIONS IN WHICH PEACE CAN EXIST ARE NOW JUST WHAT THEY HAVE ALWAYS BEEN: A HIGHER EXPECTED UTILITY FROM PEACE THAN FROM WAR; AN ETHICAL CODE; A COMMITMENT TO THE PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES, ETC. THE AUTHOR EXPLAINS THAT THESE ARE NOT "NECESSARY" CONDITIONS IN ANY FORMAL SENSE. NOR ARE THERE REALLY SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS OF PEACE, OTHER, PERHAPS, THAN LOBOTOMY AND THE TOTAL ELIMINATION OF WEAPONS, INCLUDING FINGERNAILS. HE DEFINES, DESCRIBES, AND EXPLAINS THE CONDITION AND THE CONDITIONS FOR PEACE IN THE CONTEXT OF WHAT, EVOKING E.H. CARR'S "THE TWENTY YEARS' CRISIS," REFERS TO AS "THE EIGHTY YEARS' CRISIS."

Mental Health in America: A Reference Handbook examines the evolution of mental health policy in America from the almshouses of colonial times and the dawn of psychoanalysis in the early 1900s to the community mental health revolution in the 1960s and the insurance problems plaguing the field today. Addressing such conditions as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, anxiety, dementia, bipolar disorder, and depression, this work explores the changing definitions and explanations of mental illness and provides detailed analyses of treatments and their effects, including electroshock therapy, lobotomy, and psychotropic drugs. Readers will meet such key players as Horace Mann, who called for the insane to be made wards of the state, and assemblywoman Helen Thomson, an involuntary-treatment advocate referred to by her opponents as "Nurse Ratchett."

Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Superintendents -- Oregon State Hospital Timeline -- 1. The Case of Charity Lamb -- 2. The Case of Malinda Applegate -- 3. The Calbreath Years -- 4. Three Decades of Superintendent Steiner -- 5. The Case of James R. Robblet -- 6. The Triumph of Dr. Bethenia Owens-Adair -- 7. The Tragedy of George Nosen -- 8. The Case of Reverend David C. Snider -- 9. The Case for Lobotomy -- 10. In and Out of the Cuckoo's Nest -- 11. The Case of "Tunnel Therapy" -- 12. A Hospital Not a Prison -- 13. Financial and Forensic Failures -- 14. Finding the Cremains and Earning a Pulitzer -- 15. A New Beginning -- Epilogue -- Appendix I. Official Statistics for OSH, 1884-1956 -- Appendix II. Population Statistics at OSH, 1900-1959 -- About the Author.

The article attempts to re-evaluate the directions in which the directions of reforming criminal legislation should move in order to ensure compliance with the requirements of its greater efficiency and humanization. The material for consideration of this issue was the article by A. S. Kurshel, which examines the issue of the prospect of using medical operations in the field of punishment, and the possible replacement of existing punishments with one of such operations, the authors put forward proposals to replace the death penalty with the use of the operation "Leucotomy" in the future. ; В статье делается попытка вновь оценить направления, по которым должны двигаться направления реформирования уголовного законодательства для обеспечения соблюдения требований его большей эффективности и гуманизации. Материалом для рассмотрения этого вопроса послужил доклад А.С. Куршеля, в которой рассматривается вопрос о перспективе использования медицинских операций в сфере наказания, и возможной замене действующих наказаний одной из таких операций, автором выдвигаются предложения о замене смертной казни на применение операции.

"The sad history of young children, especially institutionalized children, being used as cheap and available test subjects - the raw material for experimentation - started long before the atomic age and went well beyond exposure to radioactive isotopes. Experimental vaccines for hepatitis, measles, polio and other diseases, exploratory therapeutic procedures such as electroshock and lobotomy, and untested pharmaceuticals such as curare and thorazine were all tested on young children in hospitals, orphanages, and mental asylums as if they were some widely accepted intermediary step between chimpanzees and humans. Occasionally, children supplanted the chimps. Bereft of legal status or protectors, institutionalized children were often the test subjects of choice for medical researchers hoping to discover a new vaccine, prove a new theory, or publish an article in a respected medical journal. Many took advantage of the opportunity. One would be hard-pressed to identify a researcher whose professional career was cut short because he incorporated week-old infants, ward-bound juvenile epileptics, or the profoundly retarded in his experiments. In short, involuntary, non-therapeutic, and dangerous experiments on children were far from an unusual or dishonorable endeavor during the last century"--