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This study analyzes the factors that motivate the candidates who run for Village Head in Air Hangat District, Kerinci Regency, Jambi Province. In determining the informants, the researcher used the purposive sampling technique, and the data was collected using interviews and documentation studies. Test the validity of the data using source poles. The results showed intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for the Village Head candidates in the 2019 Village Head Election (Pilkades) in Air Hangat District. Intrinsic motivation consists of motivation to gain achievement, power, income, and prestige. Extrinsic motivation consists of developing human resources and providing a sense of security, comfort, and harmony. Based on the study results, it showed that the quality of Village Head candidates in the 2019 Village Head Election (Pilkades) was still at a low level. It can be seen from the low level of education and work experience in government. Community leaders, traditional leaders, and religious leaders are also of the view that village head candidates do not have the readiness to become village heads with a lack of experience in leadership.

This paper explains the conspiracy and involvement boss mine (coal) in several provincial elections (regents and governors) in South Kalimantan. As is known, the political landscape of post Soeharto New Order government that gave birth to democracy and radical change in the institutions of power, namely from the centralized power-authoritarian system to a democratic system of government has spawned a democratic transition which was prolonged until today. In the midst of a prolonged transition to democracy at this time, the arena of democracy has been hijacked and the stage of political and economic power has been controlled by entrepreneurs or local and national capitalist power by doing pesekongkolan between candidates authorities or local authorities that one of them through the local election process. The businessmen are involved as a supplier of funds to the local authorities candidate to win as a form of money politics and transactional politics. In some cases the local elections in South Kalimantan, such as the election of the regent and the governor, political practice is utilized with clarity and has already become a political culture that is structured within massive post-New Order government. Therefore, democracy is being woken up in Indonesia after the New Order.

Based on a sociological perspective, problems in village financial management are not only in administrative problem but structural problem, which is an intervention from the government, so that access to village financial management is only owned by a handful of people. It has implications for the community participation space so the village development is not in accordance with the real hopes and needs of the village community. This study aims to identify local people who control village financial management and measure the influence index of these actors in carrying out their respective roles in Purwabakti Village and Sukadamai Village in Bogor Regency. The research was conducted using mixed methods The results showed that there were six dominant local actors in village financial management. Five of the six actors are village government officials who can be used as village secretary, village treasurer and chairman of the LPM, while one other actor is the head of the TPK Lapang for infrastructure development from the community. Based on the average value of the influence index of each actor, it can be concluded that the economic capital of the actor is the most important capital to be able to influence the community in the village with the rural characteristic, while the capital of moral actors is the most important capital to influence the community in teh village with the semi-urban characteristic. Actors in semi-urban villages also showed that their educational background and interaction with outsiders contribute to carrying out a structural role in the village.

In Uganda, environmental and natural resource management is decentralized and has been the responsibility of local districts since 1996. This environmental management arrangement was part of a broader decentralization process and was intended to increase local ownership and improve environmental policy; however, its implementation has encountered several major challenges over the last decade. This article reviews some of the key structural problems facing decentralized environmental policy in this central African country and examines these issues within the wider framework of political decentralization. Tensions have arisen between technical staff and politicians, between various levels of governance, and between environmental and other policy domains. This review offers a critical reflection on the perspectives and limitations of decentralized environmental governance in Uganda. Our conclusions focus on the need to balance administrative staff and local politicians, the mainstreaming of local environmental policy, and the role of international donors.

Agroecology aims at developing sustainable farming and food systems, adapted to local contexts. Developing agroecological systems requires the engagement of local actors and the consideration of their knowledge. As the main field operator of the agroecological transition, farmers have a key role: they make the final decisions on their farms and they know the particularities of their farm. So far, research, farm advisory and policy have mainly shown interest in farming practices developed by farmers, neglecting other aspects of their work and life. Moreover, many actors other than farmers play a role in the agroecological transition, and they each have their own reasoning concerning this transition. Indeed, when making a decision about farming and food systems, local actors take into account different types of knowledge (empirical, technical, scientific, local, generic,), in different domains related to agroecology (economic, environmental, social, political). In this study, we analyzed the reasoning of diverse actors, including farmers, farm advisors, natural park managers and politicians. We conducted 33 semi-structured interviews, during which the local actors drew cognitive maps to explicit their reasoning concerning their agroecological transition. Their reasoning revealed an unexpected emphasis on the importance of human abilities and social life in the success of agroecological transition. These results enable to better characterize the "social" aspects in agroecology, including both internal aspects such as one's values, feelings and capacities and external aspects such as relationship management and the capacity of different actors to work together.

Feeding cities is assuming ever more importance on the political agenda. But beyond the required willingness of political actors to develop urban food strategies, initiatives driven by local actors also play a central role in the long-term construction and consolidation of these strategies. Through describing experiences in West Africa and South America, we emphasise that taking into account informal relationships in designing public policies can improve food production and distribution in urban areas.

International audience ; Feeding cities is assuming ever more importance on the political agenda. But beyond the required willingness of political actors to develop urban food strategies, initiatives driven by local actors also play a central role in the long-term construction and consolidation of these strategies. Through describing experiences in West Africa and South America, we emphasise that taking into account informal relationships in designing public policies can improve food production and distribution in urban areas.

International audience ; Feeding cities is assuming ever more importance on the political agenda. But beyond the required willingness of political actors to develop urban food strategies, initiatives driven by local actors also play a central role in the long-term construction and consolidation of these strategies. Through describing experiences in West Africa and South America, we emphasise that taking into account informal relationships in designing public policies can improve food production and distribution in urban areas.

Feeding cities is assuming ever more importance on the political agenda. But beyond the required willingness of political actors to develop urban food strategies, initiatives driven by local actors also play a central role in the long-term construction and consolidation of these strategies. Through describing experiences in West Africa and South America, we emphasise that taking into account informal relationships in designing public policies can improve food production and distribution in urban areas.

Since Ghana's oil discovery in 2007, the question of how the resource will benet aected communities and who holds the responsibly is still a subject of debate. Will the benets be negotiated by local actors or will benets ow automatically from the state and oil companies? Guided by the actor-oriented theoretical foundation, the paper qualitatively examines how dierent actors have emerged in the Western Region of Ghana to negotiate for benets from the oil nd. Two qualitative case studies were conducted on sher folks and youth groups to examine the processes, dynamics and outcomes of their negotiations. The results show that disenfranchised youth and sher folks, who feel dispossessed of their livelihood, have resorted to social mobilisation and contentious political bargaining strategies to negotiate for their benefits and to channel their grievances. Alternative livelihoods, jobs for locals and improvement in social infrastructural development are the primary requests of the local actors. The paper concludes that local actors' interests are varied and negotiations are largely unregulated. Local actors constantly accuse oil companies for not prioritising their needs. State coherent policies and structures to mediate the negotiation processes between local actors, companies and the state are therefore recommended to avoid violent conicts.Keywords: Local Actors, Negotiation, Local Benets, Oil and Gas, Ghana

Enduring colonial legacies continue to shape contemporary politics and policies in Africa. As former and new actors seek to expand economic and political influence in the continent, new forms of domination arise to accommodate neo- and post-colonial agendas. Development, an all-encompassing word that foresees linear pathways towards socially and politically engineered goals, has been used as normative justification for such endeavours (see Escobar, 2011; Ferguson, 1994). The underlying message being that those in the Global South need to modernize and come closer to the development standards of those in the Global North (Alemazung, 2010; Easterly, 2007; Ferguson, 2006; Rist, 2007). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Stimson, et al. (2009) developed one of the most relevant and well known model for Regional Economic Development. This model covers the most important factors related to economic development question. However, this model excludes the social components of development. Local community should be included in terms of the development of a region. This paper introduced to the Stimson model "Skills" and "Knowledge" at the individual level for local actors indicating the capabilities at the individual level and introduced "Human Coordination" for the capabilities at the collective level. In our empirical research we looked at the Indonesian seaweed market with a specific focus on the region of Baubau. This region was chosen because there are hardly any economic developments. Furthermore this study focuses on the poorer community who are trying to improve their situation by the cultivation of Seaweed. Eighteen local informants was interviewed besides additional interviews of informants from educational and governmental institutions in the cities of Jakarta, Bandung and Yogyakarta. The informants selected had a direct or indirect relationship with the region of Baubau. With the support of the empirical data from this region we can confirm that it is worthwhile to include the local community in the model for regional economic development. The newly added variables: at the individual level; Skills and Knowledge and at the level of the collective: Human Coordination was supported by the empirical material. It is an indication that including the new variables can give regional economic an extra dimension. In this way we think that it becomes more explicit that "endogenous" means that the people, or variables closely related to them, should be more explicitly included in models trying to capture Regional Economic Development or rephrased as Local Economic Development

Transparency is often seen as a means of improving governance and accountability of investment, but its potential to do so is hindered by vague definitions and failures to focus on the needs of key local actors. In this new report focusing on agribusiness, forestry, and renewable energy projects ("land investments"), CCSI grounds transparency in the needs of project-affected communities and other local actors. Transparency efforts that seek to inform and empower communities can also help governments, companies, and other actors to more effectively manage operational risk linked to social conflict. Troublingly, the report finds that: Disclosures around land investments continue to fall short Communities struggle to access disclosed information More action is needed to enable communities to understand available information; and Communities face barriers to using information and to participating in open decision-making processes. Taking a politically informed approach that considers the incentives of powerful actors, the report proposes seven strategies to advance land investment transparency: Driving agendas with community-led processes, such as protocols, bylaws, and development plans Increasing technical support for communities Empowering good faith regulators Implementing multi-stakeholder and participatory processes, when appropriate Factoring community-generated information into investment-related decisions Initiating domestic mechanisms to increase public access to information Extending community participation beyond individual projects to the policy level.

Transparency is often seen as a means of improving governance and accountability of investment, but its potential to do so is hindered by vague definitions and failures to focus on the needs of key local actors. In a new report focusing on agribusiness, forestry, and renewable energy projects ("land investments"), CCSI grounds transparency in the needs of project-affected communities and other local actors. Transparency efforts that seek to inform and empower communities can also help governments, companies, and other actors to more effectively manage operational risk linked to social conflict. Troublingly, the report finds that: - Disclosures around land investments continue to fall short - Communities struggle to access disclosed information - More action is needed to enable communities to understand available information; and - Communities face barriers to using information and to participating in open decision-making processes. Taking a politically informed approach that considers the incentives of powerful actors, the report proposes seven strategies to advance land investment transparency: 1. Driving agendas with community-led processes, such as protocols, bylaws, and development plans 2. Increasing technical support for communities 3. Empowering good faith regulators 4. Implementing multi-stakeholder and participatory processes, when appropriate 5. Factoring community-generated information into investment-related decisions 6. Initiating domestic mechanisms to increase public access to information 7. Extending community participation beyond individual projects to the policy level.

Since the 1990 Jomtien Conference on Education for All, basic education in developing countries has attracted growing attention, both globally and do-mestically. Many policies have been initiated to improve educational access, quality and equity. While the accrued interest in education has followed a certain rationality, context-specific realities have nonetheless imposed dif-ferent turns on the planned interventions. An actor-oriented approach to policy study offers the opportunity to uncover how grassroots actors from the periphery unpack, transform and domesticate globally promoted educa-tion policies. Using an actor-oriented approach, the current study sets out to examine policy in practice. It focuses on grassroots actors in the implementation of a competency-based curricular reform in Benin's primary education system. In Benin, the development promise attributed to the new curricular para-digm was quickly contradicted by considerable resistance from grassroots actors. Although opinions converged on the failure of the school system to yield satisfactory learning outcomes for students despite the unprecedented nature of the reform policy, actors in the system diverged on the probable causes of this shortcoming. The bone of contention in the debate was the new curricula, which had been initiated to improve Benin's school system but instead came to exemplify problems of ownership and appropriation at the grassroots level. Bottom-up implementation scholars and normative discourse state une-quivocally that front-line actors' ownership and appropriation of planned measures are prerequisites for the effective implementation of public policy. In this light, the current study examines the policy debate on the curricular reform in Benin to explore how the controversy affected implementation of the education policy. Set in the tradition of actor-oriented policy studies, the research follows a qualitative design, combining the techniques of extensive fieldwork, interviews, focus-group discussions, direct observations, docu-mentary investigation and analytic induction.